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article .research-hypotheses h3{font-size:1.17rem!important}#research-r01-release.iict-journal article .research-hypotheses p{font-size:1rem!important}}\n\n\/* IICT VISUALES FINAL 20261106 *\/\n#research-r01-release.iict-journal article .iict-journal-table thead{display:table-header-group!important;position:static!important;inset:auto!important;width:auto!important;height:auto!important;overflow:visible!important;clip:auto!important;clip-path:none!important;visibility:visible!important;opacity:1!important}\n#research-r01-release.iict-journal article .iict-journal-table table caption{position:sticky!important;left:0!important;width:min(42rem,calc(100vw - 5rem))!important;max-width:100%!important;white-space:normal!important;overflow-wrap:break-word!important;hyphens:auto!important}\n@media(max-width:700px){#research-r01-release.iict-journal article .iict-journal-table tbody th{width:clamp(8rem,42vw,14rem)!important;max-width:14rem!important;white-space:normal!important}}\n\/* \/IICT VISUALES FINAL *\/\n<\/style>\n<nav class=\"research-languages\" aria-label=\"Versiones completas del art\u00edculo\"><a href=\"#r01-es\" lang=\"es\">Espa\u00f1ol \u00b7 texto completo<\/a><a href=\"#r01-en-text\" lang=\"en\">English \u00b7 complete text<\/a><a href=\"#r01-fr-text\" lang=\"fr\">Fran\u00e7ais \u00b7 texte int\u00e9gral<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1225\">Investigaciones \u2197<\/a><\/nav><!-- IICT-CITE-CSS --><style>.iict-citation{display:block!important;max-width:780px!important;margin:2.8rem auto!important;padding:1.6rem 1.7rem!important;border-block:1px solid #b6a06b!important;border-left:2px solid #a58a47!important;background:#edf0e7!important;color:#344c53!important;grid-column:1\/-1!important}.iict-citation h2{display:block!important;margin:0 0 1.1rem!important;font:400 1.65rem\/1.25 Georgia,serif!important;color:#264b61!important;text-align:left!important;letter-spacing:0!important}.iict-citation p,.iict-citation 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#a58a47;outline-offset:4px}@media(max-width:650px){.iict-citation{padding:1.3rem 1.1rem!important;margin:2rem auto!important}.iict-citation h2{font-size:1.5rem!important}.iict-citation blockquote{font-size:1rem!important}}<\/style><!-- \/IICT-CITE-CSS --><article class=\"editorial-reading\" id=\"r01-es\" lang=\"es\"><h1>El Totonacapan: una regi\u00f3n, muchas pertenencias<\/h1><section class=\"research-abstract\" aria-label=\"Resumen\"><p class=\"eyebrow\">Resumen<\/p><p>Un mismo lugar puede contar historias distintas. El Totonacapan es paisaje, regi\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica, red de relaciones y espacio de pertenencia. Estas miradas se complementan, aunque sus fronteras no coincidan. Este ensayo explica por qu\u00e9 lengua, identidad, procedencia y municipio no significan lo mismo. Propone investigar sus relaciones sin encerrar a los habitantes en un cat\u00e1logo fijo.<\/p><h3>La pregunta de esta investigaci\u00f3n<\/h3><p><strong>\u00bfPor qu\u00e9 un mismo territorio no cabe en un solo mapa ling\u00fc\u00edstico, \u00e9tnico o administrativo?<\/strong><\/p><p class=\"research-method\">Este ensayo compara libros y estudios de historia y antropolog\u00eda, clasificaciones de lenguas y fuentes estad\u00edsticas. El cuadro final explica qu\u00e9 permite demostrar cada fuente. La pregunta decide qu\u00e9 se observa: localidades y variantes al estudiar lenguas; documentos y periodos al estudiar categor\u00edas hist\u00f3ricas; municipios, variables y a\u00f1os al estudiar datos. Es una investigaci\u00f3n documental comparada: no suma las cifras de toda la regi\u00f3n ni presenta entrevistas propias.<\/p><\/section>\n<p>Una regi\u00f3n no se comprende contando \u00fanicamente sus ciudades ni poniendo fronteras a las culturas. El Totonacapan re\u00fane pueblos, lenguas, paisajes y trayectorias que han convivido, cambiado y cruzado las divisiones actuales de Veracruz y Puebla.<\/p>\n<h2>Un mapa, varios territorios<\/h2>\n<p>Papantla ocupa un lugar central en la memoria cultural del Totonacapan. No obstante, una regi\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica nunca ha sido id\u00e9ntica a una sola de sus ciudades. Las rutas que suben desde las tierras bajas hacia la Sierra Norte de Puebla, los asentamientos pr\u00f3ximos al Golfo y los valles y barrancas del interior forman un conjunto que cambia de aspecto seg\u00fan se observen sus cuencas, sus caminos, sus lenguas o sus relaciones econ\u00f3micas.<\/p>\n<p>El Instituto Nacional de Antropolog\u00eda e Historia describe un \u00e1mbito hist\u00f3rico que enlaza el r\u00edo Cazones, la zona del r\u00edo de La Antigua, el Golfo y diversos territorios serranos. Ese recorrido orienta la lectura cultural e hist\u00f3rica. No es una divisi\u00f3n administrativa actual que pueda aplicarse sin discusi\u00f3n a cualquier estad\u00edstica. Para estudiar poblaci\u00f3n hacen falta municipios y a\u00f1os concretos. El comercio prehisp\u00e1nico exige seguir otras conexiones. Las comunidades de pr\u00e1ctica requieren atender tambi\u00e9n a los v\u00ednculos entre personas, incluso cuando contin\u00faan fuera de la regi\u00f3n. <a href=\"#r01-nota-1\" aria-label=\"Nota 1\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Basta mirar lo que un mapa deja fuera. Puede colorear una sierra sin mostrar a quienes viajan entre localidades para aprender un oficio o celebrar una fiesta. Una divisi\u00f3n municipal indica d\u00f3nde se registr\u00f3 una persona, pero no explica todas sus relaciones con el territorio. Los estudios hist\u00f3ricos y arqueol\u00f3gicos del \u00abTotonacapan\u00bb tampoco coinciden siempre sobre sus bordes o la identidad de sus antiguos habitantes. El trabajo historiogr\u00e1fico del INAH recuerda por qu\u00e9: no cabe atribuir cualquier vestigio a una cultura material uniforme \u2014un mismo conjunto de objetos y construcciones\u2014 y dar as\u00ed por resuelta la identidad de los pueblos. <a href=\"#r01-nota-2\" aria-label=\"Nota 2\">[2]<\/a><\/p>\n<section class=\"research-visual\"><h3>Leer el mapa sin convertirlo en frontera<\/h3><figure><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-mapa-totonacapan-es-20261104.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-mapa-totonacapan-es-20261104.png\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1560\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Mapa de referencia con localidades de Veracruz y el norte de Puebla, costa del Golfo y sitios arqueol\u00f3gicos; no delimita territorios \u00e9tnicos.\"><\/a><figcaption>Mapa de orientaci\u00f3n del Instituto: selecci\u00f3n de localidades actuales y sitios arqueol\u00f3gicos. Las l\u00edneas son l\u00edmites estatales, no fronteras \u00e9tnicas. Base Natural Earth, dominio p\u00fablico; localizaci\u00f3n Wikimedia \/ UNESCO; contexto INPI. La proximidad entre puntos no prueba una misma identidad. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/\">Natural Earth<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/atlas.inpi.gob.mx\/totonacos-etnografia\/\">INPI<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/631\/\">UNESCO<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/section><style id=\"iict-visual-essays-20261106\">\n#main figure.iict-viz{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;max-width:100%;margin:2.3rem auto!important;padding:clamp(20px,3vw,34px)!important;border:1px solid #cfc3a9!important;border-top:3px solid #a68b46!important;border-radius:2px!important;background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fffcf4,#f5efdf)!important;color:#254761!important;box-shadow:0 18px 30px -32px #17314480;overflow:visible!important;float:none!important;clear:both;isolation:isolate;break-inside:avoid;}\n#main figure.iict-viz *,#main figure.iict-viz *::before,#main figure.iict-viz *::after{box-sizing:border-box}#main 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.viz-art{border:0;gap:0}#main figure.iict-viz:is(.viz-network,.viz-coordinates,.viz-cycle) .viz-cell{border:1px solid #cfc3a9;margin-bottom:12px!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-flow .viz-cell:not(:last-child)::after{content:'\u2193';top:auto;bottom:-15px;right:50%;font-size:20px}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-timeline .viz-art{border-top:0;border-left:1px solid #ad9453;padding:0 0 0 20px;gap:24px}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-timeline .viz-cell::before{top:8px;left:-25px}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-layers .viz-cell{padding:.9rem .6rem!important;grid-template-columns:27px 1fr;column-gap:8px}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-layers .viz-art{gap:0}#main figure.iict-viz:is(.viz-water,.viz-duet) .viz-cell{padding:1rem!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-triptych .viz-cell{display:grid;grid-template-columns:65px 1fr;column-gap:14px}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-triptych .viz-cell svg{grid-row:1\/4;height:65px!important;margin:0!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-triptych .viz-number{display:none}}\n@media print{#main figure.iict-viz{box-shadow:none!important;background:#fff!important}#main figure.iict-viz .viz-cell{break-inside:avoid}}\n@media(max-width:620px){#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla .viz-cell{display:grid;grid-template-columns:72px minmax(0,1fr);column-gap:14px;align-content:start}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla .viz-cell svg{grid-row:1\/4;width:72px!important;height:100px!important;margin:0!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla .viz-number{display:none}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla h4{font-size:16px!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla .viz-cell p{font-size:15px!important}}<\/style>\n<figure class=\"iict-viz viz-layers\" id=\"iict-viz-r01-es\" lang=\"es\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-viz-r01-es-title\"><header><div class=\"viz-kicker\"><span>Cuadernos visuales<\/span><span>R01 \u00b7 01<\/span><\/div><h3 id=\"iict-viz-r01-es-title\">Una regi\u00f3n, tres escalas de lectura<\/h3><p>La pregunta decide qu\u00e9 territorio necesitamos observar.<\/p><\/header><div class=\"viz-art\" style=\"--viz-cols:3\"><div class=\"viz-cell\"><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><h4>Historia<\/h4><p>Lugares y relaciones que cambian con el periodo estudiado.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><h4>Datos<\/h4><p>Municipios, variables y a\u00f1os definidos antes de comparar.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><h4>Pr\u00e1cticas<\/h4><p>Personas y v\u00ednculos que pueden continuar fuera de la regi\u00f3n.<\/p><\/div><\/div><figcaption>Tres perspectivas complementarias; ninguna dibuja por s\u00ed sola una frontera cultural.<span class=\"viz-source\">S\u00edntesis visual original del Instituto \u00b7 <a href=\"#r01-es-evidence\">Fuentes y contraste<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<section class=\"iict-reading-addition\" data-kind=\"inline\" id=\"iict-reading-r01-es\" lang=\"es\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-reading-r01-es-title\"><h3 id=\"iict-reading-r01-es-title\">Una regi\u00f3n que tambi\u00e9n se escucha<\/h3><p>Una emisora permite reconocer relaciones que un l\u00edmite estatal deja fuera del mapa. Desde Cuetzalan, XECTZ La Voz de la Sierra Norte declara una cobertura de 82 municipios: 64 poblanos y 18 veracruzanos. El INPI explica que naci\u00f3 en 1994 a petici\u00f3n de grupos sociales y comunitarios que buscaban comunicaci\u00f3n en n\u00e1huatl y totonaco. <a class=\"reading-ref\" href=\"#iict-reading-r01-es-source\" aria-label=\"Ver fuentes y contraste\">\u2197<\/a><\/p><p>Esta geograf\u00eda de la comunicaci\u00f3n enlaza sierra y tierras bajas. La se\u00f1al puede cruzar una frontera administrativa; la conversaci\u00f3n conserva sus lenguas y sus interlocutores. Escuchar esa diferencia ayuda a pasar del mapa a las personas.<\/p><p class=\"reading-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecos.inpi.gob.mx\/xectz\/\">INPI \u00b7 XECTZ, informaci\u00f3n general<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"#r01-es-evidence\">Fuentes y contraste<\/a><\/p><\/section>\n<figure class=\"iict-plate\" id=\"iict-plate-r01-a-es\" lang=\"es\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r01-a-es-title\" style=\"--plate-cols:3\"><div class=\"plate-top\"><p class=\"plate-kicker\">Cuaderno ilustrado \u00b7 I<\/p><h3 id=\"iict-plate-r01-a-es-title\">Del mar a la sierra: un paisaje de relaciones<\/h3><\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"plate-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 750 420\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r01-a-es-art-title iict-plate-r01-a-es-art-desc\"><title id=\"iict-plate-r01-a-es-art-title\">Del mar a la sierra: un paisaje de relaciones<\/title><desc id=\"iict-plate-r01-a-es-art-desc\">1. La costa abre conexiones con el golfo. 2. Las tierras bajas re\u00fanen poblaciones, campos y caminos. 3. Las laderas y la sierra ampl\u00edan la diversidad de ambientes y encuentros. 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L-48 -12Z\" fill=\"#e6deca\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><rect x=\"-12\" y=\"9\" width=\"24\" height=\"46\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#a5ae91\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"-38\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"23\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><\/g><g transform=\"translate(518 287) scale(0.35)\"><path d=\"M-66 -12 L0 -68 L66 -12 L48 -12 L48 55 L-48 55 L-48 -12Z\" fill=\"#e6deca\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><rect x=\"-12\" y=\"9\" width=\"24\" height=\"46\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#a5ae91\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"-38\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"23\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><\/g><g transform=\"translate(198 91) scale(0.48)\"><path d=\"M-91 22 C-125 -5 -96 -49 -60 -38 C-51 -96 26 -98 45 -50 C91 -77 128 -27 96 13 C70 40 -64 38 -91 22Z\" fill=\"#e1e6df\" stroke=\"#91a7a1\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><\/g><path d=\"M614 313 q24.5 -20 49 0 t49 0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#6c9295\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M614 339 q24.5 -20 49 0 t49 0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#6c9295\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M614 365 q24.5 -20 49 0 t49 0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#6c9295\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M614 391 q24.5 -20 49 0 t49 0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#6c9295\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M210 215 Q320 238 395 289 T561 340\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 9\"\/><circle cx=\"667\" cy=\"264\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"667\" y=\"272\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1<\/text><circle cx=\"475\" cy=\"337\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"475\" y=\"345\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">2<\/text><circle cx=\"152\" cy=\"200\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"152\" y=\"208\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">3<\/text><\/svg><ol class=\"plate-legend\"><li>La costa abre conexiones con el golfo.<\/li><li>Las tierras bajas re\u00fanen poblaciones, campos y caminos.<\/li><li>Las laderas y la sierra ampl\u00edan la diversidad de ambientes y encuentros.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"plate-caption\">Perfil ilustrado para orientar la lectura; la regi\u00f3n cultural no queda encerrada en este corte ni en una frontera estatal. \u00b7 Ilustraci\u00f3n original del Instituto \u00b7 <a href=\"#r01-es-evidence\">Fuentes y contraste<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Cinco pueblos ind\u00edgenas no son una sola lengua<\/h2>\n<p>En la historia regional aparecen pueblos tutunak\u00fa o totonacos, tepehuas, nahuas, otom\u00edes y t\u00e9nek o huastecos, con asentamientos, relaciones y recorridos que no forman cinco bloques inm\u00f3viles. El INAH considera esas presencias al describir la diversidad cultural hist\u00f3rica de la regi\u00f3n y sus \u00e1reas de relaci\u00f3n. Esto no significa que cada uno ocupe por igual todos los municipios, ni que las comunidades compartan una misma experiencia. <a href=\"#r01-nota-1\" aria-label=\"Nota 1\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Las lenguas muestran otra parte de esta diversidad. El Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Ind\u00edgenas reconoce totonaco y tepehua como agrupaciones de una familia ling\u00fc\u00edstica propia. El n\u00e1huatl pertenece a la familia yuto-nahua; el otom\u00ed, a la oto-mangue; y el t\u00e9nek, a la maya. Dentro de esas agrupaciones hay variantes y autodenominaciones, es decir, nombres que sus hablantes usan para nombrar sus lenguas. Por eso un municipio de residencia no permite asignar a cada hablante una lengua uniforme. Hay que atender a los nombres locales, la transmisi\u00f3n familiar y el uso de dos lenguas o biling\u00fcismo. <a href=\"#r01-nota-3\" aria-label=\"Nota 3\">[3]<\/a> <a href=\"#r01-nota-4\" aria-label=\"Nota 4\">[4]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Hablar una lengua ind\u00edgena, reconocerse integrante de un pueblo, tener ascendencia familiar o vivir en una localidad hist\u00f3ricamente vinculada con ese pueblo son realidades relacionadas, pero no id\u00e9nticas. Una tabla que no distinga esas preguntas puede producir cifras muy precisas en apariencia y equivocadas en su interpretaci\u00f3n. Para conocer la situaci\u00f3n actual habr\u00e1 que confrontar el cat\u00e1logo ling\u00fc\u00edstico con las preguntas efectivamente formuladas por el Censo de Poblaci\u00f3n y Vivienda de 2020 y con investigaciones comunitarias recientes. <a href=\"#r01-nota-4\" aria-label=\"Nota 4\">[4]<\/a> <a href=\"#r01-nota-5\" aria-label=\"Nota 5\">[5]<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Mestizajes y otras historias que no caben en la postal<\/h2>\n<p>El Totonacapan tampoco puede narrarse como si despu\u00e9s de la Conquista s\u00f3lo hubieran permanecido dos grupos, ind\u00edgenas y espa\u00f1oles, separados entre s\u00ed. Los procesos coloniales transformaron la ocupaci\u00f3n del suelo, la producci\u00f3n y las relaciones laborales. La investigaci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica de Elio Roberto Masferrer Kan sobre la Sierra Norte de Puebla analiza c\u00f3mo ciertas zonas veracruzanas fueron reorganizadas mediante estancias ganaderas, pesquer\u00edas, tala, transporte y el establecimiento de poblaciones identificadas en fuentes de \u00e9poca como mestizas, negras y mulatas. Es una interpretaci\u00f3n historiogr\u00e1fica que debe leerse atendiendo a sus documentos y a sus l\u00edmites; no una raz\u00f3n para afirmar que desaparecieron todas las comunidades anteriores. <a href=\"#r01-nota-6\" aria-label=\"Nota 6\">[6]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Tambi\u00e9n las palabras con las que una sociedad clasifica a otras personas tienen historia. \u00abNegro\u00bb, \u00abmulato\u00bb y \u00abpardo\u00bb fueron categor\u00edas usadas en contextos coloniales y posteriores que no equivalen autom\u00e1ticamente a la manera en que una persona se autodefine hoy. El programa de investigaci\u00f3n sobre afrodescendientes del INAH estudia la participaci\u00f3n de personas de origen africano en la formaci\u00f3n econ\u00f3mica, social y cultural de M\u00e9xico. Su existencia obliga a preguntar por registros, lugares y experiencias concretas en el Totonacapan, en vez de borrar esas historias o atribuirlas sin fuentes a toda la costa. <a href=\"#r01-nota-7\" aria-label=\"Nota 7\">[7]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>La palabra \u00abjarocho\u00bb exige una prudencia parecida. La historiograf\u00eda veracruzana ha estudiado su formaci\u00f3n en relaci\u00f3n con las milicias, las clasificaciones sociales y diferentes regiones de Veracruz. Puede ser una identidad cultural que se entrecruce con otras, pero no constituye por s\u00ed sola una prueba de que cualquier comunidad de la Sierra Norte se haya definido de ese modo. \u00abMestizo\u00bb, por su parte, puede funcionar como categor\u00eda hist\u00f3rica, identificaci\u00f3n social o definici\u00f3n censal seg\u00fan la fuente y la fecha. No son siete casillas exclusivas en las que debamos colocar obligatoriamente a todos los habitantes. <a href=\"#r01-nota-8\" aria-label=\"Nota 8\">[8]<\/a><\/p>\n<section class=\"research-visual\"><h3>Dos lugares, preguntas diferentes<\/h3><p>Una fotograf\u00eda sit\u00faa un lugar y un momento; no representa por s\u00ed sola a todos los habitantes de una regi\u00f3n. La costa y los asentamientos serranos ayudan a formular preguntas sobre conexiones, sin convertir el paisaje ni la arquitectura en prueba de una identidad uniforme.