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ol.research-hypotheses.research-hypotheses>li{grid-template-columns:1.65rem minmax(0,1fr)!important;gap:.65rem!important}#research-r02-release.iict-journal article .research-hypotheses h3{font-size:1.17rem!important}#research-r02-release.iict-journal article .research-hypotheses p{font-size:1rem!important}}\n\n\/* IICT VISUALES FINAL 20261106 *\/\n#research-r02-release.iict-journal article .iict-journal-table thead{display:table-header-group!important;position:static!important;inset:auto!important;width:auto!important;height:auto!important;overflow:visible!important;clip:auto!important;clip-path:none!important;visibility:visible!important;opacity:1!important}\n#research-r02-release.iict-journal article .iict-journal-table table caption{position:sticky!important;left:0!important;width:min(42rem,calc(100vw - 5rem))!important;max-width:100%!important;white-space:normal!important;overflow-wrap:break-word!important;hyphens:auto!important}\n@media(max-width:700px){#research-r02-release.iict-journal article .iict-journal-table tbody th{width:clamp(8rem,42vw,14rem)!important;max-width:14rem!important;white-space:normal!important}}\n\/* \/IICT VISUALES FINAL *\/\n<\/style>\n<nav class=\"research-languages\" aria-label=\"Versiones completas del art\u00edculo\"><a href=\"#r02-es\" lang=\"es\">Espa\u00f1ol \u00b7 texto completo<\/a><a href=\"#r02-en-text\" lang=\"en\">English \u00b7 complete text<\/a><a href=\"#r02-fr-text\" lang=\"fr\">Fran\u00e7ais \u00b7 texte int\u00e9gral<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1225\">Investigaciones \u2197<\/a><\/nav><!-- IICT-CITE-CSS --><style>.iict-citation{display:block!important;max-width:780px!important;margin:2.8rem auto!important;padding:1.6rem 1.7rem!important;border-block:1px solid #b6a06b!important;border-left:2px solid #a58a47!important;background:#edf0e7!important;color:#344c53!important;grid-column:1\/-1!important}.iict-citation h2{display:block!important;margin:0 0 1.1rem!important;font:400 1.65rem\/1.25 Georgia,serif!important;color:#264b61!important;text-align:left!important;letter-spacing:0!important}.iict-citation p,.iict-citation blockquote{display:block!important;margin:0 0 1rem!important;padding:0!important;border:0!important;background:none!important;text-align:left!important;text-indent:0!important;letter-spacing:normal!important;hyphens:none!important}.iict-citation p{font:400 .93rem\/1.7 var(--sans,system-ui,sans-serif)!important}.iict-citation blockquote{font:400 1.08rem\/1.8 Georgia,serif!important;overflow-wrap:anywhere!important}.iict-citation a{display:inline!important;overflow-wrap:anywhere!important;color:#264b61!important}.iict-citation .iict-citation-label{font:400 .72rem\/1.6 var(--sans,system-ui,sans-serif)!important;letter-spacing:.08em!important;text-transform:uppercase!important;color:#596b58!important}.iict-citation-policy li{margin-block:.7rem!important;font:400 1rem\/1.75 Georgia,serif!important}.iict-citation-policy ol{padding-left:1.3rem!important}.iict-citation-policy .iict-citation-format{font:400 1.02rem\/1.8 Georgia,serif!important}.iict-citation a:focus-visible{outline:2px solid #a58a47;outline-offset:4px}@media(max-width:650px){.iict-citation{padding:1.3rem 1.1rem!important;margin:2rem auto!important}.iict-citation h2{font-size:1.5rem!important}.iict-citation blockquote{font-size:1rem!important}}<\/style><!-- \/IICT-CITE-CSS --><article class=\"editorial-reading\" id=\"r02-es\" lang=\"es\"><header><p class=\"eyebrow\">Historia y encuentros \u00b7 Investigaci\u00f3n R02<\/p><h1>Negros, mulatos, mestizos y jarochos: trayectorias cruzadas del Totonacapan<\/h1><p class=\"research-deck\">Una p\u00e1gina de 1746 permite ver una sociedad m\u00e1s diversa que sus etiquetas. Leerla junto a sus interpretaciones posteriores cambia la manera de contar familias, explicar el trabajo y reconocer pertenencias.<\/p><p class=\"research-version\">Papantla y su jurisdicci\u00f3n en 1746; contraste con historiograf\u00eda sobre Veracruz y con la pregunta censal mexicana de 2020. Investigaci\u00f3n documental \u00b7 5 de noviembre de 2026.