<\/p><div class=\"research-photo-pair\"><figure><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-territorio-costa-tecolutla-20261104.jpg\"><img src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-territorio-costa-tecolutla-20261104.jpg\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1285\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Playa de Tecolutla y oleaje del Golfo de M\u00e9xico, fotografiados en 2012.\"><\/a><figcaption><strong>Tecolutla, Veracruz<\/strong> Costa de Tecolutla \u00b7 AlejandroLinaresGarcia \u00b7 18\/03\/2012 \u00b7 CC BY-SA 3.0. Reproducci\u00f3n a escala, sin atribuci\u00f3n de pertenencia a las personas fotografiadas. <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:TecolutlaBeach01.JPG\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><figure><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-yohualichan-lievanomx-2010-20261104.jpg\"><img src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-yohualichan-lievanomx-2010-20261104.jpg\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Basamentos y patios de piedra del sitio arqueol\u00f3gico de Yohualichan, fotografiados en 2010.\"><\/a><figcaption><strong>Yohualichan, Cuetzalan, Puebla<\/strong> Sitio arqueol\u00f3gico de Yohualichan \u00b7 Lievanomx \u00b7 03\/04\/2010 \u00b7 CC BY-SA 3.0. Reproducci\u00f3n a escala; la fotograf\u00eda no establece por s\u00ed misma la adscripci\u00f3n de sus constructores. <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Panor%C3%A1mica_Yohualichan.JPG\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/section><h2>La regi\u00f3n actual debe estudiarse con preguntas actuales<\/h2>\n<p>Las historias antiguas no se detienen donde comienza el presente. La gente trabaja, cultiva, comercia, estudia, migra, retorna y establece relaciones con ciudades de M\u00e9xico o de otros pa\u00edses. Algunas familias mantienen lenguas, pr\u00e1cticas y redes comunitarias a distancia; otras las transforman. Para estudiar esa realidad no basta reconstruir ceremonias antiguas ni reunir fotograf\u00edas de plazas y monumentos.<\/p>\n<p>La econom\u00eda exige separar establecimientos, agricultura, bosque, pesca y trabajo informal. Los Censos Econ\u00f3micos 2024 del INEGI permiten conocer establecimientos y actividades de numerosos sectores a escala municipal, pero excluyen de su cobertura directa la producci\u00f3n agropecuaria y forestal: sus resultados no deben presentarse como una cuenta completa de toda la econom\u00eda rural. <a href=\"#r01-nota-9\" aria-label=\"Nota 9\">[9]<\/a> La migraci\u00f3n exige especificar fechas, municipios de origen y destino y comparar fuentes, como el \u00edndice municipal de intensidad migratoria de CONAPO. <a href=\"#r01-nota-10\" aria-label=\"Nota 10\">[10]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>La seguridad necesita otro cuidado: los registros de denuncias o carpetas de investigaci\u00f3n no equivalen a todos los delitos realmente ocurridos ni a la experiencia de seguridad de cada comunidad. El Secretariado Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad P\u00fablica mantiene datos municipales, pero cambi\u00f3 su metodolog\u00eda en 2026. Una serie que mezcle esa metodolog\u00eda con las anteriores sin advertencia inducir\u00eda a error. <a href=\"#r01-nota-11\" aria-label=\"Nota 11\">[11]<\/a> Y los contrastes clim\u00e1ticos entre costa y sierra, muy visibles en las l\u00e1minas de este proyecto, necesitan series de estaciones meteorol\u00f3gicas, altitud y periodo de referencia verificados antes de convertirse en mapas con cifras definitivas. <a href=\"#r01-nota-12\" aria-label=\"Nota 12\">[12]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Por eso las investigaciones del Instituto empezar\u00e1n por preguntas y fuentes; s\u00f3lo despu\u00e9s llegar\u00e1n las cifras, los mapas y los gr\u00e1ficos. Un dato situado correctamente puede explicar mucho. Un n\u00famero aislado de su lugar, de su periodo o de la forma en que se obtuvo puede confundir incluso cuando sea exacto.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"iict-plate\" id=\"iict-plate-r01-b-es\" lang=\"es\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r01-b-es-title\" style=\"--plate-cols:3\"><div class=\"plate-top\"><p class=\"plate-kicker\">Cuaderno ilustrado \u00b7 II<\/p><h3 id=\"iict-plate-r01-b-es-title\">Un lugar se sostiene con m\u00e1s de un v\u00ednculo<\/h3><\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"plate-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 750 420\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r01-b-es-art-title iict-plate-r01-b-es-art-desc\"><title id=\"iict-plate-r01-b-es-art-title\">Un lugar se sostiene con m\u00e1s de un v\u00ednculo<\/title><desc id=\"iict-plate-r01-b-es-art-desc\">1. Hablar: la lengua conecta generaciones e interlocutores. 2. Hacer: los oficios re\u00fanen materiales, juicio y cooperaci\u00f3n. 3. Encontrarse: mercados, fiestas y desplazamientos renuevan relaciones. Red conceptual de las relaciones tratadas en el art\u00edculo; los enlaces no representan intensidades medidas.<\/desc><defs><pattern id=\"iict-plate-r01-b-es-grain\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" width=\"17\" height=\"19\"><circle cx=\"2\" cy=\"3\" r=\".6\" fill=\"#a9a384\" opacity=\".15\"\/><circle cx=\"11\" cy=\"14\" r=\".5\" fill=\"#b3a98a\" opacity=\".16\"\/><\/pattern><\/defs><rect width=\"750\" height=\"420\" fill=\"url(#iict-plate-r01-b-es-grain)\"\/><path d=\"M175 180 C292 30 489 32 585 192 M175 180 C310 367 498 357 585 192 M175 180 Q368 290 390 96 Q472 280 585 192\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b6ac87\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><circle cx=\"170\" cy=\"190\" r=\"78\" fill=\"#e7e9db\" stroke=\"#a5b092\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><circle cx=\"390\" cy=\"105\" r=\"72\" fill=\"#eee5d2\" stroke=\"#b5a376\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><circle cx=\"585\" cy=\"211\" r=\"81\" fill=\"#e1e7df\" stroke=\"#a0b1a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g transform=\"translate(170 182) scale(0.6)\"><path d=\"M-60 -42 H45 Q65 -42 65 -20 V12 Q65 31 42 31 H0 L-34 61 L-27 31 H-60 Q-79 31 -79 12 V-20 Q-79 -42 -60 -42Z\" fill=\"#f9f5e9\" stroke=\"#6f8a83\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"-44\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"30\" y2=\"-12\" stroke=\"#9ba88a\" stroke-width=\"3\" \/><line x1=\"-44\" y1=\"9\" x2=\"5\" y2=\"9\" stroke=\"#9ba88a\" stroke-width=\"3\" \/><\/g><g transform=\"translate(391 100) scale(0.5)\"><g transform=\"translate(0 0) scale(0.7)\"><path d=\"M0 -67 C-36 -92 -83 -82 -105 -76 L-105 65 C-61 53 -24 57 0 76 C24 57 61 53 105 65 L105 -76 C70 -86 30 -90 0 -67Z\" fill=\"#f6efde\" stroke=\"#9c8e6b\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"-65\" x2=\"0\" y2=\"73\" stroke=\"#9c8e6b\" stroke-width=\"2\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -45 Q-46 -54 -15 -35 M15 -35 Q46 -54 88 -45\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -29 Q-46 -38 -15 -19 M15 -19 Q46 -38 88 -29\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -13 Q-46 -22 -15 -3 M15 -3 Q46 -22 88 -13\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 3 Q-46 -6 -15 13 M15 13 Q46 -6 88 3\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 19 Q-46 10 -15 29 M15 29 Q46 10 88 19\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 35 Q-46 26 -15 45 M15 45 Q46 26 88 35\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><\/g><\/g><g transform=\"translate(581 204) scale(0.65)\"><path d=\"M-66 -12 L0 -68 L66 -12 L48 -12 L48 55 L-48 55 L-48 -12Z\" fill=\"#e6deca\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><rect x=\"-12\" y=\"9\" width=\"24\" height=\"46\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#a5ae91\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"-38\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"23\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><\/g><circle cx=\"170\" cy=\"283\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"170\" y=\"291\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1<\/text><circle cx=\"390\" cy=\"201\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"390\" y=\"209\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">2<\/text><circle cx=\"585\" cy=\"315\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"585\" y=\"323\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">3<\/text><\/svg><ol class=\"plate-legend\"><li>Hablar: la lengua conecta generaciones e interlocutores.<\/li><li>Hacer: los oficios re\u00fanen materiales, juicio y cooperaci\u00f3n.<\/li><li>Encontrarse: mercados, fiestas y desplazamientos renuevan relaciones.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"plate-caption\">Red conceptual de las relaciones tratadas en el art\u00edculo; los enlaces no representan intensidades medidas. \u00b7 Ilustraci\u00f3n original del Instituto \u00b7 <a href=\"#r01-es-evidence\">Fuentes y contraste<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Una cultura viva no cabe en un inventario<\/h2>\n<p>Mirar esta regi\u00f3n con respeto implica reconocer que sus saberes no son \u00fanicamente objetos que se conservan. Hay personas que los practican y transmiten: quienes cultivan, reparan, cocinan, ense\u00f1an, curan, investigan, fabrican, cantan, organizan ceremonias o sostienen la memoria familiar. Una comunidad de pr\u00e1ctica no se define s\u00f3lo por un nombre antiguo. Vive cuando sus integrantes siguen aprendiendo, corrigiendo, cooperando y decidiendo qu\u00e9 compartir y bajo qu\u00e9 condiciones.<\/p>\n<p>Esta perspectiva enlaza la investigaci\u00f3n territorial con la tarea del Instituto Internacional de Cultura del Totonacapan. La instituci\u00f3n puede documentar trayectorias, facilitar encuentros y contribuir a la continuidad de conocimientos sin arrogarse la voz de todos los pueblos. Su propia genealog\u00eda de oficios, talleres y posadas es una historia valiosa dentro de una trama mucho mayor, no una llave que d\u00e9 propiedad sobre esa trama.<\/p>\n<h2>El recorrido que sigue<\/h2>\n<p>Esta serie abre caminos verificables: estudia las lenguas y sus variantes; sigue las vidas de personas afrodescendientes, mestizas y jarochas en contextos determinados; y reconstruye la transformaci\u00f3n del territorio a trav\u00e9s de los siglos. El recorrido se extiende a la migraci\u00f3n y la di\u00e1spora, las econom\u00edas actuales, los riesgos y las formas de seguridad cotidiana, la gastronom\u00eda, la vainilla, los rituales y los ecosistemas. Cada tema se aborda como una investigaci\u00f3n de relaciones y procesos, m\u00e1s all\u00e1 de un repertorio de lugares pintorescos.<\/p>\n<p>Cada investigaci\u00f3n deber\u00e1 explicar qu\u00e9 se sabe, de d\u00f3nde se sabe, qu\u00e9 se discute y qu\u00e9 no se ha podido verificar. Cuando existan testimonios de personas o comunidades, su colaboraci\u00f3n, consentimiento y atribuci\u00f3n ser\u00e1n visibles. Cuando dos fuentes discrepen, se mostrar\u00e1 la discrepancia en vez de corregir el pasado por comodidad editorial. El Totonacapan merece esa profundidad: no porque sea un territorio ex\u00f3tico que haya que describir desde fuera, sino porque su complejidad pide que aprendamos a leer sus muchas historias juntas.<\/p>\n<section class=\"research-comparison\"><h3>Contrastar las fuentes: cuatro preguntas distintas<\/h3><p>La coincidencia entre dos textos no garantiza que aporten pruebas independientes. Una s\u00edntesis institucional, una investigaci\u00f3n de archivo y un cat\u00e1logo responden a preguntas diferentes. Para compararlos hay que identificar qu\u00e9 observan, cu\u00e1ndo lo observan y qu\u00e9 conclusi\u00f3n permiten sostener.<\/p><figure class=\"research-matrix\"><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Tabla de datos\" style=\"--journal-table-min:32rem\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Hip\u00f3tesis que se examina<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Prueba y contraste<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Resultado de la lectura<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Hip\u00f3tesis que se examina\">Una \u00fanica frontera sirve para cualquier investigaci\u00f3n.<\/th><td data-label=\"Prueba y contraste\">INAH ofrece una orientaci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica. Vacas Mora (2020, pp. 172\u2013180) cuestiona trasladar sin revisi\u00f3n delimitaciones de otro periodo al presente. <a href=\"#r01-nota-13\">[13]<\/a><\/td><td data-label=\"Resultado de la lectura\">Definir la pregunta y la fecha antes de seleccionar el \u00e1mbito; un mapa de orientaci\u00f3n no decide la pertenencia de sus habitantes.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Hip\u00f3tesis que se examina\">Un nombre de lengua describe por igual a todas las comunidades.<\/th><td data-label=\"Prueba y contraste\">INALI distingue familia, agrupaci\u00f3n y variante, e incorpora autodenominaciones y referencias locales. <a href=\"#r01-nota-3\">[3]<\/a> <a href=\"#r01-nota-4\">[4]<\/a><\/td><td data-label=\"Resultado de la lectura\">Comparar esas categor\u00edas con la pregunta censal; no asignar autom\u00e1ticamente identidad ni competencia ling\u00fc\u00edstica por municipio.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Hip\u00f3tesis que se examina\">Una etiqueta de archivo conserva siempre el mismo significado.<\/th><td data-label=\"Prueba y contraste\">Ortiz Escamilla (2006, pp. 9\u201313) estudia cambios de denominaci\u00f3n vinculados a las milicias veracruzanas. <a href=\"#r01-nota-14\">[14]<\/a><\/td><td data-label=\"Resultado de la lectura\">Leer qui\u00e9n clasifica y para qu\u00e9; una categor\u00eda colonial no funciona como respuesta a una pregunta actual de autoadscripci\u00f3n.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Hip\u00f3tesis que se examina\">Cualquier cifra municipal se puede sumar como total regional.<\/th><td data-label=\"Prueba y contraste\">Poblaci\u00f3n, establecimientos y registros de delitos tienen unidades y coberturas distintas. <a href=\"#r01-nota-5\">[5]<\/a> <a href=\"#r01-nota-9\">[9]<\/a> <a href=\"#r01-nota-11\">[11]<\/a><\/td><td data-label=\"Resultado de la lectura\">Explicitar municipios, periodos, unidades y exclusiones antes de calcular; evitar totales aparentes que mezclen universos diferentes.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure><h3>Qu\u00e9 permite concluir este contraste<\/h3><p>Que existan mapas distintos ayuda a formular mejor cada investigaci\u00f3n; buscar una frontera definitiva no resolver\u00eda todas sus preguntas. La propuesta es explicar qu\u00e9 l\u00edmites se emplean y poder revisarlos. Tambi\u00e9n distinguir d\u00f3nde se practica un saber, c\u00f3mo lo clasifica una fuente y qu\u00e9 dicen quienes se reconocen en \u00e9l. Esta lectura abre la serie. Un estudio regional m\u00e1s amplio necesitar\u00e1, adem\u00e1s, justificar qu\u00e9 municipios incluye y contar con fuentes comunitarias vinculadas a lugares y situaciones concretos.<\/p><p class=\"research-version\">Versi\u00f3n ampliada \u00b7 5 de noviembre de 2026. Las notas del ensayo conservan la fecha de consulta editorial de 4 de noviembre.<\/p><\/section><details class=\"research-evidence\" id=\"r01-es-evidence\" lang=\"es\"><summary><span class=\"evidence-kicker\">La investigaci\u00f3n por dentro<\/span><strong>Fuentes y contraste<\/strong><span class=\"evidence-subtitle\">Abrir el di\u00e1logo entre fuentes, los criterios de lectura y las referencias completas.<\/span><\/summary><div class=\"evidence-content\"><p>Este ensayo pone en relaci\u00f3n fuentes que responden a preguntas diferentes. El cuadro permite distinguir un desacuerdo de una diferencia de escala, y una interpretaci\u00f3n de un dato. Debajo se conservan todas las notas originales y las lecturas ampliadas, con sus enlaces.<\/p><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Comparaci\u00f3n editorial de objetos, escalas e interpretaciones. Las diferencias se\u00f1aladas no implican que las fuentes sostengan opiniones opuestas.\" style=\"--journal-table-min:40rem\"><table class=\"evidence-dialogue\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Pregunta<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Fuentes en di\u00e1logo<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coincidencia o diferencia<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Lectura del art\u00edculo y cuesti\u00f3n abierta<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfD\u00f3nde empieza y termina la regi\u00f3n?