<\/p><\/header><section class=\"research-abstract\" aria-labelledby=\"r02-es-abstract\"><h2 id=\"r02-es-abstract\">Resumen<\/h2><p>\u00bfQui\u00e9nes aparecen cuando se abre un documento colonial sobre Papantla? Villase\u00f1or y S\u00e1nchez registr\u00f3 familias, lenguas y compa\u00f1\u00edas milicianas dentro de una misma descripci\u00f3n. Este art\u00edculo vuelve al impreso original y encuentra una diferencia importante con lecturas posteriores: donde algunas hablan de familias totonacas, la p\u00e1gina dice \u00abdel Idioma Mexicano\u00bb. Tampoco se pueden convertir familias en habitantes o en soldados. El contraste permite documentar diversidad y relaciones econ\u00f3micas sin fabricar cuatro grupos raciales inmutables ni una genealog\u00eda autom\u00e1tica hasta el presente.<\/p><\/section><section aria-labelledby=\"r02-es-s0\"><h2 id=\"r02-es-s0\">Una p\u00e1gina, tres maneras de nombrar<\/h2><p>En la p\u00e1gina 319 del primer tomo de Theatro Americano, publicado en M\u00e9xico en 1746, Jos\u00e9 Antonio de Villase\u00f1or y S\u00e1nchez describe la cabecera de Papantla, su centro administrativo. Anota quinientas treinta y cinco familias \u00abdel Idioma Mexicano\u00bb, quince de espa\u00f1oles y doscientas de mulatos. A\u00f1ade que estas \u00faltimas estaban divididas en dos compa\u00f1\u00edas milicianas. La observaci\u00f3n pertenece al libro segundo, cap\u00edtulo XIV: libro y tomo son aqu\u00ed divisiones diferentes de la obra.<sup><a href=\"#r02-es-note-1\" aria-label=\"Fuente 1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p>\u00bfQu\u00e9 estaba contando Villase\u00f1or? En una misma frase aparecen criterios que hoy solemos separar. \u00abIdioma Mexicano\u00bb clasifica por lengua; \u00abespa\u00f1oles\u00bb y \u00abmulatos\u00bb son categor\u00edas de una sociedad colonial; las compa\u00f1\u00edas describen una organizaci\u00f3n militar. El texto no aclara si los registros de los que salieron esas cifras se elaboraron del mismo modo. Antes de sumar hay que preguntar qu\u00e9 vio quien escribi\u00f3 la descripci\u00f3n, o qu\u00e9 le comunicaron.<\/p><p>Tambi\u00e9n importa qui\u00e9n cuenta. Estamos ante una obra administrativa y descriptiva del siglo XVIII, no ante personas que hablan libremente sobre todas sus pertenencias. Las palabras del documento muestran c\u00f3mo las nombraba ese registro. No agotan sus lenguas, parentescos, trabajos, relaciones ni la manera en que se reconoc\u00edan entre s\u00ed.<\/p><\/section><figure class=\"research-facsimile portrait\"><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r02-villasenor-1746-p319.jpg\"><img src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r02-villasenor-1746-p319.jpg\" width=\"1095\" height=\"1732\" alt=\"P\u00e1gina 319 de Theatro Americano de 1746: recuentos de familias de Papantla y referencia a dos compa\u00f1\u00edas milicianas.\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><\/a><figcaption><strong>Volver al original \u00b7 Papantla, 1746<\/strong>Villase\u00f1or y S\u00e1nchez, Theatro Americano, tomo I, libro II, cap\u00edtulo XIV, p. 319. Biblioteca de la Universidad de Sevilla, A 315\/215; Internet Archive A315215, hoja 346. Dominio p\u00fablico. P\u00e1gina completa; el enlace permite ampliarla. <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r02-villasenor-1746-p319.jpg\">Ampliar la p\u00e1gina original \u2197<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/A315215\">Internet Archive \u2197<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><section aria-labelledby=\"r02-es-s1\"><h2 id=\"r02-es-s1\">El detalle que cambia la lectura<\/h2><p>Al volver a la imagen, la expresi\u00f3n \u00abIdioma Mexicano\u00bb se lee con claridad. Ortiz Escamilla escribe 535 familias totonacas; su cuadro coloca 200 para Papantla bajo \u00abHombres\u00bb.<sup><a href=\"#r02-es-note-2\" aria-label=\"Fuente 2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> La diferencia exige mantener a la vista las unidades y las palabras de cada documento.