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes en di\u00e1logo\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/lugares.inah.gob.mx\/es\/taxonomy\/term\/56106\">INAH \u00b7 Cultura Totonaca \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/revistas.ucm.es\/index.php\/REAA\/es\/article\/view\/71749\">Vacas Mora, 2020 \u00b7 pp. 172\u2013180, 185\u2013187 \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Coincidencia o diferencia\">La s\u00edntesis del INAH ofrece una orientaci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rico-cultural. Vacas Mora examina c\u00f3mo distintos criterios producen delimitaciones regionales diferentes.<\/td><td data-label=\"Lectura del art\u00edculo y cuesti\u00f3n abierta\">Son perspectivas complementarias, no dos l\u00edneas que haya que hacer coincidir a la fuerza. El art\u00edculo trabaja con una regi\u00f3n de relaciones; una monograf\u00eda estad\u00edstica deber\u00e1 justificar por separado su selecci\u00f3n de municipios.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfUn pueblo, una familia ling\u00fc\u00edstica y una variante son lo mismo?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes en di\u00e1logo\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/lugares.inah.gob.mx\/es\/taxonomy\/term\/56106\">INAH \u00b7 Cultura Totonaca \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inali.gob.mx\/sitios\/clin-inali\/\">INALI \u00b7 Cat\u00e1logo: categor\u00edas \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/atlas.inali.gob.mx\/familias\/mapa\/07\">INALI \u00b7 Familia totonaco\u2013tepehua \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Coincidencia o diferencia\">El relato cultural habla de pueblos; el cat\u00e1logo distingue parentesco entre lenguas, agrupaciones y variantes. Las categor\u00edas no cuentan la misma clase de realidad.<\/td><td data-label=\"Lectura del art\u00edculo y cuesti\u00f3n abierta\">No se transforma una familia ling\u00fc\u00edstica en un solo pueblo ni se coloca a todos los pueblos citados dentro de la familia totonaco\u2013tepehua. Para situar una variante hacen falta la localidad y su denominaci\u00f3n documentada.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfHablar una lengua demuestra toda la pertenencia?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes en di\u00e1logo\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/rnm\/index.php\/catalog\/632\/datafile\/F13\/V339\">INEGI \u00b7 Censo 2020: lengua, 3 a\u00f1os o m\u00e1s \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inali.gob.mx\/sitios\/clin-inali\/\">INALI \u00b7 Cat\u00e1logo: categor\u00edas \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Coincidencia o diferencia\">El censo pregunta por el habla; la clasificaci\u00f3n del INALI organiza diversidad ling\u00fc\u00edstica. Ninguno de esos procedimientos sustituye por s\u00ed solo la identificaci\u00f3n cultural de una persona.<\/td><td data-label=\"Lectura del art\u00edculo y cuesti\u00f3n abierta\">Se mantienen separados habla, pertenencia y residencia. R01 no calcula un total regional de poblaci\u00f3n ind\u00edgena. Esa investigaci\u00f3n necesitar\u00e1 variables, universos, territorio y a\u00f1o definidos de manera compatible.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfUna denominaci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica puede extenderse a toda la regi\u00f3n?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes en di\u00e1logo\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/ulua.uv.mx\/index.php\/ulua\/article\/download\/1404\/pdf_158\">Ortiz Escamilla, 2006 \u00b7 pp. 9\u201313 \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/revistas.ucm.es\/index.php\/REAA\/es\/article\/view\/71749\">Vacas Mora, 2020 \u00b7 pp. 172\u2013180, 185\u2013187 \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Coincidencia o diferencia\">Ortiz estudia denominaciones e identidades en milicias veracruzanas; Vacas analiza criterios y usos de la regi\u00f3n. Se cruzan procesos hist\u00f3ricos con escalas distintas.<\/td><td data-label=\"Lectura del art\u00edculo y cuesti\u00f3n abierta\">El ensayo reconoce trayectorias afrodescendientes, mestizas y jarochas sin convertirlas en grupos fijos ni atribuir la identidad jarocha a todos los habitantes. El contexto concreto decide el alcance de cada nombre.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfLas fuentes econ\u00f3micas y territoriales producen un diagn\u00f3stico \u00fanico?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes en di\u00e1logo\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/programas\/ce\/2024\/default.html\">INEGI \u00b7 Censos Econ\u00f3micos 2024 \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.conapo.gob.mx\/es\/OMI\/Indice_de_Internsidad_Migratoria_por_municipio_2020\">CONAPO \u00b7 Intensidad migratoria municipal, 2020 \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gob.mx\/sesnsp\/acciones-y-programas\/datos-abiertos-de-incidencia-delictiva\">SESNSP \u00b7 Datos abiertos de incidencia delictiva \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/smn.conagua.gob.mx\/tools\/PHP\/Climogramas\/\">SMN \u00b7 Climogramas 1991\u20132020 \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Coincidencia o diferencia\">Establecimientos, migraci\u00f3n municipal, registros de delitos y observaciones clim\u00e1ticas son objetos diferentes. Estos enlaces son rutas de ampliaci\u00f3n, no resultados regionales calculados en este ensayo.<\/td><td data-label=\"Lectura del art\u00edculo y cuesti\u00f3n abierta\">Los trabajos especializados de la serie deber\u00e1n examinar cobertura, exclusiones, unidades y periodos antes de comparar datos. Aqu\u00ed no se suman indicadores heterog\u00e9neos ni se presenta como completada esa investigaci\u00f3n posterior.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfQu\u00e9 prueba el mapa que acompa\u00f1a al texto?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes en di\u00e1logo\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/about\/terms-of-use\/\">Natural Earth \u00b7 base cartogr\u00e1fica de dominio p\u00fablico \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/atlas.inali.gob.mx\/familias\/mapa\/07\">INALI \u00b7 Familia totonaco\u2013tepehua \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Coincidencia o diferencia\">La base f\u00edsica permite localizar referencias; la clasificaci\u00f3n ling\u00fc\u00edstica trata otra pregunta. Una fotograf\u00eda aporta contexto situado, no una frontera de identidad.<\/td><td data-label=\"Lectura del art\u00edculo y cuesti\u00f3n abierta\">El mapa sirve para orientarse y sus puntos no delimitan pueblos. Los cr\u00e9ditos de cada imagen permiten comprobar lugar, autor y licencia. La pertenencia de las personas requiere fuentes propias, no su apariencia en una fotograf\u00eda.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><caption>Comparaci\u00f3n editorial de objetos, escalas e interpretaciones. Las diferencias se\u00f1aladas no implican que las fuentes sostengan opiniones opuestas.<\/caption><\/table><\/div><p>Para profundizar: las notas 2 y 6 conservan las referencias historiogr\u00e1ficas aportadas al ensayo. Las notas 9\u201312 orientan las futuras monograf\u00edas de econom\u00eda, migraci\u00f3n, seguridad y clima. No equivalen a un nuevo corpus municipal ya analizado en R01.<\/p><section aria-labelledby=\"r01-fuentes\"><h3 id=\"r01-fuentes\">Fuentes y notas<\/h3><p>Fecha de consulta: 04\/11\/2026.<\/p><ol><li id=\"r01-nota-1\">J. Omar Ruiz Gordillo, \u00abCultura Totonaca\u00bb, INAH, alcance territorial y sitios: <a href=\"https:\/\/lugares.inah.gob.mx\/es\/taxonomy\/term\/56106\">https:\/\/lugares.inah.gob.mx\/es\/taxonomy\/term\/56106<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"r01-nota-2\">Gustavo Alberto Ram\u00edrez Castilla, \u00abEl Totonacapan y la cuesti\u00f3n totonaca\u00bb, Ollin, INAH, 2022 (fuente de debate historiogr\u00e1fico): <a href=\"https:\/\/www.revistas.inah.gob.mx\/index.php\/ollin\/article\/view\/18287\">https:\/\/www.revistas.inah.gob.mx\/index.php\/ollin\/article\/view\/18287<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"r01-nota-3\">INALI, familia totonaco\u2013tepehua, clasificaci\u00f3n: <a href=\"https:\/\/atlas.inali.gob.mx\/familias\/mapa\/07\">https:\/\/atlas.inali.gob.mx\/familias\/mapa\/07<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"r01-nota-4\">INALI, Cat\u00e1logo de Lenguas Ind\u00edgenas Nacionales, variantes totonacas, tepehuas y dem\u00e1s familias: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inali.gob.mx\/sitios\/clin-inali\/html\/v_totonaco.html\">https:\/\/www.inali.gob.mx\/sitios\/clin-inali\/html\/v_totonaco.html<\/a> ; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inali.gob.mx\/sitios\/clin-inali\/html\/v_tepehua.html\">https:\/\/www.inali.gob.mx\/sitios\/clin-inali\/html\/v_tepehua.html<\/a> ; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inali.gob.mx\/detalle\/lengua-tenek-huasteco\">https:\/\/www.inali.gob.mx\/detalle\/lengua-tenek-huasteco<\/a> ; <a href=\"https:\/\/site.inali.gob.mx\/pdf\/catalogo_lenguas_indigenas.pdf\">https:\/\/site.inali.gob.mx\/pdf\/catalogo_lenguas_indigenas.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"r01-nota-5\">INEGI, Censo de Poblaci\u00f3n y Vivienda 2020, poblaci\u00f3n de 3 a\u00f1os o m\u00e1s, lengua y autoadscripci\u00f3n: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/sistemas\/Olap\/Proyectos\/bd\/censos\/cpv2020\/P3Mas.asp\">https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/sistemas\/Olap\/Proyectos\/bd\/censos\/cpv2020\/P3Mas.asp<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"r01-nota-6\">Elio Roberto Masferrer Kan, \u00abCambio y continuidad entre los totonacos de la Sierra Norte de Puebla\u00bb, tesis de maestr\u00eda, Universidad Iberoamericana, 2006, archivo INAH: <a href=\"https:\/\/investigacion.inah.gob.mx\/_flysystem\/fedora\/2024-10\/014698.pdf\">https:\/\/investigacion.inah.gob.mx\/_flysystem\/fedora\/2024-10\/014698.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"r01-nota-7\">INAH, Programa Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Afrodescendientes y Diversidad Cultural: <a href=\"https:\/\/antropologia.inah.gob.mx\/afrodescendientes-y-diversidad-cultural\">https:\/\/antropologia.inah.gob.mx\/afrodescendientes-y-diversidad-cultural<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"r01-nota-8\">Juan Ortiz Escamilla, \u00abLas compa\u00f1\u00edas milicianas de Veracruz. Del \u201cnegro\u201d al \u201cjarocho\u201d: la construcci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica de una identidad\u00bb, Universidad Veracruzana: <a href=\"https:\/\/ulua.uv.mx\/index.php\/ulua\/es\/article\/view\/1404\">https:\/\/ulua.uv.mx\/index.php\/ulua\/es\/article\/view\/1404<\/a> . La aportaci\u00f3n estudia procesos hist\u00f3ricos veracruzanos; NO demuestra por s\u00ed misma extensi\u00f3n uniforme de la identidad jarocha a todo el Totonacapan.<\/li>\n<li id=\"r01-nota-9\">INEGI, Censos Econ\u00f3micos 2024, cobertura y exclusiones: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/programas\/ce\/2024\/default.html\">https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/programas\/ce\/2024\/default.html<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"r01-nota-10\">CONAPO, \u00cdndice de Intensidad Migratoria municipal 2000, 2010 y 2020: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.conapo.gob.mx\/es\/OMI\/Indice_de_Internsidad_Migratoria_por_municipio_2020\">https:\/\/www.conapo.gob.mx\/es\/OMI\/Indice_de_Internsidad_Migratoria_por_municipio_2020<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"r01-nota-11\">SESNSP, datos abiertos y nota metodol\u00f3gica de la transici\u00f3n de 2026: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gob.mx\/sesnsp\/acciones-y-programas\/datos-abiertos-de-incidencia-delictiva\">https:\/\/www.gob.mx\/sesnsp\/acciones-y-programas\/datos-abiertos-de-incidencia-delictiva<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"r01-nota-12\">SMN-CONAGUA, climogramas 1991\u20132020 y estad\u00edsticas por estaci\u00f3n: <a href=\"https:\/\/smn.conagua.gob.mx\/tools\/PHP\/Climogramas\/\">https:\/\/smn.conagua.gob.mx\/tools\/PHP\/Climogramas\/<\/a> ; <a href=\"https:\/\/smn.conagua.gob.mx\/en\/climatologia\/informacion-climatologica\/informacion-estadistica-climatologica\">https:\/\/smn.conagua.gob.mx\/en\/climatologia\/informacion-climatologica\/informacion-estadistica-climatologica<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/section><h4>Lecturas de contraste a\u00f1adidas<\/h4><ol start=\"13\"><li id=\"r01-nota-13\">V\u00edctor Vacas Mora (2020), \u00abEspacios, lugares, territorios y regiones. Hacia una (re)definici\u00f3n del Totonacapan como regi\u00f3n\u00bb, Revista Espa\u00f1ola de Antropolog\u00eda Americana 50, pp. 167\u2013189; pasajes de contraste: pp. 172\u2013180 y 185\u2013187. <a href=\"https:\/\/revistas.ucm.es\/index.php\/REAA\/es\/article\/view\/71749\">UCM<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/revistas.ucm.es\/index.php\/REAA\/article\/download\/71749\/4564456554769\">PDF<\/a><\/li><li id=\"r01-nota-14\">Juan Ortiz Escamilla (2006), \u00abLas compa\u00f1\u00edas milicianas de Veracruz. Del \u201cnegro\u201d al \u201cjarocho\u201d: la construcci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica de una identidad\u00bb, Ul\u00faa 8, pp. 9\u201329; pasajes de contraste: pp. 9\u201313. <a href=\"https:\/\/ulua.uv.mx\/index.php\/ulua\/article\/download\/1404\/pdf_158\">PDF \u00b7 Universidad Veracruzana<\/a><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"research-version\">Ampliaci\u00f3n de \u00abFuentes y contraste\u00bb: 5 de noviembre de 2026.<\/p><\/div><section class=\"iict-reading-source\" id=\"iict-reading-r01-es-source\" lang=\"es\"><h4>Una regi\u00f3n que tambi\u00e9n se escucha<\/h4><p>La emisora declara cobertura t\u00e9cnica. El cat\u00e1logo del INALI clasifica variantes; ninguna de las dos fuentes mide por s\u00ed sola audiencia o pertenencia.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/ecos.inpi.gob.mx\/xectz\/\">INPI \u00b7 XECTZ, informaci\u00f3n general<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"#iict-reading-r01-es\">Volver al pasaje<\/a><\/p><\/section>\n<\/details><p class=\"editorial-credit\">Instituto Internacional de Cultura del Totonacapan \u2014 Serie de investigaciones territoriales<\/p><nav aria-label=\"Lecturas relacionadas\"><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=41\">El Totonacapan<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=424\">Refugio de culturas<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=57\">Comunidades de pr\u00e1ctica<\/a><\/nav><!-- IICT-CITE R01 es --><aside class=\"iict-citation\" id=\"citar-r01-es\" aria-labelledby=\"citar-r01-es-title\"><h2 id=\"citar-r01-es-title\">C\u00f3mo citar este art\u00edculo<\/h2><p class=\"iict-citation-label\">Referencia bibliogr\u00e1fica sugerida<\/p><blockquote class=\"iict-citation-reference\">Instituto Internacional de Cultura del Totonacapan. \u00abEl Totonacapan: una regi\u00f3n, muchas pertenencias\u00bb. <cite>Cuadernos de investigaci\u00f3n<\/cite>, <strong>R01<\/strong>. The Integral Management Society (IMSV). <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1227#r01-es\">https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1227#r01-es<\/a>.<\/blockquote><p><strong>Referencia interna:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1227#r01-es\">R01<\/a>. Para citar un pasaje concreto, a\u00f1ade el t\u00edtulo de su secci\u00f3n.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1225#normas-citacion-es\">Criterios de citaci\u00f3n del Instituto \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/aside><!-- \/IICT-CITE R01 es --><\/article><details id=\"r01-en\" class=\"research-lang-version\"><summary lang=\"en\">English \u00b7 Read the complete article<\/summary><article class=\"editorial-reading\" id=\"r01-en-text\" lang=\"en\"><h1>El Totonacapan: one region, many forms of belonging<\/h1><section class=\"research-abstract\" aria-label=\"Abstract\"><p class=\"eyebrow\">Abstract<\/p><p>One place can tell different stories. Totonacapan is a landscape, a historical region, a network of relationships and a place of belonging. These perspectives complement each other, even when their boundaries differ. This essay explains why language, identity, origin and municipality mean different things. It proposes studying their relationships without confining inhabitants to a fixed catalogue.<\/p><h3>The research question<\/h3><p><strong>Why does a single territory not fit into one linguistic, ethnic or administrative map?<\/strong><\/p><p class=\"research-method\">This essay compares books and studies in history and anthropology, language classifications and statistical sources. The final table explains what each source can establish. The question determines what we examine: localities and varieties when studying languages; documents and periods when studying historical categories; municipalities, variables and years when studying data. This is comparative documentary research: it neither adds up figures for the whole region nor presents interviews of its own.<\/p><\/section><p>A region cannot be understood simply by counting its cities or drawing boundaries around its cultures. El Totonacapan brings together peoples, languages, landscapes and life histories that have coexisted, changed and crossed the present-day divisions of Veracruz and Puebla.<\/p><h2>One map, several territories<\/h2><p>Papantla holds a central place in the cultural memory of El Totonacapan. Nevertheless, a historical region has never been identical to a single city. The routes climbing from the lowlands towards the Sierra Norte de Puebla, the settlements near the Gulf and the inland valleys and ravines form a whole whose appearance changes according to whether we examine its river basins, roads, languages or economic relationships.<\/p><p>Mexico\u2019s National Institute of Anthropology and History describes a historical area linking the Cazones River, the area around the La Antigua River, the Gulf and several mountain territories. This offers a guide to cultural and historical understanding. It is not a present-day administrative division that can be applied without discussion to any set of statistics. Studying population requires specific municipalities and years. Pre-Hispanic trade calls for different connections. Communities of practice also require us to follow relationships between people, including those that continue outside the region. <a href=\"#r01-en-nota-1\">[1]<\/a><\/p><p>Look at what a map leaves out. It can colour a mountain range without showing people travelling between localities to learn a trade or celebrate a festival. A municipal division shows where someone was recorded, but cannot explain all their relationships with the territory. Historical and archaeological studies of \u201cTotonacapan\u201d do not always agree on its boundaries or the identities of its former inhabitants either. INAH\u2019s historiographical work explains why: attributing every remain to one uniform material culture \u2014 the same body of objects and buildings \u2014 cannot settle the identities of peoples. <a href=\"#r01-en-nota-2\">[2]<\/a><\/p><section class=\"research-visual\"><h3>Reading the map without making it a boundary<\/h3><figure><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-mapa-totonacapan-en-20261104.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-mapa-totonacapan-en-20261104.png\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1560\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Reference map showing localities in Veracruz and northern Puebla, the Gulf coast and archaeological sites; it does not delimit ethnic territories.\"><\/a><figcaption>The Institute\u2019s orientation map: selected present-day localities and archaeological sites. Lines show state boundaries, not ethnic borders. Base: Natural Earth, public domain; locations: Wikimedia \/ UNESCO; context: INPI. Proximity between points does not establish a shared identity. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/\">Natural Earth<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/atlas.inpi.gob.mx\/totonacos-etnografia\/\">INPI<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/631\/\">UNESCO<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/section><figure class=\"iict-viz viz-layers\" id=\"iict-viz-r01-en\" lang=\"en\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-viz-r01-en-title\"><header><div class=\"viz-kicker\"><span>Visual notebooks<\/span><span>R01 \u00b7 01<\/span><\/div><h3 id=\"iict-viz-r01-en-title\">One region, three scales of reading<\/h3><p>The question determines which territory we need to observe.<\/p><\/header><div class=\"viz-art\" style=\"--viz-cols:3\"><div class=\"viz-cell\"><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><h4>History<\/h4><p>Places and relationships that change with the period studied.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><h4>Data<\/h4><p>Municipalities, variables and years defined before comparison.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><h4>Practices<\/h4><p>People and relationships that may continue beyond the region.<\/p><\/div><\/div><figcaption>Three complementary perspectives; none alone draws a cultural boundary.<span class=\"viz-source\">Original visual synthesis by the Institute \u00b7 <a href=\"#r01-en-evidence\">Sources and comparison<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<section class=\"iict-reading-addition\" data-kind=\"inline\" id=\"iict-reading-r01-en\" lang=\"en\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-reading-r01-en-title\"><h3 id=\"iict-reading-r01-en-title\">A region that can also be heard<\/h3><p>A radio station reveals connections that a state boundary leaves off the map. From Cuetzalan, XECTZ La Voz de la Sierra Norte reports coverage of 82 municipalities: 64 in Puebla and 18 in Veracruz. INPI explains that it began in 1994 following requests from social and community groups for communication in Nahuatl and Totonac. <a class=\"reading-ref\" href=\"#iict-reading-r01-en-source\" aria-label=\"See sources and comparison\">\u2197<\/a><\/p><p>This geography of communication connects the mountains and the lowlands. A signal can cross an administrative boundary; a conversation retains its languages and participants. Hearing that difference helps us move from the map to the people.<\/p><p class=\"reading-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecos.inpi.gob.mx\/xectz\/\">INPI \u00b7 XECTZ, informaci\u00f3n general<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"#r01-en-evidence\">Sources and comparison<\/a><\/p><\/section>\n<figure class=\"iict-plate\" id=\"iict-plate-r01-a-en\" lang=\"en\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r01-a-en-title\" style=\"--plate-cols:3\"><div class=\"plate-top\"><p class=\"plate-kicker\">Illustrated notebook \u00b7 I<\/p><h3 id=\"iict-plate-r01-a-en-title\">From coast to mountains: a connected landscape<\/h3><\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"plate-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 750 420\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r01-a-en-art-title iict-plate-r01-a-en-art-desc\"><title id=\"iict-plate-r01-a-en-art-title\">From coast to mountains: a connected landscape<\/title><desc id=\"iict-plate-r01-a-en-art-desc\">1. The coast opens connections with the Gulf. 2. The lowlands bring settlements, fields and routes together. 3. Slopes and mountains extend the diversity of environments and encounters. 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fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><\/g><g transform=\"translate(198 91) scale(0.48)\"><path d=\"M-91 22 C-125 -5 -96 -49 -60 -38 C-51 -96 26 -98 45 -50 C91 -77 128 -27 96 13 C70 40 -64 38 -91 22Z\" fill=\"#e1e6df\" stroke=\"#91a7a1\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><\/g><path d=\"M614 313 q24.5 -20 49 0 t49 0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#6c9295\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M614 339 q24.5 -20 49 0 t49 0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#6c9295\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M614 365 q24.5 -20 49 0 t49 0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#6c9295\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M614 391 q24.5 -20 49 0 t49 0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#6c9295\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M210 215 Q320 238 395 289 T561 340\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 9\"\/><circle cx=\"667\" cy=\"264\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"667\" y=\"272\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1<\/text><circle cx=\"475\" cy=\"337\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"475\" y=\"345\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">2<\/text><circle cx=\"152\" cy=\"200\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"152\" y=\"208\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">3<\/text><\/svg><ol class=\"plate-legend\"><li>The coast opens connections with the Gulf.<\/li><li>The lowlands bring settlements, fields and routes together.<\/li><li>Slopes and mountains extend the diversity of environments and encounters.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"plate-caption\">Illustrated profile for orientation; this section and state borders do not enclose the cultural region. \u00b7 Original illustration by the Institute \u00b7 <a href=\"#r01-en-evidence\">Sources and comparison<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Five Indigenous peoples do not speak a single language<\/h2><p>The region\u2019s history includes Tutunak\u00fa or Totonac, Tepehua, Nahua, Otom\u00ed and T\u00e9nek or Huastec peoples, whose settlements, relationships and movements do not form five fixed blocks. INAH considers these presences in its account of the historical cultural diversity of the region and its connected areas. This does not mean that each people is equally present in every municipality, or that their communities share a single experience. <a href=\"#r01-en-nota-1\">[1]<\/a><\/p><p>Languages reveal another part of this diversity. Mexico\u2019s National Institute of Indigenous Languages recognises Totonac and Tepehua as groupings within a linguistic family of their own. Nahuatl belongs to the Yuto-Nahua family; Otom\u00ed to the Oto-Manguean family; and T\u00e9nek to the Mayan family. Within these groupings are varieties and self-designations: names speakers use for their languages. A municipality of residence therefore cannot assign a uniform language to every speaker. Local names, family transmission and the use of two languages, or bilingualism, need attention. <a href=\"#r01-en-nota-3\">[3]<\/a> <a href=\"#r01-en-nota-4\">[4]<\/a><\/p><p>Speaking an Indigenous language, identifying as a member of a people, having family ancestry or living in a locality historically associated with that people are related realities, but they are not identical. A table that fails to distinguish these questions can produce figures that look very precise but are interpreted incorrectly. Understanding the current situation will require comparing the linguistic catalogue with the questions actually asked in the 2020 Population and Housing Census and with recent community research. <a href=\"#r01-en-nota-4\">[4]<\/a> <a href=\"#r01-en-nota-5\">[5]<\/a><\/p><h2>Mixed heritages and other histories beyond the postcard<\/h2><p>Nor can the story of El Totonacapan be told as though, after the Conquest, only two separate groups remained: Indigenous people and Spaniards. Colonial processes transformed land occupation, production and labour relations. Elio Roberto Masferrer Kan\u2019s historical research on the Sierra Norte de Puebla examines how certain areas of Veracruz were reorganised through cattle estates, fisheries, logging, transport and the settlement of populations identified in period sources as mestizo, Black and mulatto. This is a historiographical interpretation that must be read with attention to its documents and limitations; it is not grounds for claiming that all earlier communities disappeared. <a href=\"#r01-en-nota-6\">[6]<\/a><\/p><p>The words through which a society classifies other people also have histories. \u2018Black\u2019, \u2018mulatto\u2019 and \u2018pardo\u2019 were categories used in colonial and later contexts; they do not automatically correspond to how a person identifies today. INAH\u2019s research programme on African descendants studies the participation of people of African origin in Mexico\u2019s economic, social and cultural formation. Its existence calls for questions about specific records, places and experiences in El Totonacapan, rather than erasing those histories or attributing them to the entire coast without sources. <a href=\"#r01-en-nota-7\">[7]<\/a><\/p><p>The word \u2018jarocho\u2019 requires similar care. Veracruz historiography has examined its formation in relation to militias, social classifications and different regions of the state. It can be a cultural identity that intersects with others, but it does not in itself prove that every community in the Sierra Norte has identified in this way. \u2018Mestizo\u2019, in turn, can function as a historical category, a social identification or a census definition, depending on the source and date. These are not seven mutually exclusive boxes into which every inhabitant must be placed. <a href=\"#r01-en-nota-8\">[8]<\/a><\/p><section class=\"research-visual\"><h3>Two places, different questions<\/h3><p>A photograph locates a place and a moment; it does not by itself represent every inhabitant of a region. The coast and mountain settlements help us formulate questions about connections, without turning landscape or architecture into proof of a uniform identity.<\/p><div class=\"research-photo-pair\"><figure><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-territorio-costa-tecolutla-20261104.jpg\"><img src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-territorio-costa-tecolutla-20261104.jpg\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1285\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Tecolutla beach and Gulf of Mexico waves, photographed in 2012.\"><\/a><figcaption><strong>Tecolutla, Veracruz<\/strong> Tecolutla coast \u00b7 AlejandroLinaresGarcia \u00b7 18 March 2012 \u00b7 CC BY-SA 3.0. Scaled reproduction; no identity is assigned to the people photographed. <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:TecolutlaBeach01.JPG\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><figure><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-yohualichan-lievanomx-2010-20261104.jpg\"><img src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-yohualichan-lievanomx-2010-20261104.jpg\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Stone platforms and courtyards at the Yohualichan archaeological site, photographed in 2010.\"><\/a><figcaption><strong>Yohualichan, Cuetzalan, Puebla<\/strong> Yohualichan archaeological site \u00b7 Lievanomx \u00b7 3 April 2010 \u00b7 CC BY-SA 3.0. Scaled reproduction; the photograph does not in itself establish its builders\u2019 identity. <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Panor%C3%A1mica_Yohualichan.JPG\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/section><h2>The present-day region needs present-day questions<\/h2><p>Older histories do not stop where the present begins. People work, cultivate, trade, study, migrate, return and build relationships with cities in Mexico and other countries. Some families maintain languages, practices and community networks at a distance; others transform them. Studying this reality requires more than reconstructing ancient ceremonies or assembling photographs of squares and monuments.<\/p><p>Research on the economy must distinguish establishments, agriculture, forests, fishing and informal work. INEGI\u2019s 2024 Economic Censuses provide information on establishments and activities in numerous sectors at municipal level, but their direct coverage excludes agricultural, livestock and forestry production: their results must not be presented as a complete account of the rural economy. <a href=\"#r01-en-nota-9\">[9]<\/a> Migration research requires specific dates, municipalities of origin and destination, and comparison between sources, such as CONAPO\u2019s municipal migration intensity index. <a href=\"#r01-en-nota-10\">[10]<\/a><\/p><p>Security requires a different kind of care: recorded complaints or criminal investigation files do not represent all crimes that actually occurred, or every community\u2019s experience of security. The Executive Secretariat of the National Public Security System maintains municipal data, but changed its methodology in 2026. A series that mixes that methodology with earlier ones without explanation would be misleading. <a href=\"#r01-en-nota-11\">[11]<\/a> Similarly, the climatic contrasts between coast and mountains, clearly visible in this project\u2019s plates, require verified meteorological station series, elevations and reference periods before they become maps with definitive figures. <a href=\"#r01-en-nota-12\">[12]<\/a><\/p><p>This is why the Institute\u2019s investigations will begin with questions and sources; figures, maps and charts will follow. A properly situated datum can explain a great deal. A number detached from its place, period or method of collection can confuse even when it is accurate.<\/p><figure class=\"iict-plate\" id=\"iict-plate-r01-b-en\" lang=\"en\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r01-b-en-title\" style=\"--plate-cols:3\"><div class=\"plate-top\"><p class=\"plate-kicker\">Illustrated notebook \u00b7 II<\/p><h3 id=\"iict-plate-r01-b-en-title\">More than one bond sustains a place<\/h3><\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"plate-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 750 420\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r01-b-en-art-title iict-plate-r01-b-en-art-desc\"><title id=\"iict-plate-r01-b-en-art-title\">More than one bond sustains a place<\/title><desc id=\"iict-plate-r01-b-en-art-desc\">1. Speaking: language connects generations and interlocutors. 2. Making: crafts bring materials, judgement and cooperation together. 3. Meeting: markets, celebrations and journeys renew relationships. Conceptual network of the relationships discussed; links do not represent measured intensities.<\/desc><defs><pattern id=\"iict-plate-r01-b-en-grain\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" width=\"17\" height=\"19\"><circle cx=\"2\" cy=\"3\" r=\".6\" fill=\"#a9a384\" opacity=\".15\"\/><circle cx=\"11\" cy=\"14\" r=\".5\" fill=\"#b3a98a\" opacity=\".16\"\/><\/pattern><\/defs><rect width=\"750\" height=\"420\" fill=\"url(#iict-plate-r01-b-en-grain)\"\/><path d=\"M175 180 C292 30 489 32 585 192 M175 180 C310 367 498 357 585 192 M175 180 Q368 290 390 96 Q472 280 585 192\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b6ac87\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><circle cx=\"170\" cy=\"190\" r=\"78\" fill=\"#e7e9db\" stroke=\"#a5b092\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><circle cx=\"390\" cy=\"105\" r=\"72\" fill=\"#eee5d2\" stroke=\"#b5a376\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><circle cx=\"585\" cy=\"211\" r=\"81\" fill=\"#e1e7df\" stroke=\"#a0b1a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g transform=\"translate(170 182) scale(0.6)\"><path d=\"M-60 -42 H45 Q65 -42 65 -20 V12 Q65 31 42 31 H0 L-34 61 L-27 31 H-60 Q-79 31 -79 12 V-20 Q-79 -42 -60 -42Z\" fill=\"#f9f5e9\" stroke=\"#6f8a83\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"-44\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"30\" y2=\"-12\" stroke=\"#9ba88a\" stroke-width=\"3\" \/><line x1=\"-44\" y1=\"9\" x2=\"5\" y2=\"9\" stroke=\"#9ba88a\" stroke-width=\"3\" \/><\/g><g transform=\"translate(391 100) scale(0.5)\"><g transform=\"translate(0 0) scale(0.7)\"><path d=\"M0 -67 C-36 -92 -83 -82 -105 -76 L-105 65 C-61 53 -24 57 0 76 C24 57 61 53 105 65 L105 -76 C70 -86 30 -90 0 -67Z\" fill=\"#f6efde\" stroke=\"#9c8e6b\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"-65\" x2=\"0\" y2=\"73\" stroke=\"#9c8e6b\" stroke-width=\"2\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -45 Q-46 -54 -15 -35 M15 -35 Q46 -54 88 -45\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -29 Q-46 -38 -15 -19 M15 -19 Q46 -38 88 -29\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -13 Q-46 -22 -15 -3 M15 -3 Q46 -22 88 -13\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 3 Q-46 -6 -15 13 M15 13 Q46 -6 88 3\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 19 Q-46 10 -15 29 M15 29 Q46 10 88 19\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 35 Q-46 26 -15 45 M15 45 Q46 26 88 35\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><\/g><\/g><g transform=\"translate(581 204) scale(0.65)\"><path d=\"M-66 -12 L0 -68 L66 -12 L48 -12 L48 55 L-48 55 L-48 -12Z\" fill=\"#e6deca\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><rect x=\"-12\" y=\"9\" width=\"24\" height=\"46\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#a5ae91\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"-38\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"23\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><\/g><circle cx=\"170\" cy=\"283\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"170\" y=\"291\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1<\/text><circle cx=\"390\" cy=\"201\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"390\" y=\"209\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">2<\/text><circle cx=\"585\" cy=\"315\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"585\" y=\"323\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">3<\/text><\/svg><ol class=\"plate-legend\"><li>Speaking: language connects generations and interlocutors.