<\/p><p>En este art\u00edculo conservamos la formulaci\u00f3n de 1746. No la corregimos silenciosamente a \u00abtotonacas\u00bb, ni convertimos una etiqueta ling\u00fc\u00edstica de aquella obra en una prueba de que las 535 familias ten\u00edan una sola identidad. Resolver el alcance de la denominaci\u00f3n requiere otros registros contempor\u00e1neos: parroquiales, de tributo, de lenguas de doctrina o de las localidades mencionadas.<\/p><p>El problema no se arregla eligiendo la versi\u00f3n que mejor encaje con una idea previa del Totonacapan. La discrepancia es un resultado de la lectura: un dato cuya transmisi\u00f3n debe estudiarse. Para localizar su origen habr\u00eda que cotejar tambi\u00e9n las ediciones posteriores utilizadas por la historiograf\u00eda, no atribuir el cambio a una persona sin esa comprobaci\u00f3n.<\/p><\/section><section aria-labelledby=\"r02-es-s2\"><style id=\"iict-visual-essays-20261106\">\n#main figure.iict-viz{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;max-width:100%;margin:2.3rem auto!important;padding:clamp(20px,3vw,34px)!important;border:1px solid #cfc3a9!important;border-top:3px solid #a68b46!important;border-radius:2px!important;background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fffcf4,#f5efdf)!important;color:#254761!important;box-shadow:0 18px 30px -32px #17314480;overflow:visible!important;float:none!important;clear:both;isolation:isolate;break-inside:avoid;}\n#main figure.iict-viz *,#main figure.iict-viz *::before,#main figure.iict-viz *::after{box-sizing:border-box}#main figure.iict-viz>header{display:block!important;width:100%!important;margin:0 0 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.viz-art{border:0;gap:0}#main figure.iict-viz:is(.viz-network,.viz-coordinates,.viz-cycle) .viz-cell{border:1px solid #cfc3a9;margin-bottom:12px!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-flow .viz-cell:not(:last-child)::after{content:'\u2193';top:auto;bottom:-15px;right:50%;font-size:20px}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-timeline .viz-art{border-top:0;border-left:1px solid #ad9453;padding:0 0 0 20px;gap:24px}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-timeline .viz-cell::before{top:8px;left:-25px}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-layers .viz-cell{padding:.9rem .6rem!important;grid-template-columns:27px 1fr;column-gap:8px}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-layers .viz-art{gap:0}#main figure.iict-viz:is(.viz-water,.viz-duet) .viz-cell{padding:1rem!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-triptych .viz-cell{display:grid;grid-template-columns:65px 1fr;column-gap:14px}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-triptych .viz-cell svg{grid-row:1\/4;height:65px!important;margin:0!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-triptych .viz-number{display:none}}\n@media print{#main figure.iict-viz{box-shadow:none!important;background:#fff!important}#main figure.iict-viz .viz-cell{break-inside:avoid}}\n@media(max-width:620px){#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla .viz-cell{display:grid;grid-template-columns:72px minmax(0,1fr);column-gap:14px;align-content:start}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla .viz-cell svg{grid-row:1\/4;width:72px!important;height:100px!important;margin:0!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla .viz-number{display:none}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla h4{font-size:16px!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla .viz-cell p{font-size:15px!important}}<\/style>\n<figure class=\"iict-viz viz-flow\" id=\"iict-viz-r02-es\" lang=\"es\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-viz-r02-es-title\"><header><div class=\"viz-kicker\"><span>Cuadernos visuales<\/span><span>R02 \u00b7 01<\/span><\/div><h3 id=\"iict-viz-r02-es-title\">Volver a la palabra impresa<\/h3><p>Una lectura cr\u00edtica conserva la diferencia entre el documento y su interpretaci\u00f3n.<\/p><\/header><div class=\"viz-art\" style=\"--viz-cols:3\"><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><path d=\"M90 14h82l22 22v60H90z\"\/><path d=\"M172 14v22h22M106 47h64M106 59h56M106 71h65M106 83h38\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><h4>El impreso de 1746<\/h4><p>Villase\u00f1or escribi\u00f3 \u00abdel Idioma Mexicano\u00bb: una formulaci\u00f3n que debe conservarse.