<\/li><li>Making: crafts bring materials, judgement and cooperation together.<\/li><li>Meeting: markets, celebrations and journeys renew relationships.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"plate-caption\">Conceptual network of the relationships discussed; links do not represent measured intensities. \u00b7 Original illustration by the Institute \u00b7 <a href=\"#r01-en-evidence\">Sources and comparison<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>A living culture cannot fit into an inventory<\/h2><p>Looking at this region respectfully means recognising that its knowledge consists of more than objects to be preserved. People practise and transmit it: those who cultivate, repair, cook, teach, heal, research, manufacture, sing, organise ceremonies or sustain family memory. A community of practice is not defined solely by an old name. It lives when its members continue to learn, correct, cooperate and decide what to share and under which conditions.<\/p><p>This perspective connects territorial research with the work of the International Institute of Culture of El Totonacapan. The institution can document life histories, facilitate encounters and contribute to the continuity of knowledge without claiming to speak for every people. Its own genealogy of trades, workshops and posadas is a valuable history within a much larger fabric, rather than a key that confers ownership of that fabric.<\/p><h2>The path ahead<\/h2><p>This series opens verifiable paths: it studies languages and their varieties, follows the lives of African-descended, mestizo and jarocho people in specific contexts, and reconstructs the territory\u2019s transformation over the centuries. Its scope extends to migration and diaspora, contemporary economies, risks and forms of everyday security, gastronomy, vanilla, rituals and ecosystems. Each topic is approached through relationships and processes, beyond a catalogue of picturesque places.<\/p><p>Each investigation must explain what is known, how it is known, what is debated and what could not be verified. When testimonies from people or communities are included, their collaboration, consent and attribution will be visible. When two sources disagree, the disagreement will be shown rather than correcting the past for editorial convenience. El Totonacapan deserves this depth, not because it is an exotic territory to be described from outside, but because its complexity asks us to learn to read its many histories together.<\/p><section class=\"research-comparison\"><h3>Comparing sources: four different questions<\/h3><p>Agreement between two texts does not guarantee independent evidence. An institutional overview, archival research and a catalogue answer different questions. Comparing them requires identifying what they observe, when they observe it and which conclusions they support.<\/p><figure class=\"research-matrix\"><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Data table\" style=\"--journal-table-min:32rem\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Hypothesis examined<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Evidence and comparison<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Result of the reading<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Hypothesis examined\">One boundary can serve every investigation.<\/th><td data-label=\"Evidence and comparison\">INAH provides a historical orientation. Vacas Mora (2020, pp. 172\u2013180) questions transferring earlier boundaries to the present without reassessment. <a href=\"#r01-en-nota-13\">[13]<\/a><\/td><td data-label=\"Result of the reading\">Define the question and date before selecting the study area; an orientation map does not determine its inhabitants\u2019 belonging.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Hypothesis examined\">A language name describes every community in the same way.<\/th><td data-label=\"Evidence and comparison\">INALI distinguishes family, grouping and variant, incorporating self-designations and local references. <a href=\"#r01-en-nota-3\">[3]<\/a> <a href=\"#r01-en-nota-4\">[4]<\/a><\/td><td data-label=\"Result of the reading\">Compare those categories with the census question; do not automatically assign identity or linguistic competence by municipality.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Hypothesis examined\">An archival label always retains the same meaning.<\/th><td data-label=\"Evidence and comparison\">Ortiz Escamilla (2006, pp. 9\u201313) examines changes in naming associated with Veracruz militias. <a href=\"#r01-en-nota-14\">[14]<\/a><\/td><td data-label=\"Result of the reading\">Ask who classifies and why; a colonial category is not an answer to a present-day question about self-identification.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Hypothesis examined\">Any municipal figures can be added together as a regional total.<\/th><td data-label=\"Evidence and comparison\">Population, establishments and recorded crimes have different units and coverage. <a href=\"#r01-en-nota-5\">[5]<\/a> <a href=\"#r01-en-nota-9\">[9]<\/a> <a href=\"#r01-en-nota-11\">[11]<\/a><\/td><td data-label=\"Result of the reading\">Specify municipalities, periods, units and exclusions before calculating; avoid apparent totals that combine different statistical populations.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure><h3>What this comparison establishes<\/h3><p>Different maps help us ask better research questions; a definitive boundary would not answer them all. The proposal is to explain which boundaries we use and keep them open to revision. It also distinguishes where knowledge is practised, how a source classifies it and what people who identify with it say. This reading opens the series. A broader regional study will also need to justify which municipalities it includes and use community sources grounded in specific places and situations.<\/p><p class=\"research-version\">Expanded version \u00b7 5 November 2026. The essay\u2019s notes retain their editorial consultation date of 4 November.<\/p><\/section><details class=\"research-evidence\" id=\"r01-en-evidence\" lang=\"en\"><summary><span class=\"evidence-kicker\">Inside the research<\/span><strong>Sources and comparison<\/strong><span class=\"evidence-subtitle\">Open the dialogue between sources, reading criteria and complete references.<\/span><\/summary><div class=\"evidence-content\"><p>This essay connects sources addressing different questions. The table distinguishes disagreement from differences of scale, and interpretation from data. All original notes and additional readings remain below, with their links.<\/p><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Editorial comparison of objects, scales and interpretations. A difference identified here does not necessarily mean the sources hold opposing opinions.\" style=\"--journal-table-min:40rem\"><table class=\"evidence-dialogue\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Sources in dialogue<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Agreement or difference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Article\u2019s reading and open question<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Where does the region begin and end?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources in dialogue\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/lugares.inah.gob.mx\/es\/taxonomy\/term\/56106\">INAH \u00b7 Totonac culture \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/revistas.ucm.es\/index.php\/REAA\/es\/article\/view\/71749\">Vacas Mora, 2020 \u00b7 pp. 172\u2013180, 185\u2013187 \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Agreement or difference\">The INAH overview offers historical and cultural orientation. Vacas Mora examines how different criteria produce different regional boundaries.<\/td><td data-label=\"Article\u2019s reading and open question\">These perspectives complement one another; their boundaries need not be forced to coincide. The article considers a region of relationships. A statistical monograph must separately justify its choice of municipalities.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Are a people, a language family and a variant the same thing?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources in dialogue\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/lugares.inah.gob.mx\/es\/taxonomy\/term\/56106\">INAH \u00b7 Totonac culture \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inali.gob.mx\/sitios\/clin-inali\/\">INALI \u00b7 Catalogue: categories \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/atlas.inali.gob.mx\/familias\/mapa\/07\">INALI \u00b7 Totonac\u2013Tepehua family \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Agreement or difference\">Cultural accounts discuss peoples; the catalogue distinguishes language relationships, groupings and variants. These categories do not count the same kind of thing.<\/td><td data-label=\"Article\u2019s reading and open question\">A language family is not turned into a single people, nor are all the peoples mentioned placed within Totonac\u2013Tepehua. Locating a variant requires a locality and its documented designation.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Does speaking a language establish every aspect of belonging?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources in dialogue\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/rnm\/index.php\/catalog\/632\/datafile\/F13\/V339\">INEGI \u00b7 Census 2020: speaking, age 3+ \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inali.gob.mx\/sitios\/clin-inali\/\">INALI \u00b7 Catalogue: categories \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Agreement or difference\">The census asks about speaking; INALI\u2019s classification organises linguistic diversity. Neither procedure alone replaces a person\u2019s cultural identification.<\/td><td data-label=\"Article\u2019s reading and open question\">Speaking, belonging and residence remain distinct. R01 calculates no regional Indigenous population total. That investigation needs compatible definitions of variables, populations, territory and year.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Can a historical designation be extended across the region?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources in dialogue\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/ulua.uv.mx\/index.php\/ulua\/article\/download\/1404\/pdf_158\">Ortiz Escamilla, 2006 \u00b7 pp. 9\u201313 \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/revistas.ucm.es\/index.php\/REAA\/es\/article\/view\/71749\">Vacas Mora, 2020 \u00b7 pp. 172\u2013180, 185\u2013187 \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Agreement or difference\">Ortiz examines names and identities in Veracruz militias; Vacas analyses regional criteria and uses. Historical processes intersect at different scales.<\/td><td data-label=\"Article\u2019s reading and open question\">The essay recognises African-descended, mestizo and jarocho trajectories without turning them into fixed groups or assigning jarocho identity to everyone. Each name\u2019s reach depends on its specific context.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Do economic and territorial sources produce a single diagnosis?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources in dialogue\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/programas\/ce\/2024\/default.html\">INEGI \u00b7 Economic Censuses 2024 \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.conapo.gob.mx\/es\/OMI\/Indice_de_Internsidad_Migratoria_por_municipio_2020\">CONAPO \u00b7 Municipal migration intensity, 2020 \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gob.mx\/sesnsp\/acciones-y-programas\/datos-abiertos-de-incidencia-delictiva\">SESNSP \u00b7 Open data on recorded crime \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/smn.conagua.gob.mx\/tools\/PHP\/Climogramas\/\">SMN \u00b7 Climographs 1991\u20132020 \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Agreement or difference\">Establishments, municipal migration, recorded offences and climatic observations are different objects of study. These links offer further research routes, not regional results calculated in this essay.<\/td><td data-label=\"Article\u2019s reading and open question\">Specialist articles in the series must examine coverage, exclusions, units and periods before comparing data. No heterogeneous indicators are added together here, nor is that subsequent research presented as complete.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">What does the accompanying map establish?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources in dialogue\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/about\/terms-of-use\/\">Natural Earth \u00b7 Public-domain map base \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/atlas.inali.gob.mx\/familias\/mapa\/07\">INALI \u00b7 Totonac\u2013Tepehua family \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Agreement or difference\">The physical base locates reference points; linguistic classification addresses another question. A photograph provides situated context, not an identity boundary.<\/td><td data-label=\"Article\u2019s reading and open question\">The map provides orientation and its points do not delimit peoples. Image credits identify place, author and licence. People\u2019s affiliations require their own evidence, not inference from their appearance in a photograph.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><caption>Editorial comparison of objects, scales and interpretations. A difference identified here does not necessarily mean the sources hold opposing opinions.<\/caption><\/table><\/div><p>Further research: notes 2 and 6 retain the historical references supplied with the essay. Notes 9\u201312 guide future monographs on economy, migration, security and climate. They do not constitute a new municipal corpus already analysed in R01.<\/p><section><h3>Essay sources and notes<\/h3><p>Editorial consultation: 4 November 2026.<\/p><ol><li id=\"r01-en-nota-1\">J. Omar Ruiz Gordillo, \u2018Cultura Totonaca\u2019, INAH: territorial scope and archaeological sites. <a href=\"https:\/\/lugares.inah.gob.mx\/es\/taxonomy\/term\/56106\">https:\/\/lugares.inah.gob.mx\/es\/taxonomy\/term\/56106<\/a><\/li><li id=\"r01-en-nota-2\">Gustavo Alberto Ram\u00edrez Castilla, \u2018El Totonacapan y la cuesti\u00f3n totonaca\u2019, Ollin, INAH, 2022: historiographical debate. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.revistas.inah.gob.mx\/index.php\/ollin\/article\/view\/18287\">https:\/\/www.revistas.inah.gob.mx\/index.php\/ollin\/article\/view\/18287<\/a><\/li><li id=\"r01-en-nota-3\">INALI: classification of the Totonac\u2013Tepehua family. <a href=\"https:\/\/atlas.inali.gob.mx\/familias\/mapa\/07\">https:\/\/atlas.inali.gob.mx\/familias\/mapa\/07<\/a><\/li><li id=\"r01-en-nota-4\">INALI, Cat\u00e1logo de Lenguas Ind\u00edgenas Nacionales: Totonac and Tepehua variants and other families. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inali.gob.mx\/sitios\/clin-inali\/html\/v_totonaco.html\">https:\/\/www.inali.gob.mx\/sitios\/clin-inali\/html\/v_totonaco.html<\/a> ; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inali.gob.mx\/sitios\/clin-inali\/html\/v_tepehua.html\">https:\/\/www.inali.gob.mx\/sitios\/clin-inali\/html\/v_tepehua.html<\/a> ; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inali.gob.mx\/detalle\/lengua-tenek-huasteco\">https:\/\/www.inali.gob.mx\/detalle\/lengua-tenek-huasteco<\/a> ; <a href=\"https:\/\/site.inali.gob.mx\/pdf\/catalogo_lenguas_indigenas.pdf\">https:\/\/site.inali.gob.mx\/pdf\/catalogo_lenguas_indigenas.pdf<\/a><\/li><li id=\"r01-en-nota-5\">INEGI, 2020 Population and Housing Census: population aged three and over, language and self-identification. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/sistemas\/Olap\/Proyectos\/bd\/censos\/cpv2020\/P3Mas.asp\">https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/sistemas\/Olap\/Proyectos\/bd\/censos\/cpv2020\/P3Mas.asp<\/a><\/li><li id=\"r01-en-nota-6\">Elio Roberto Masferrer Kan, \u2018Cambio y continuidad entre los totonacos de la Sierra Norte de Puebla\u2019, master\u2019s thesis, Universidad Iberoamericana, 2006; INAH archive. <a href=\"https:\/\/investigacion.inah.gob.mx\/_flysystem\/fedora\/2024-10\/014698.pdf\">https:\/\/investigacion.inah.gob.mx\/_flysystem\/fedora\/2024-10\/014698.pdf<\/a><\/li><li id=\"r01-en-nota-7\">INAH, Programa Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Afrodescendientes y Diversidad Cultural. <a href=\"https:\/\/antropologia.inah.gob.mx\/afrodescendientes-y-diversidad-cultural\">https:\/\/antropologia.inah.gob.mx\/afrodescendientes-y-diversidad-cultural<\/a><\/li><li id=\"r01-en-nota-8\">Juan Ortiz Escamilla, \u2018Las compa\u00f1\u00edas milicianas de Veracruz. Del \u201cnegro\u201d al \u201cjarocho\u201d: la construcci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica de una identidad\u2019, Universidad Veracruzana. <a href=\"https:\/\/ulua.uv.mx\/index.php\/ulua\/es\/article\/view\/1404\">https:\/\/ulua.uv.mx\/index.php\/ulua\/es\/article\/view\/1404<\/a> . This study examines historical processes in Veracruz; it does not in itself demonstrate the uniform extension of jarocho identity throughout El Totonacapan.<\/li><li id=\"r01-en-nota-9\">INEGI, 2024 Economic Censuses: coverage and exclusions. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/programas\/ce\/2024\/default.html\">https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/programas\/ce\/2024\/default.html<\/a><\/li><li id=\"r01-en-nota-10\">CONAPO, municipal migration intensity index, 2000, 2010 and 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.conapo.gob.mx\/es\/OMI\/Indice_de_Internsidad_Migratoria_por_municipio_2020\">https:\/\/www.conapo.gob.mx\/es\/OMI\/Indice_de_Internsidad_Migratoria_por_municipio_2020<\/a><\/li><li id=\"r01-en-nota-11\">SESNSP, open data and methodological note on the 2026 transition. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gob.mx\/sesnsp\/acciones-y-programas\/datos-abiertos-de-incidencia-delictiva\">https:\/\/www.gob.mx\/sesnsp\/acciones-y-programas\/datos-abiertos-de-incidencia-delictiva<\/a><\/li><li id=\"r01-en-nota-12\">SMN-CONAGUA, 1991\u20132020 climographs and station statistics. <a href=\"https:\/\/smn.conagua.gob.mx\/tools\/PHP\/Climogramas\/\">https:\/\/smn.conagua.gob.mx\/tools\/PHP\/Climogramas\/<\/a> ; <a href=\"https:\/\/smn.conagua.gob.mx\/en\/climatologia\/informacion-climatologica\/informacion-estadistica-climatologica\">https:\/\/smn.conagua.gob.mx\/en\/climatologia\/informacion-climatologica\/informacion-estadistica-climatologica<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/section><h4>Additional comparative readings<\/h4><ol start=\"13\"><li id=\"r01-en-nota-13\">V\u00edctor Vacas Mora (2020), \u2018Espacios, lugares, territorios y regiones. Hacia una (re)definici\u00f3n del Totonacapan como regi\u00f3n\u2019, Revista Espa\u00f1ola de Antropolog\u00eda Americana 50, pp. 167\u2013189; passages compared: pp. 172\u2013180 and 185\u2013187. <a href=\"https:\/\/revistas.ucm.es\/index.php\/REAA\/es\/article\/view\/71749\">UCM<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/revistas.ucm.es\/index.php\/REAA\/article\/download\/71749\/4564456554769\">PDF<\/a><\/li><li id=\"r01-en-nota-14\">Juan Ortiz Escamilla (2006), \u2018Las compa\u00f1\u00edas milicianas de Veracruz. Del \u201cnegro\u201d al \u201cjarocho\u201d: la construcci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica de una identidad\u2019, Ul\u00faa 8, pp. 9\u201329; passages compared: pp. 9\u201313. <a href=\"https:\/\/ulua.uv.mx\/index.php\/ulua\/article\/download\/1404\/pdf_158\">PDF \u00b7 Universidad Veracruzana<\/a><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"research-version\">Sources and comparison expanded: 5 November 2026.<\/p><\/div><section class=\"iict-reading-source\" id=\"iict-reading-r01-en-source\" lang=\"en\"><h4>A region that can also be heard<\/h4><p>The station reports technical coverage. INALI classifies language varieties; neither source alone measures audiences or belonging.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/ecos.inpi.gob.mx\/xectz\/\">INPI \u00b7 XECTZ, informaci\u00f3n general<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"#iict-reading-r01-en\">Return to the passage<\/a><\/p><\/section>\n<\/details><p class=\"editorial-credit\">International Institute of Culture of El Totonacapan \u2014 Territorial Research Series<\/p><nav aria-label=\"Related reading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=42\">El Totonacapan<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=514\">A refuge of cultures<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=57\">Communities of practice \u00b7 Spanish<\/a><\/nav><!-- IICT-CITE R01 en --><aside class=\"iict-citation\" id=\"citar-r01-en\" aria-labelledby=\"citar-r01-en-title\"><h2 id=\"citar-r01-en-title\">How to cite this article<\/h2><p class=\"iict-citation-label\">Suggested bibliographic reference<\/p><blockquote class=\"iict-citation-reference\">Instituto Internacional de Cultura del Totonacapan. \u00abEl Totonacapan: one region, many forms of belonging\u00bb. <cite>Research notebooks<\/cite>, <strong>R01<\/strong>. The Integral Management Society (IMSV). <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1227#r01-en-text\">https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1227#r01-en-text<\/a>.<\/blockquote><p><strong>Internal reference:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1227#r01-en-text\">R01<\/a>. For a specific passage, add its section title.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1225#normas-citacion-en\">The Institute\u2019s citation guidance \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/aside><!-- \/IICT-CITE R01 en --><\/article><\/details><details id=\"r01-fr\" class=\"research-lang-version\"><summary lang=\"fr\">Fran\u00e7ais \u00b7 Lire l\u2019article int\u00e9gral<\/summary><article class=\"editorial-reading\" id=\"r01-fr-text\" lang=\"fr\"><h1>Le Totonacapan : une r\u00e9gion, de multiples appartenances<\/h1><section class=\"research-abstract\" aria-label=\"R\u00e9sum\u00e9\"><p class=\"eyebrow\">R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/p><p>Un m\u00eame lieu peut raconter plusieurs histoires. Le Totonacapan est un paysage, une r\u00e9gion historique, un r\u00e9seau de relations et un espace d\u2019appartenance. Ces regards se compl\u00e8tent, m\u00eame lorsque leurs fronti\u00e8res diff\u00e8rent. Cet essai explique pourquoi langue, identit\u00e9, provenance et municipalit\u00e9 ne signifient pas la m\u00eame chose. Il propose d\u2019\u00e9tudier leurs relations sans enfermer les habitants dans un catalogue fixe.<\/p><h3>La question de cette recherche<\/h3><p><strong>Pourquoi un m\u00eame territoire ne tient-il pas dans une seule carte linguistique, ethnique ou administrative ?<\/strong><\/p><p class=\"research-method\">Cet essai compare des livres et des \u00e9tudes d\u2019histoire et d\u2019anthropologie, des classifications des langues et des sources statistiques. Le tableau final explique ce que chaque source permet d\u2019\u00e9tablir. La question d\u00e9termine ce que l\u2019on observe : localit\u00e9s et variantes pour les langues ; documents et p\u00e9riodes pour les cat\u00e9gories historiques ; municipalit\u00e9s, variables et ann\u00e9es pour les donn\u00e9es. Cette recherche documentaire compar\u00e9e ne calcule pas de total statistique r\u00e9gional et ne pr\u00e9sente pas d\u2019entretiens propres.<\/p><\/section><p>On ne comprend pas une r\u00e9gion en comptant uniquement ses villes ni en tra\u00e7ant des fronti\u00e8res autour des cultures. Le Totonacapan r\u00e9unit des peuples, des langues, des paysages et des trajectoires qui ont coexist\u00e9, \u00e9volu\u00e9 et franchi les divisions actuelles du Veracruz et du Puebla.<\/p><h2>Une carte, plusieurs territoires<\/h2><p>Papantla occupe une place centrale dans la m\u00e9moire culturelle du Totonacapan. Pourtant, une r\u00e9gion historique ne s\u2019est jamais confondue avec une seule de ses villes. Les routes qui montent des basses terres vers la Sierra Norte de Puebla, les \u00e9tablissements proches du Golfe et les vall\u00e9es et ravins de l\u2019int\u00e9rieur forment un ensemble dont l\u2019aspect change selon que l\u2019on observe ses bassins versants, ses chemins, ses langues ou ses relations \u00e9conomiques.<\/p><p>L\u2019Institut national d\u2019anthropologie et d\u2019histoire du Mexique d\u00e9crit un espace historique reliant le r\u00edo Cazones, la zone du r\u00edo de La Antigua, le Golfe et diff\u00e9rents territoires de montagne. Ce parcours oriente la lecture culturelle et historique. Ce n\u2019est pas une division administrative actuelle applicable sans discussion \u00e0 n\u2019importe quelle statistique. \u00c9tudier la population exige des municipalit\u00e9s et des ann\u00e9es pr\u00e9cises. Le commerce pr\u00e9hispanique demande de suivre d\u2019autres connexions. Les communaut\u00e9s de pratique invitent aussi \u00e0 suivre les liens entre les personnes, y compris lorsqu\u2019ils se prolongent hors de la r\u00e9gion. <a href=\"#r01-fr-nota-1\">[1]<\/a><\/p><p>Il suffit de regarder ce qu\u2019une carte laisse de c\u00f4t\u00e9. Elle peut colorier une montagne sans montrer les personnes qui circulent entre localit\u00e9s pour apprendre un m\u00e9tier ou c\u00e9l\u00e9brer une f\u00eate. Une division municipale indique o\u00f9 une personne a \u00e9t\u00e9 recens\u00e9e, sans expliquer tous ses liens avec le territoire. Les \u00e9tudes historiques et arch\u00e9ologiques du \u00ab Totonacapan \u00bb ne s\u2019accordent pas toujours sur ses contours ni sur l\u2019identit\u00e9 de ses anciens habitants. Le travail historiographique de l\u2019INAH en rappelle la raison : attribuer n\u2019importe quel vestige \u00e0 une culture mat\u00e9rielle uniforme \u2014 un m\u00eame ensemble d\u2019objets et de constructions \u2014 ne permet pas de r\u00e9soudre l\u2019identit\u00e9 des peuples. <a href=\"#r01-fr-nota-2\">[2]<\/a><\/p><section class=\"research-visual\"><h3>Lire la carte sans en faire une fronti\u00e8re<\/h3><figure><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-mapa-totonacapan-fr-20261104.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-mapa-totonacapan-fr-20261104.png\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1560\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Carte de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence montrant des localit\u00e9s du Veracruz et du nord du Puebla, la c\u00f4te du Golfe et des sites arch\u00e9ologiques ; elle ne d\u00e9limite pas de territoires ethniques.\"><\/a><figcaption>Carte d\u2019orientation de l\u2019Institut : s\u00e9lection de localit\u00e9s actuelles et de sites arch\u00e9ologiques. Les lignes indiquent les limites des \u00c9tats, non des fronti\u00e8res ethniques. Fond Natural Earth, domaine public ; localisation Wikimedia \/ UNESCO ; contexte INPI. La proximit\u00e9 des points ne prouve pas une identit\u00e9 commune. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/\">Natural Earth<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/atlas.inpi.gob.mx\/totonacos-etnografia\/\">INPI<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/631\/\">UNESCO<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/section><figure class=\"iict-viz viz-layers\" id=\"iict-viz-r01-fr\" lang=\"fr\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-viz-r01-fr-title\"><header><div class=\"viz-kicker\"><span>Carnets visuels<\/span><span>R01 \u00b7 01<\/span><\/div><h3 id=\"iict-viz-r01-fr-title\">Une r\u00e9gion, trois \u00e9chelles de lecture<\/h3><p>La question d\u00e9termine le territoire \u00e0 observer.<\/p><\/header><div class=\"viz-art\" style=\"--viz-cols:3\"><div class=\"viz-cell\"><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><h4>Histoire<\/h4><p>Des lieux et des relations qui changent selon la p\u00e9riode \u00e9tudi\u00e9e.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><h4>Donn\u00e9es<\/h4><p>Des communes, des variables et des ann\u00e9es d\u00e9finies avant la comparaison.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><h4>Pratiques<\/h4><p>Des personnes et des liens qui peuvent se prolonger hors de la r\u00e9gion.<\/p><\/div><\/div><figcaption>Trois perspectives compl\u00e9mentaires ; aucune ne trace \u00e0 elle seule une fronti\u00e8re culturelle.<span class=\"viz-source\">Synth\u00e8se visuelle originale de l\u2019Institut \u00b7 <a href=\"#r01-fr-evidence\">Sources et confrontation<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<section class=\"iict-reading-addition\" data-kind=\"inline\" id=\"iict-reading-r01-fr\" lang=\"fr\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-reading-r01-fr-title\"><h3 id=\"iict-reading-r01-fr-title\">Une r\u00e9gion qui s\u2019\u00e9coute aussi<\/h3><p>Une station de radio r\u00e9v\u00e8le des liens qu\u2019une limite d\u2019\u00c9tat laisse hors du cadre. Depuis Cuetzalan, XECTZ La Voz de la Sierra Norte annonce une couverture de 82 municipalit\u00e9s : 64 au Puebla et 18 au Veracruz. L\u2019INPI explique sa cr\u00e9ation en 1994 par les demandes de groupes sociaux et communautaires souhaitant communiquer en nahuatl et en totonaque. <a class=\"reading-ref\" href=\"#iict-reading-r01-fr-source\" aria-label=\"Voir sources et comparaison\">\u2197<\/a><\/p><p>Cette g\u00e9ographie de la communication relie la montagne aux basses terres. Un signal traverse une limite administrative ; une conversation conserve ses langues et ses interlocuteurs. \u00c9couter cette diff\u00e9rence aide \u00e0 passer de la carte aux personnes.<\/p><p class=\"reading-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ecos.inpi.gob.mx\/xectz\/\">INPI \u00b7 XECTZ, informaci\u00f3n general<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"#r01-fr-evidence\">Sources et confrontation<\/a><\/p><\/section>\n<figure class=\"iict-plate\" id=\"iict-plate-r01-a-fr\" lang=\"fr\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r01-a-fr-title\" style=\"--plate-cols:3\"><div class=\"plate-top\"><p class=\"plate-kicker\">Carnet illustr\u00e9 \u00b7 I<\/p><h3 id=\"iict-plate-r01-a-fr-title\">Du littoral \u00e0 la montagne : un paysage de relations<\/h3><\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"plate-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 750 420\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r01-a-fr-art-title iict-plate-r01-a-fr-art-desc\"><title id=\"iict-plate-r01-a-fr-art-title\">Du littoral \u00e0 la montagne : un paysage de relations<\/title><desc id=\"iict-plate-r01-a-fr-art-desc\">1. Le littoral ouvre des liens avec le golfe. 2. Les basses terres r\u00e9unissent villages, cultures et chemins. 3. Les versants et la montagne \u00e9largissent la diversit\u00e9 des milieux et des rencontres. Profil illustr\u00e9 pour orienter la lecture ; la r\u00e9gion culturelle ne se r\u00e9duit ni \u00e0 cette coupe ni aux limites administratives.<\/desc><defs><pattern id=\"iict-plate-r01-a-fr-grain\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" width=\"17\" height=\"19\"><circle cx=\"2\" cy=\"3\" r=\".6\" fill=\"#a9a384\" opacity=\".15\"\/><circle cx=\"11\" cy=\"14\" r=\".5\" fill=\"#b3a98a\" opacity=\".16\"\/><\/pattern><\/defs><rect width=\"750\" height=\"420\" fill=\"url(#iict-plate-r01-a-fr-grain)\"\/><path d=\"M0 260 L92 112 L165 183 L238 77 L327 187 L414 147 L520 234 L598 249 L750 255 L750 420 L0 420Z\" fill=\"#dbe0cf\" stroke=\"#899676\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M0 301 Q170 263 306 296 Q452 330 600 281 L750 282 L750 420 L0 420Z\" fill=\"#e8dfc5\" stroke=\"#b9a77f\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M565 290 Q641 268 750 283 L750 420 L594 420 Q626 355 565 290Z\" fill=\"#b9ced0\" 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height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><\/g><g transform=\"translate(198 91) scale(0.48)\"><path d=\"M-91 22 C-125 -5 -96 -49 -60 -38 C-51 -96 26 -98 45 -50 C91 -77 128 -27 96 13 C70 40 -64 38 -91 22Z\" fill=\"#e1e6df\" stroke=\"#91a7a1\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><\/g><path d=\"M614 313 q24.5 -20 49 0 t49 0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#6c9295\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M614 339 q24.5 -20 49 0 t49 0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#6c9295\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M614 365 q24.5 -20 49 0 t49 0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#6c9295\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M614 391 q24.5 -20 49 0 t49 0\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#6c9295\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M210 215 Q320 238 395 289 T561 340\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 9\"\/><circle cx=\"667\" cy=\"264\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"667\" y=\"272\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1<\/text><circle cx=\"475\" cy=\"337\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"475\" y=\"345\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">2<\/text><circle cx=\"152\" cy=\"200\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"152\" y=\"208\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">3<\/text><\/svg><ol class=\"plate-legend\"><li>Le littoral ouvre des liens avec le golfe.<\/li><li>Les basses terres r\u00e9unissent villages, cultures et chemins.<\/li><li>Les versants et la montagne \u00e9largissent la diversit\u00e9 des milieux et des rencontres.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"plate-caption\">Profil illustr\u00e9 pour orienter la lecture ; la r\u00e9gion culturelle ne se r\u00e9duit ni \u00e0 cette coupe ni aux limites administratives. \u00b7 Illustration originale de l\u2019Institut \u00b7 <a href=\"#r01-fr-evidence\">Sources et confrontation<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Cinq peuples autochtones ne constituent pas une seule langue<\/h2><p>L\u2019histoire r\u00e9gionale fait appara\u00eetre des peuples tutunak\u00fa ou totonaques, tepehuas, nahuas, otom\u00eds et t\u00e9nek ou huaxt\u00e8ques, dont les \u00e9tablissements, les relations et les parcours ne forment pas cinq blocs immobiles. L\u2019INAH prend en compte ces pr\u00e9sences lorsqu\u2019il d\u00e9crit la diversit\u00e9 culturelle historique de la r\u00e9gion et de ses espaces de relation. Cela ne signifie pas que chacun occupe de mani\u00e8re \u00e9gale toutes les municipalit\u00e9s, ni que les communaut\u00e9s partagent une seule exp\u00e9rience. <a href=\"#r01-fr-nota-1\">[1]<\/a><\/p><p>Les langues r\u00e9v\u00e8lent une autre part de cette diversit\u00e9. L\u2019Institut national des langues autochtones du Mexique reconna\u00eet le totonaque et le tepehua comme des regroupements d\u2019une famille linguistique propre. Le nahuatl appartient \u00e0 la famille yuto-nahua ; l\u2019otom\u00ed, \u00e0 la famille oto-mangue ; le t\u00e9nek, \u00e0 la famille maya. Ces regroupements comprennent des variantes et des autod\u00e9nominations : les noms que les locuteurs donnent \u00e0 leurs langues. La municipalit\u00e9 de r\u00e9sidence ne permet donc pas d\u2019attribuer une langue uniforme \u00e0 chaque personne. Il faut examiner les noms locaux, la transmission familiale et l\u2019usage de deux langues, ou bilinguisme. <a href=\"#r01-fr-nota-3\">[3]<\/a> <a href=\"#r01-fr-nota-4\">[4]<\/a><\/p><p>Parler une langue autochtone, se reconna\u00eetre comme membre d\u2019un peuple, avoir une ascendance familiale ou vivre dans une localit\u00e9 historiquement li\u00e9e \u00e0 ce peuple sont des r\u00e9alit\u00e9s apparent\u00e9es, mais non identiques. Un tableau qui ne distingue pas ces questions peut produire des chiffres apparemment tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9cis, mais mal interpr\u00e9t\u00e9s. Pour comprendre la situation actuelle, il faudra confronter le catalogue linguistique aux questions effectivement pos\u00e9es par le Recensement de la population et du logement de 2020 et aux recherches communautaires r\u00e9centes. <a href=\"#r01-fr-nota-4\">[4]<\/a> <a href=\"#r01-fr-nota-5\">[5]<\/a><\/p><h2>M\u00e9tissages et autres histoires au-del\u00e0 de la carte postale<\/h2><p>On ne peut pas davantage raconter le Totonacapan comme si, apr\u00e8s la Conqu\u00eate, seuls deux groupes, les Autochtones et les Espagnols, \u00e9taient demeur\u00e9s s\u00e9par\u00e9s l\u2019un de l\u2019autre. Les processus coloniaux ont transform\u00e9 l\u2019occupation des sols, la production et les relations de travail. La recherche historique d\u2019Elio Roberto Masferrer Kan sur la Sierra Norte de Puebla analyse la r\u00e9organisation de certaines zones du Veracruz par les domaines d\u2019\u00e9levage, les p\u00eacheries, l\u2019exploitation foresti\u00e8re, les transports et l\u2019installation de populations identifi\u00e9es dans les sources de l\u2019\u00e9poque comme m\u00e9tisses, noires et mul\u00e2tres. Il s\u2019agit d\u2019une interpr\u00e9tation historiographique \u00e0 lire en tenant compte de ses documents et de ses limites ; ce n\u2019est pas une raison d\u2019affirmer que toutes les communaut\u00e9s ant\u00e9rieures ont disparu. <a href=\"#r01-fr-nota-6\">[6]<\/a><\/p><p>Les mots par lesquels une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 classe d\u2019autres personnes ont eux aussi une histoire. \u00ab Noir \u00bb, \u00ab mul\u00e2tre \u00bb et \u00ab pardo \u00bb \u00e9taient des cat\u00e9gories employ\u00e9es dans des contextes coloniaux et post\u00e9rieurs qui ne correspondent pas automatiquement \u00e0 la mani\u00e8re dont une personne se d\u00e9finit aujourd\u2019hui. Le programme de recherche de l\u2019INAH sur les afrodescendants \u00e9tudie la participation des personnes d\u2019origine africaine \u00e0 la formation \u00e9conomique, sociale et culturelle du Mexique. Son existence invite \u00e0 rechercher des archives, des lieux et des exp\u00e9riences pr\u00e9cis dans le Totonacapan, plut\u00f4t qu\u2019\u00e0 effacer ces histoires ou \u00e0 les attribuer sans sources \u00e0 toute la c\u00f4te. <a href=\"#r01-fr-nota-7\">[7]<\/a><\/p><p>Le mot \u00ab jarocho \u00bb exige une prudence semblable. L\u2019historiographie du Veracruz a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 sa formation en relation avec les milices, les classifications sociales et diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions de cet \u00c9tat. Il peut s\u2019agir d\u2019une identit\u00e9 culturelle qui en croise d\u2019autres, mais il ne prouve pas \u00e0 lui seul que toutes les communaut\u00e9s de la Sierra Norte se soient d\u00e9finies ainsi. \u00ab M\u00e9tis \u00bb peut, pour sa part, fonctionner comme cat\u00e9gorie historique, identification sociale ou d\u00e9finition de recensement selon la source et la date. Il ne s\u2019agit pas de sept cases exclusives dans lesquelles il faudrait obligatoirement ranger tous les habitants. <a href=\"#r01-fr-nota-8\">[8]<\/a><\/p><section class=\"research-visual\"><h3>Deux lieux, des questions diff\u00e9rentes<\/h3><p>Une photographie situe un lieu et un moment ; elle ne repr\u00e9sente pas \u00e0 elle seule tous les habitants d\u2019une r\u00e9gion. La c\u00f4te et les \u00e9tablissements de montagne permettent de poser des questions sur les connexions, sans transformer le paysage ou l\u2019architecture en preuve d\u2019une identit\u00e9 uniforme.<\/p><div class=\"research-photo-pair\"><figure><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-territorio-costa-tecolutla-20261104.jpg\"><img src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-territorio-costa-tecolutla-20261104.jpg\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1285\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Plage de Tecolutla et vagues du golfe du Mexique, photographi\u00e9es en 2012.\"><\/a><figcaption><strong>Tecolutla, Veracruz<\/strong> C\u00f4te de Tecolutla \u00b7 AlejandroLinaresGarcia \u00b7 18\/03\/2012 \u00b7 CC BY-SA 3.0. Reproduction \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle, sans attribution d\u2019appartenance aux personnes photographi\u00e9es. <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:TecolutlaBeach01.JPG\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><figure><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-yohualichan-lievanomx-2010-20261104.jpg\"><img src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-yohualichan-lievanomx-2010-20261104.jpg\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Soubassements et cours de pierre du site arch\u00e9ologique de Yohualichan, photographi\u00e9s en 2010.\"><\/a><figcaption><strong>Yohualichan, Cuetzalan, Puebla<\/strong> Site arch\u00e9ologique de Yohualichan \u00b7 Lievanomx \u00b7 03\/04\/2010 \u00b7 CC BY-SA 3.0. Reproduction \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle ; la photographie n\u2019\u00e9tablit pas \u00e0 elle seule l\u2019appartenance de ses b\u00e2tisseurs. <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Panor%C3%A1mica_Yohualichan.JPG\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/section><h2>La r\u00e9gion actuelle doit \u00eatre \u00e9tudi\u00e9e avec des questions actuelles<\/h2><p>Les histoires anciennes ne s\u2019arr\u00eatent pas l\u00e0 o\u00f9 commence le pr\u00e9sent. Les gens travaillent, cultivent, commercent, \u00e9tudient, migrent, reviennent et nouent des relations avec des villes du Mexique ou d\u2019autres pays. Certaines familles maintiennent \u00e0 distance des langues, des pratiques et des r\u00e9seaux communautaires ; d\u2019autres les transforment. Pour \u00e9tudier cette r\u00e9alit\u00e9, il ne suffit pas de reconstituer des c\u00e9r\u00e9monies anciennes ou de r\u00e9unir des photographies de places et de monuments.<\/p><p>L\u2019\u00e9conomie demande de distinguer les \u00e9tablissements, l\u2019agriculture, la for\u00eat, la p\u00eache et le travail informel. Les Recensements \u00e9conomiques de 2024 de l\u2019INEGI renseignent, \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle municipale, les \u00e9tablissements et les activit\u00e9s de nombreux secteurs, mais leur couverture directe exclut la production agricole, l\u2019\u00e9levage et la production foresti\u00e8re : leurs r\u00e9sultats ne doivent pas \u00eatre pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s comme un bilan complet de toute l\u2019\u00e9conomie rurale. <a href=\"#r01-fr-nota-9\">[9]<\/a> La migration exige de pr\u00e9ciser les dates, les municipalit\u00e9s d\u2019origine et de destination, et de comparer les sources, comme l\u2019indice municipal d\u2019intensit\u00e9 migratoire du CONAPO. <a href=\"#r01-fr-nota-10\">[10]<\/a><\/p><p>La s\u00e9curit\u00e9 demande une autre pr\u00e9caution : les plaintes ou les dossiers d\u2019enqu\u00eate enregistr\u00e9s ne correspondent ni \u00e0 tous les d\u00e9lits effectivement commis ni \u00e0 l\u2019exp\u00e9rience de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 de chaque communaut\u00e9. Le Secr\u00e9tariat ex\u00e9cutif du Syst\u00e8me national de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 publique tient des donn\u00e9es municipales, mais il a chang\u00e9 de m\u00e9thodologie en 2026. Une s\u00e9rie m\u00ealant cette m\u00e9thodologie aux pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes sans avertissement induirait en erreur. <a href=\"#r01-fr-nota-11\">[11]<\/a> De m\u00eame, les contrastes climatiques entre la c\u00f4te et la montagne, tr\u00e8s visibles dans les planches de ce projet, n\u00e9cessitent des s\u00e9ries de stations m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques, des altitudes et des p\u00e9riodes de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence v\u00e9rifi\u00e9es avant de devenir des cartes comportant des chiffres d\u00e9finitifs. <a href=\"#r01-fr-nota-12\">[12]<\/a><\/p><p>Les recherches de l\u2019Institut commenceront donc par des questions et des sources ; les chiffres, les cartes et les graphiques viendront ensuite. Une donn\u00e9e correctement situ\u00e9e peut expliquer beaucoup. Un nombre d\u00e9tach\u00e9 de son lieu, de sa p\u00e9riode ou de la mani\u00e8re dont il a \u00e9t\u00e9 obtenu peut \u00e9garer, m\u00eame lorsqu\u2019il est exact.<\/p><figure class=\"iict-plate\" id=\"iict-plate-r01-b-fr\" lang=\"fr\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r01-b-fr-title\" style=\"--plate-cols:3\"><div class=\"plate-top\"><p class=\"plate-kicker\">Carnet illustr\u00e9 \u00b7 II<\/p><h3 id=\"iict-plate-r01-b-fr-title\">Un lieu tient par plusieurs liens<\/h3><\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"plate-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 750 420\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r01-b-fr-art-title iict-plate-r01-b-fr-art-desc\"><title id=\"iict-plate-r01-b-fr-art-title\">Un lieu tient par plusieurs liens<\/title><desc id=\"iict-plate-r01-b-fr-art-desc\">1. Parler : la langue relie les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations et les interlocuteurs. 2. Faire : les m\u00e9tiers r\u00e9unissent mati\u00e8res, jugement et coop\u00e9ration. 3. Se rencontrer : march\u00e9s, f\u00eates et d\u00e9placements renouvellent les relations. R\u00e9seau conceptuel des relations \u00e9tudi\u00e9es ; les liens ne repr\u00e9sentent pas des intensit\u00e9s mesur\u00e9es.<\/desc><defs><pattern id=\"iict-plate-r01-b-fr-grain\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" width=\"17\" height=\"19\"><circle cx=\"2\" cy=\"3\" r=\".6\" fill=\"#a9a384\" opacity=\".15\"\/><circle cx=\"11\" cy=\"14\" r=\".5\" fill=\"#b3a98a\" opacity=\".16\"\/><\/pattern><\/defs><rect width=\"750\" height=\"420\" fill=\"url(#iict-plate-r01-b-fr-grain)\"\/><path d=\"M175 180 C292 30 489 32 585 192 M175 180 C310 367 498 357 585 192 M175 180 Q368 290 390 96 Q472 280 585 192\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b6ac87\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><circle cx=\"170\" cy=\"190\" r=\"78\" fill=\"#e7e9db\" stroke=\"#a5b092\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><circle cx=\"390\" cy=\"105\" r=\"72\" fill=\"#eee5d2\" stroke=\"#b5a376\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><circle cx=\"585\" cy=\"211\" r=\"81\" fill=\"#e1e7df\" stroke=\"#a0b1a8\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g transform=\"translate(170 182) scale(0.6)\"><path d=\"M-60 -42 H45 Q65 -42 65 -20 V12 Q65 31 42 31 H0 L-34 61 L-27 31 H-60 Q-79 31 -79 12 V-20 Q-79 -42 -60 -42Z\" fill=\"#f9f5e9\" stroke=\"#6f8a83\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"-44\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"30\" y2=\"-12\" stroke=\"#9ba88a\" stroke-width=\"3\" \/><line x1=\"-44\" y1=\"9\" x2=\"5\" y2=\"9\" stroke=\"#9ba88a\" stroke-width=\"3\" \/><\/g><g transform=\"translate(391 100) scale(0.5)\"><g transform=\"translate(0 0) scale(0.7)\"><path d=\"M0 -67 C-36 -92 -83 -82 -105 -76 L-105 65 C-61 53 -24 57 0 76 C24 57 61 53 105 65 L105 -76 C70 -86 30 -90 0 -67Z\" fill=\"#f6efde\" stroke=\"#9c8e6b\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"-65\" x2=\"0\" y2=\"73\" stroke=\"#9c8e6b\" stroke-width=\"2\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -45 Q-46 -54 -15 -35 M15 -35 Q46 -54 88 -45\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -29 Q-46 -38 -15 -19 M15 -19 Q46 -38 88 -29\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -13 Q-46 -22 -15 -3 M15 -3 Q46 -22 88 -13\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 3 Q-46 -6 -15 13 M15 13 Q46 -6 88 3\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 19 Q-46 10 -15 29 M15 29 Q46 10 88 19\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 35 Q-46 26 -15 45 M15 45 Q46 26 88 35\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><\/g><\/g><g transform=\"translate(581 204) scale(0.65)\"><path d=\"M-66 -12 L0 -68 L66 -12 L48 -12 L48 55 L-48 55 L-48 -12Z\" fill=\"#e6deca\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><rect x=\"-12\" y=\"9\" width=\"24\" height=\"46\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#a5ae91\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"-38\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"23\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><\/g><circle cx=\"170\" cy=\"283\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"170\" y=\"291\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1<\/text><circle cx=\"390\" cy=\"201\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"390\" y=\"209\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">2<\/text><circle cx=\"585\" cy=\"315\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"585\" y=\"323\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">3<\/text><\/svg><ol class=\"plate-legend\"><li>Parler : la langue relie les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations et les interlocuteurs.<\/li><li>Faire : les m\u00e9tiers r\u00e9unissent mati\u00e8res, jugement et coop\u00e9ration.<\/li><li>Se rencontrer : march\u00e9s, f\u00eates et d\u00e9placements renouvellent les relations.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"plate-caption\">R\u00e9seau conceptuel des relations \u00e9tudi\u00e9es ; les liens ne repr\u00e9sentent pas des intensit\u00e9s mesur\u00e9es. \u00b7 Illustration originale de l\u2019Institut \u00b7 <a href=\"#r01-fr-evidence\">Sources et confrontation<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Une culture vivante ne tient pas dans un inventaire<\/h2><p>Regarder cette r\u00e9gion avec respect implique de reconna\u00eetre que ses savoirs ne sont pas uniquement des objets \u00e0 conserver. Des personnes les pratiquent et les transmettent : celles qui cultivent, r\u00e9parent, cuisinent, enseignent, soignent, recherchent, fabriquent, chantent, organisent les c\u00e9r\u00e9monies ou entretiennent la m\u00e9moire familiale. Une communaut\u00e9 de pratique ne se d\u00e9finit pas seulement par un nom ancien. Elle vit lorsque ses membres continuent \u00e0 apprendre, \u00e0 corriger, \u00e0 coop\u00e9rer et \u00e0 d\u00e9cider ce qu\u2019ils partagent et \u00e0 quelles conditions.<\/p><p>Cette perspective relie la recherche territoriale \u00e0 la mission de l\u2019Institut international de culture du Totonacapan. L\u2019institution peut documenter des trajectoires, faciliter des rencontres et contribuer \u00e0 la continuit\u00e9 des connaissances sans s\u2019arroger la voix de tous les peuples. Sa propre g\u00e9n\u00e9alogie de m\u00e9tiers, d\u2019ateliers et de posadas constitue une histoire pr\u00e9cieuse au sein d\u2019une trame bien plus vaste, non une cl\u00e9 qui lui donnerait la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 de cette trame.<\/p><h2>Le parcours \u00e0 venir<\/h2><p>Cette s\u00e9rie ouvre des chemins v\u00e9rifiables : elle \u00e9tudie les langues et leurs variantes, suit les vies de personnes afrodescendantes, m\u00e9tisses et jarochas dans des contextes d\u00e9termin\u00e9s, et retrace les transformations du territoire au fil des si\u00e8cles. Le parcours s\u2019\u00e9tend aux migrations et \u00e0 la diaspora, aux \u00e9conomies actuelles, aux risques et aux formes de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 quotidienne, \u00e0 la gastronomie, \u00e0 la vanille, aux rituels et aux \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes. Chaque th\u00e8me est abord\u00e9 par ses relations et ses processus, au-del\u00e0 d\u2019un r\u00e9pertoire de lieux pittoresques.<\/p><p>Chaque recherche devra expliquer ce que l\u2019on sait, d\u2019o\u00f9 on le sait, ce qui fait d\u00e9bat et ce qui n\u2019a pas pu \u00eatre v\u00e9rifi\u00e9. Lorsqu\u2019elle comprendra des t\u00e9moignages de personnes ou de communaut\u00e9s, leur collaboration, leur consentement et leur attribution seront visibles. Lorsque deux sources divergeront, cette divergence sera montr\u00e9e plut\u00f4t que de corriger le pass\u00e9 par commodit\u00e9 \u00e9ditoriale. Le Totonacapan m\u00e9rite cette profondeur : non parce qu\u2019il serait un territoire exotique \u00e0 d\u00e9crire de l\u2019ext\u00e9rieur, mais parce que sa complexit\u00e9 nous demande d\u2019apprendre \u00e0 lire ensemble ses multiples histoires.<\/p><section class=\"research-comparison\"><h3>Confronter les sources : quatre questions distinctes<\/h3><p>L\u2019accord entre deux textes ne garantit pas l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance de leurs preuves. Une synth\u00e8se institutionnelle, une recherche d\u2019archives et un catalogue r\u00e9pondent \u00e0 des questions diff\u00e9rentes. Les comparer demande de pr\u00e9ciser ce qu\u2019ils observent, \u00e0 quelle date et quelle conclusion ils permettent de soutenir.<\/p><figure class=\"research-matrix\"><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Tableau de donn\u00e9es\" style=\"--journal-table-min:32rem\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Hypoth\u00e8se examin\u00e9e<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Preuve et confrontation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">R\u00e9sultat de la lecture<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Hypoth\u00e8se examin\u00e9e\">Une fronti\u00e8re unique convient \u00e0 toutes les recherches.<\/th><td data-label=\"Preuve et confrontation\">L\u2019INAH propose un rep\u00e8re historique. Vacas Mora (2020, p. 172\u2013180) conteste la transposition sans r\u00e9examen de d\u00e9limitations anciennes au pr\u00e9sent. <a href=\"#r01-fr-nota-13\">[13]<\/a><\/td><td data-label=\"R\u00e9sultat de la lecture\">D\u00e9finir la question et la date avant de choisir le p\u00e9rim\u00e8tre ; une carte d\u2019orientation ne d\u00e9cide pas de l\u2019appartenance des habitants.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Hypoth\u00e8se examin\u00e9e\">Un nom de langue d\u00e9crit toutes les communaut\u00e9s de la m\u00eame fa\u00e7on.<\/th><td data-label=\"Preuve et confrontation\">L\u2019INALI distingue famille, regroupement et variante, avec des autod\u00e9nominations et des r\u00e9f\u00e9rences locales. <a href=\"#r01-fr-nota-3\">[3]<\/a> <a href=\"#r01-fr-nota-4\">[4]<\/a><\/td><td data-label=\"R\u00e9sultat de la lecture\">Comparer ces cat\u00e9gories \u00e0 la question du recensement ; ne pas attribuer automatiquement une identit\u00e9 ou une comp\u00e9tence linguistique d\u2019apr\u00e8s la municipalit\u00e9.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Hypoth\u00e8se examin\u00e9e\">Une cat\u00e9gorie d\u2019archives conserve toujours le m\u00eame sens.<\/th><td data-label=\"Preuve et confrontation\">Ortiz Escamilla (2006, p. 9\u201313) \u00e9tudie les changements de d\u00e9nomination li\u00e9s aux milices du Veracruz. <a href=\"#r01-fr-nota-14\">[14]<\/a><\/td><td data-label=\"R\u00e9sultat de la lecture\">Examiner qui classe et dans quel but ; une cat\u00e9gorie coloniale ne r\u00e9pond pas \u00e0 une question actuelle d\u2019auto-identification.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" data-label=\"Hypoth\u00e8se examin\u00e9e\">Tous les chiffres municipaux peuvent s\u2019additionner en total r\u00e9gional.<\/th><td data-label=\"Preuve et confrontation\">Population, \u00e9tablissements et d\u00e9lits enregistr\u00e9s ont des unit\u00e9s et des couvertures diff\u00e9rentes. <a href=\"#r01-fr-nota-5\">[5]<\/a> <a href=\"#r01-fr-nota-9\">[9]<\/a> <a href=\"#r01-fr-nota-11\">[11]<\/a><\/td><td data-label=\"R\u00e9sultat de la lecture\">Pr\u00e9ciser municipalit\u00e9s, p\u00e9riodes, unit\u00e9s et exclusions avant de calculer ; \u00e9viter les totaux apparents qui m\u00e9langent des univers statistiques diff\u00e9rents.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure><h3>Ce que permet de conclure cette confrontation<\/h3><p>Des cartes diff\u00e9rentes aident \u00e0 mieux formuler chaque recherche ; trouver une fronti\u00e8re d\u00e9finitive ne r\u00e9soudrait pas toutes les questions. La proposition consiste \u00e0 expliquer les limites utilis\u00e9es et \u00e0 pouvoir les r\u00e9viser. Elle distingue aussi le lieu o\u00f9 se pratique un savoir, sa classification par une source et les paroles des personnes qui s\u2019y reconnaissent. Cette lecture ouvre la s\u00e9rie. Une \u00e9tude r\u00e9gionale \u00e9largie devra \u00e9galement justifier les municipalit\u00e9s retenues et s\u2019appuyer sur des sources communautaires li\u00e9es \u00e0 des lieux et \u00e0 des situations pr\u00e9cises.