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><path d=\"M140 34q-25-20-65-9v65q35-11 65 5 30-16 65-5V25q-40-11-65 9v61M91 43q20-3 34 5M91 59q20-3 34 5M155 48q17-8 34-5M155 64q17-8 34-5\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><h4>La lectura posterior<\/h4><p>Una identificaci\u00f3n cultural posterior necesita su propia prueba.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><circle cx=\"118\" cy=\"53\" r=\"34\"\/><circle cx=\"162\" cy=\"53\" r=\"34\"\/><path d=\"M53 94h174\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><h4>El contraste<\/h4><p>Volver a la p\u00e1gina permite localizar el cambio de categor\u00eda.<\/p><\/div><\/div><figcaption>Cadena de lectura documental; las categor\u00edas coloniales no equivalen a identidades actuales.<span class=\"viz-source\">S\u00edntesis visual original del Instituto \u00b7 <a href=\"#r02-es-evidence\">Fuentes y contraste<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"iict-plate\" id=\"iict-plate-r02-a-es\" lang=\"es\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r02-a-es-title\" style=\"--plate-cols:3\"><div class=\"plate-top\"><p class=\"plate-kicker\">Cuaderno ilustrado \u00b7 I<\/p><h3 id=\"iict-plate-r02-a-es-title\">Abrir el folio de 1746<\/h3><\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"plate-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 750 420\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r02-a-es-art-title iict-plate-r02-a-es-art-desc\"><title id=\"iict-plate-r02-a-es-art-title\">Abrir el folio de 1746<\/title><desc id=\"iict-plate-r02-a-es-art-desc\">1. 535 familias \u00abdel Idioma Mexicano\u00bb. 2. 15 familias de espa\u00f1oles. 3. 200 familias de mulatos; el texto a\u00f1ade dos compa\u00f1\u00edas milicianas. Lectura de la p\u00e1gina 319 del tomo I de Theatro Americano. Las palabras entre comillas pertenecen al registro colonial.<\/desc><defs><pattern id=\"iict-plate-r02-a-es-grain\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" width=\"17\" height=\"19\"><circle cx=\"2\" cy=\"3\" r=\".6\" fill=\"#a9a384\" opacity=\".15\"\/><circle cx=\"11\" cy=\"14\" r=\".5\" fill=\"#b3a98a\" opacity=\".16\"\/><\/pattern><\/defs><rect width=\"750\" height=\"420\" fill=\"url(#iict-plate-r02-a-es-grain)\"\/><g transform=\"translate(375 217) scale(1)\"><g transform=\"translate(0 0) scale(2.2)\"><path d=\"M0 -67 C-36 -92 -83 -82 -105 -76 L-105 65 C-61 53 -24 57 0 76 C24 57 61 53 105 65 L105 -76 C70 -86 30 -90 0 -67Z\" fill=\"#f6efde\" stroke=\"#9c8e6b\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"-65\" x2=\"0\" y2=\"73\" stroke=\"#9c8e6b\" stroke-width=\"2\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -45 Q-46 -54 -15 -35 M15 -35 Q46 -54 88 -45\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -29 Q-46 -38 -15 -19 M15 -19 Q46 -38 88 -29\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -13 Q-46 -22 -15 -3 M15 -3 Q46 -22 88 -13\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 3 Q-46 -6 -15 13 M15 13 Q46 -6 88 3\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 19 Q-46 10 -15 29 M15 29 Q46 10 88 19\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 35 Q-46 26 -15 45 M15 45 Q46 26 88 35\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><\/g><\/g><text x=\"205\" y=\"115\" fill=\"#9b7c3f\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"30\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1746<\/text><text x=\"200\" y=\"178\" fill=\"#264e60\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"38\" text-anchor=\"middle\">535<\/text><text x=\"200\" y=\"225\" fill=\"#264e60\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"38\" text-anchor=\"middle\">15<\/text><text x=\"200\" y=\"272\" fill=\"#264e60\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"38\" text-anchor=\"middle\">200<\/text><circle cx=\"550\" cy=\"240\" r=\"75\" fill=\"#f4eedc\" stroke=\"#aa8e4b\" stroke-width=\"6\"\/><line x1=\"603\" y1=\"293\" x2=\"660\" y2=\"350\" stroke=\"#aa8e4b\" stroke-width=\"16\" \/><path d=\"M503 221 H591 M503 241 H582 M503 261 