<\/p><p class=\"research-version\">Version enrichie \u00b7 5 novembre 2026. Les notes de l\u2019essai conservent leur date de consultation \u00e9ditoriale du 4 novembre.<\/p><\/section><details class=\"research-evidence\" id=\"r01-fr-evidence\" lang=\"fr\"><summary><span class=\"evidence-kicker\">Au c\u0153ur de la recherche<\/span><strong>Sources et confrontation<\/strong><span class=\"evidence-subtitle\">Ouvrir le dialogue entre sources, les crit\u00e8res de lecture et les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences int\u00e9grales.<\/span><\/summary><div class=\"evidence-content\"><p>Cet essai rapproche des sources qui r\u00e9pondent \u00e0 des questions diff\u00e9rentes. Le tableau distingue le d\u00e9saccord du changement d\u2019\u00e9chelle, et l\u2019interpr\u00e9tation de la donn\u00e9e. Toutes les notes originales et les lectures compl\u00e9mentaires sont conserv\u00e9es ci-dessous, avec leurs liens.<\/p><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Comparaison \u00e9ditoriale des objets, \u00e9chelles et interpr\u00e9tations. Une diff\u00e9rence relev\u00e9e ne signifie pas n\u00e9cessairement que les sources d\u00e9fendent des opinions oppos\u00e9es.\" style=\"--journal-table-min:40rem\"><table class=\"evidence-dialogue\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Sources en dialogue<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Convergence ou diff\u00e9rence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Lecture de l\u2019article et question ouverte<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">O\u00f9 commence et o\u00f9 finit la r\u00e9gion ?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources en dialogue\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/lugares.inah.gob.mx\/es\/taxonomy\/term\/56106\">INAH \u00b7 Culture totonaque \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/revistas.ucm.es\/index.php\/REAA\/es\/article\/view\/71749\">Vacas Mora, 2020 \u00b7 pp. 172\u2013180, 185\u2013187 \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Convergence ou diff\u00e9rence\">La synth\u00e8se de l\u2019INAH propose une orientation historique et culturelle. Vacas Mora examine comment des crit\u00e8res diff\u00e9rents produisent des d\u00e9limitations r\u00e9gionales diff\u00e9rentes.<\/td><td data-label=\"Lecture de l\u2019article et question ouverte\">Ces perspectives se compl\u00e8tent ; leurs limites ne doivent pas \u00eatre forc\u00e9es \u00e0 co\u00efncider. L\u2019article consid\u00e8re une r\u00e9gion de relations. Une monographie statistique devra justifier s\u00e9par\u00e9ment le choix de ses municipalit\u00e9s.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Un peuple, une famille linguistique et une variante sont-ils \u00e9quivalents ?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources en dialogue\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/lugares.inah.gob.mx\/es\/taxonomy\/term\/56106\">INAH \u00b7 Culture totonaque \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inali.gob.mx\/sitios\/clin-inali\/\">INALI \u00b7 Catalogue : cat\u00e9gories \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/atlas.inali.gob.mx\/familias\/mapa\/07\">INALI \u00b7 Famille totonaque\u2013tepehua \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Convergence ou diff\u00e9rence\">Le r\u00e9cit culturel parle de peuples ; le catalogue distingue parent\u00e9 des langues, regroupements et variantes. Ces cat\u00e9gories ne d\u00e9nombrent pas les m\u00eames r\u00e9alit\u00e9s.<\/td><td data-label=\"Lecture de l\u2019article et question ouverte\">On ne transforme pas une famille linguistique en un seul peuple et on ne place pas tous les peuples cit\u00e9s dans la famille totonaque\u2013tepehua. Situer une variante demande une localit\u00e9 et sa d\u00e9nomination document\u00e9e.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Parler une langue \u00e9tablit-il toutes les appartenances ?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources en dialogue\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/rnm\/index.php\/catalog\/632\/datafile\/F13\/V339\">INEGI \u00b7 Recensement 2020 : pratique, 3 ans et plus \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inali.gob.mx\/sitios\/clin-inali\/\">INALI \u00b7 Catalogue : cat\u00e9gories \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Convergence ou diff\u00e9rence\">Le recensement interroge la pratique d\u00e9clar\u00e9e ; la classification de l\u2019INALI organise la diversit\u00e9 linguistique. Aucun de ces proc\u00e9d\u00e9s ne remplace \u00e0 lui seul l\u2019identification culturelle d\u2019une personne.<\/td><td data-label=\"Lecture de l\u2019article et question ouverte\">Pratique, appartenance et r\u00e9sidence restent distinctes. R01 ne calcule pas de total r\u00e9gional de population autochtone. Cette recherche exige des d\u00e9finitions compatibles des variables, populations, territoires et ann\u00e9es.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Un nom historique peut-il \u00eatre \u00e9tendu \u00e0 toute la r\u00e9gion ?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources en dialogue\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/ulua.uv.mx\/index.php\/ulua\/article\/download\/1404\/pdf_158\">Ortiz Escamilla, 2006 \u00b7 pp. 9\u201313 \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/revistas.ucm.es\/index.php\/REAA\/es\/article\/view\/71749\">Vacas Mora, 2020 \u00b7 pp. 172\u2013180, 185\u2013187 \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Convergence ou diff\u00e9rence\">Ortiz \u00e9tudie noms et identit\u00e9s dans les milices du Veracruz ; Vacas analyse les crit\u00e8res et usages de la r\u00e9gion. Des processus historiques se croisent \u00e0 des \u00e9chelles diff\u00e9rentes.<\/td><td data-label=\"Lecture de l\u2019article et question ouverte\">L\u2019essai reconna\u00eet des trajectoires afrodescendantes, m\u00e9tisses et jarochas sans en faire des groupes fixes ni attribuer \u00e0 tous une identit\u00e9 jarocha. Le contexte pr\u00e9cis d\u00e9termine la port\u00e9e de chaque nom.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Les sources \u00e9conomiques et territoriales produisent-elles un diagnostic unique ?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources en dialogue\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/programas\/ce\/2024\/default.html\">INEGI \u00b7 Recensements \u00e9conomiques 2024 \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.conapo.gob.mx\/es\/OMI\/Indice_de_Internsidad_Migratoria_por_municipio_2020\">CONAPO \u00b7 Intensit\u00e9 migratoire municipale, 2020 \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gob.mx\/sesnsp\/acciones-y-programas\/datos-abiertos-de-incidencia-delictiva\">SESNSP \u00b7 Donn\u00e9es ouvertes sur les infractions \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/smn.conagua.gob.mx\/tools\/PHP\/Climogramas\/\">SMN \u00b7 Climogrammes 1991\u20132020 \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Convergence ou diff\u00e9rence\">\u00c9tablissements, migration municipale, infractions enregistr\u00e9es et observations climatiques sont des objets distincts. Ces liens ouvrent des pistes de recherche, non des r\u00e9sultats r\u00e9gionaux calcul\u00e9s dans cet essai.<\/td><td data-label=\"Lecture de l\u2019article et question ouverte\">Les articles sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s devront examiner couverture, exclusions, unit\u00e9s et p\u00e9riodes avant de comparer les donn\u00e9es. On n\u2019additionne pas ici des indicateurs h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8nes et on ne pr\u00e9sente pas cette recherche ult\u00e9rieure comme achev\u00e9e.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Que d\u00e9montre la carte qui accompagne le texte ?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources en dialogue\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/about\/terms-of-use\/\">Natural Earth \u00b7 Fond cartographique du domaine public \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/atlas.inali.gob.mx\/familias\/mapa\/07\">INALI \u00b7 Famille totonaque\u2013tepehua \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Convergence ou diff\u00e9rence\">Le fond physique situe des rep\u00e8res ; la classification linguistique r\u00e9pond \u00e0 une autre question. Une photographie apporte un contexte situ\u00e9, non une fronti\u00e8re d\u2019identit\u00e9.<\/td><td data-label=\"Lecture de l\u2019article et question ouverte\">La carte oriente et ses points ne d\u00e9limitent pas des peuples. Les cr\u00e9dits pr\u00e9cisent lieu, auteur et licence. Les appartenances des personnes demandent leurs propres sources, non une d\u00e9duction tir\u00e9e de leur apparence sur une photographie.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><caption>Comparaison \u00e9ditoriale des objets, \u00e9chelles et interpr\u00e9tations. Une diff\u00e9rence relev\u00e9e ne signifie pas n\u00e9cessairement que les sources d\u00e9fendent des opinions oppos\u00e9es.<\/caption><\/table><\/div><p>Pour approfondir : les notes 2 et 6 conservent les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences historiques fournies avec l\u2019essai. Les notes 9\u201312 orientent les futures monographies sur l\u2019\u00e9conomie, la migration, la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et le climat. Elles ne constituent pas un nouveau corpus municipal d\u00e9j\u00e0 analys\u00e9 dans R01.<\/p><section><h3>Sources et notes de l\u2019essai<\/h3><p>Consultation \u00e9ditoriale : 4 novembre 2026.<\/p><ol><li id=\"r01-fr-nota-1\">J. Omar Ruiz Gordillo, \u00ab Cultura Totonaca \u00bb, INAH : \u00e9tendue territoriale et sites. <a href=\"https:\/\/lugares.inah.gob.mx\/es\/taxonomy\/term\/56106\">https:\/\/lugares.inah.gob.mx\/es\/taxonomy\/term\/56106<\/a><\/li><li id=\"r01-fr-nota-2\">Gustavo Alberto Ram\u00edrez Castilla, \u00ab El Totonacapan y la cuesti\u00f3n totonaca \u00bb, Ollin, INAH, 2022 : d\u00e9bat historiographique. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.revistas.inah.gob.mx\/index.php\/ollin\/article\/view\/18287\">https:\/\/www.revistas.inah.gob.mx\/index.php\/ollin\/article\/view\/18287<\/a><\/li><li id=\"r01-fr-nota-3\">INALI : classification de la famille totonaque\u2013tepehua. <a href=\"https:\/\/atlas.inali.gob.mx\/familias\/mapa\/07\">https:\/\/atlas.inali.gob.mx\/familias\/mapa\/07<\/a><\/li><li id=\"r01-fr-nota-4\">INALI, Cat\u00e1logo de Lenguas Ind\u00edgenas Nacionales : variantes totonaques, tepehuas et autres familles. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inali.gob.mx\/sitios\/clin-inali\/html\/v_totonaco.html\">https:\/\/www.inali.gob.mx\/sitios\/clin-inali\/html\/v_totonaco.html<\/a> ; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inali.gob.mx\/sitios\/clin-inali\/html\/v_tepehua.html\">https:\/\/www.inali.gob.mx\/sitios\/clin-inali\/html\/v_tepehua.html<\/a> ; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inali.gob.mx\/detalle\/lengua-tenek-huasteco\">https:\/\/www.inali.gob.mx\/detalle\/lengua-tenek-huasteco<\/a> ; <a href=\"https:\/\/site.inali.gob.mx\/pdf\/catalogo_lenguas_indigenas.pdf\">https:\/\/site.inali.gob.mx\/pdf\/catalogo_lenguas_indigenas.pdf<\/a><\/li><li id=\"r01-fr-nota-5\">INEGI, Recensement de la population et du logement de 2020 : population de trois ans ou plus, langue et auto-identification. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/sistemas\/Olap\/Proyectos\/bd\/censos\/cpv2020\/P3Mas.asp\">https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/sistemas\/Olap\/Proyectos\/bd\/censos\/cpv2020\/P3Mas.asp<\/a><\/li><li id=\"r01-fr-nota-6\">Elio Roberto Masferrer Kan, \u00ab Cambio y continuidad entre los totonacos de la Sierra Norte de Puebla \u00bb, m\u00e9moire de master, Universidad Iberoamericana, 2006 ; archives de l\u2019INAH. <a href=\"https:\/\/investigacion.inah.gob.mx\/_flysystem\/fedora\/2024-10\/014698.pdf\">https:\/\/investigacion.inah.gob.mx\/_flysystem\/fedora\/2024-10\/014698.pdf<\/a><\/li><li id=\"r01-fr-nota-7\">INAH, Programa Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Afrodescendientes y Diversidad Cultural. <a href=\"https:\/\/antropologia.inah.gob.mx\/afrodescendientes-y-diversidad-cultural\">https:\/\/antropologia.inah.gob.mx\/afrodescendientes-y-diversidad-cultural<\/a><\/li><li id=\"r01-fr-nota-8\">Juan Ortiz Escamilla, \u00ab Las compa\u00f1\u00edas milicianas de Veracruz. Del \u201cnegro\u201d al \u201cjarocho\u201d: la construcci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica de una identidad \u00bb, Universidad Veracruzana. <a href=\"https:\/\/ulua.uv.mx\/index.php\/ulua\/es\/article\/view\/1404\">https:\/\/ulua.uv.mx\/index.php\/ulua\/es\/article\/view\/1404<\/a> . Ce travail \u00e9tudie des processus historiques du Veracruz ; il ne d\u00e9montre pas \u00e0 lui seul une extension uniforme de l\u2019identit\u00e9 jarocha \u00e0 tout le Totonacapan.<\/li><li id=\"r01-fr-nota-9\">INEGI, Recensements \u00e9conomiques de 2024 : couverture et exclusions. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/programas\/ce\/2024\/default.html\">https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/programas\/ce\/2024\/default.html<\/a><\/li><li id=\"r01-fr-nota-10\">CONAPO, indice municipal d\u2019intensit\u00e9 migratoire, 2000, 2010 et 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.conapo.gob.mx\/es\/OMI\/Indice_de_Internsidad_Migratoria_por_municipio_2020\">https:\/\/www.conapo.gob.mx\/es\/OMI\/Indice_de_Internsidad_Migratoria_por_municipio_2020<\/a><\/li><li id=\"r01-fr-nota-11\">SESNSP, donn\u00e9es ouvertes et note m\u00e9thodologique sur la transition de 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gob.mx\/sesnsp\/acciones-y-programas\/datos-abiertos-de-incidencia-delictiva\">https:\/\/www.gob.mx\/sesnsp\/acciones-y-programas\/datos-abiertos-de-incidencia-delictiva<\/a><\/li><li id=\"r01-fr-nota-12\">SMN-CONAGUA, climogrammes de 1991\u20132020 et statistiques par station. <a href=\"https:\/\/smn.conagua.gob.mx\/tools\/PHP\/Climogramas\/\">https:\/\/smn.conagua.gob.mx\/tools\/PHP\/Climogramas\/<\/a> ; <a href=\"https:\/\/smn.conagua.gob.mx\/en\/climatologia\/informacion-climatologica\/informacion-estadistica-climatologica\">https:\/\/smn.conagua.gob.mx\/en\/climatologia\/informacion-climatologica\/informacion-estadistica-climatologica<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/section><h4>Lectures de confrontation ajout\u00e9es<\/h4><ol start=\"13\"><li id=\"r01-fr-nota-13\">V\u00edctor Vacas Mora (2020), \u00ab Espacios, lugares, territorios y regiones. Hacia una (re)definici\u00f3n del Totonacapan como regi\u00f3n \u00bb, Revista Espa\u00f1ola de Antropolog\u00eda Americana 50, p. 167\u2013189 ; passages confront\u00e9s : p. 172\u2013180 et 185\u2013187. <a href=\"https:\/\/revistas.ucm.es\/index.php\/REAA\/es\/article\/view\/71749\">UCM<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/revistas.ucm.es\/index.php\/REAA\/article\/download\/71749\/4564456554769\">PDF<\/a><\/li><li id=\"r01-fr-nota-14\">Juan Ortiz Escamilla (2006), \u00ab Las compa\u00f1\u00edas milicianas de Veracruz. Del \u201cnegro\u201d al \u201cjarocho\u201d: la construcci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica de una identidad \u00bb, Ul\u00faa 8, p. 9\u201329 ; passages confront\u00e9s : p. 9\u201313. <a href=\"https:\/\/ulua.uv.mx\/index.php\/ulua\/article\/download\/1404\/pdf_158\">PDF \u00b7 Universidad Veracruzana<\/a><\/li><\/ol><p class=\"research-version\">Sources et confrontation enrichies le 5 novembre 2026.<\/p><\/div><section class=\"iict-reading-source\" id=\"iict-reading-r01-fr-source\" lang=\"fr\"><h4>Une r\u00e9gion qui s\u2019\u00e9coute aussi<\/h4><p>La station annonce une couverture technique. L\u2019INALI classe des variantes linguistiques ; aucune de ces sources ne mesure \u00e0 elle seule l\u2019audience ou l\u2019appartenance.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/ecos.inpi.gob.mx\/xectz\/\">INPI \u00b7 XECTZ, informaci\u00f3n general<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"#iict-reading-r01-fr\">Revenir au passage<\/a><\/p><\/section>\n<\/details><p class=\"editorial-credit\">Institut international de culture du Totonacapan \u2014 S\u00e9rie de recherches territoriales<\/p><nav aria-label=\"Lectures compl\u00e9mentaires\"><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=97\">Le Totonacapan<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=515\">Un refuge de cultures<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=57\">Communaut\u00e9s de pratique \u00b7 espagnol<\/a><\/nav><!-- IICT-CITE R01 fr --><aside class=\"iict-citation\" id=\"citar-r01-fr\" aria-labelledby=\"citar-r01-fr-title\"><h2 id=\"citar-r01-fr-title\">Comment citer cet article<\/h2><p class=\"iict-citation-label\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence bibliographique propos\u00e9e<\/p><blockquote class=\"iict-citation-reference\">Instituto Internacional de Cultura del Totonacapan. \u00abLe Totonacapan : une r\u00e9gion, de multiples appartenances\u00bb. <cite>Cahiers de recherche<\/cite>, <strong>R01<\/strong>. The Integral Management Society (IMSV). <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1227#r01-fr-text\">https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1227#r01-fr-text<\/a>.<\/blockquote><p><strong>R\u00e9f\u00e9rence interne:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1227#r01-fr-text\">R01<\/a>. Pour un passage pr\u00e9cis, ajoutez le titre de sa section.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1225#normas-citacion-fr\">R\u00e8gles de citation de l\u2019Institut \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/aside><!-- \/IICT-CITE R01 fr --><\/article><\/details><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Espa\u00f1ol \u00b7 texto completoEnglish \u00b7 complete textFran\u00e7ais \u00b7 texte int\u00e9gralInvestigaciones \u2197 El Totonacapan: una regi\u00f3n, muchas pertenencias Resumen Un mismo lugar puede contar historias distintas. El Totonacapan es paisaje, regi\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica, red de relaciones y espacio de pertenencia. Estas miradas se complementan, aunque sus fronteras no coincidan. Este ensayo explica por qu\u00e9 lengua, identidad, procedencia [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":1225,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1227","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1227","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1227"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1227\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1645,"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1227\/revisions\/1645"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1225"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1227"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}