H588\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b2a78b\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><circle cx=\"92\" cy=\"161\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"92\" y=\"169\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1<\/text><circle cx=\"91\" cy=\"235\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"91\" y=\"243\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">2<\/text><circle cx=\"91\" cy=\"308\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"91\" y=\"316\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">3<\/text><\/svg><ol class=\"plate-legend\"><li>535 familias \u00abdel Idioma Mexicano\u00bb.<\/li><li>15 familias de espa\u00f1oles.<\/li><li>200 familias de mulatos; el texto a\u00f1ade dos compa\u00f1\u00edas milicianas.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"plate-caption\">Lectura de la p\u00e1gina 319 del tomo I de Theatro Americano. Las palabras entre comillas pertenecen al registro colonial. \u00b7 Ilustraci\u00f3n original del Instituto \u00b7 <a href=\"#r02-es-evidence\">Fuentes y contraste<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 id=\"r02-es-s2\">Familias, habitantes y milicianos no son la misma cuenta<\/h2><p>El impreso usa \u00abfamilias\u00bb en los tres recuentos de la cabecera. Una familia pod\u00eda contener varias personas; el texto no ofrece aqu\u00ed un tama\u00f1o medio que permita convertirla en habitantes. Que doscientas familias est\u00e9n vinculadas a dos compa\u00f1\u00edas tampoco demuestra que hubiera exactamente doscientos soldados disponibles, doscientos hogares con un solo recluta o un padr\u00f3n militar completo.<\/p><p>Con esas cifras no presentamos porcentajes de poblaci\u00f3n: una gr\u00e1fica precisa a la vista no har\u00eda equivalentes las categor\u00edas ni las personas abarcadas por cada recuento. Primero habr\u00eda que saber qui\u00e9n entr\u00f3 en cada lista, c\u00f3mo se cont\u00f3 cada familia y qu\u00e9 relaci\u00f3n ten\u00eda el registro con el alistamiento militar.<\/p><p>La escala territorial a\u00f1ade otra diferencia. Despu\u00e9s de la cabecera, la misma p\u00e1gina enumera pueblos sujetos, entre ellos Espinal, Quazintla, Chiqualoque, Zozocolco, San Matheo y Chumatlan, con las graf\u00edas del impreso. Los n\u00fameros de la cabecera no describen por s\u00ed solos toda la jurisdicci\u00f3n; mucho menos una regi\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica que atraviesa las divisiones actuales de Puebla y Veracruz.<sup><a href=\"#r02-es-note-1\" aria-label=\"Fuente 1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><section class=\"research-matrix\" aria-labelledby=\"r02-es-units\"><h3 id=\"r02-es-units\">Leer la cifra antes de convertirla<\/h3><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Tabla de datos\" style=\"--journal-table-min:32rem\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">En el impreso de 1746<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Qu\u00e9 registra<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Qu\u00e9 no equivale a demostrar<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">535 familias \u00abdel Idioma Mexicano\u00bb<\/th><td data-label=\"Qu\u00e9 registra\">La expresi\u00f3n y la unidad que utiliza el autor para la cabecera.<\/td><td data-label=\"Qu\u00e9 no equivale a demostrar\">535 personas; una identidad \u00fanica; toda la regi\u00f3n.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">15 familias de espa\u00f1oles<\/th><td data-label=\"Qu\u00e9 registra\">Una clasificaci\u00f3n colonial expresada en familias.<\/td><td data-label=\"Qu\u00e9 no equivale a demostrar\">Una nacionalidad actual ni una categor\u00eda gen\u00e9tica.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">200 familias de mulatos; dos compa\u00f1\u00edas<\/th><td data-label=\"Qu\u00e9 registra\">Familias asociadas por el relato a una organizaci\u00f3n miliciana.<\/td><td data-label=\"Qu\u00e9 no equivale a demostrar\">Un censo de 200 habitantes o un padr\u00f3n comprobado de 200 soldados.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Pueblos sujetos enumerados despu\u00e9s<\/th><td data-label=\"Qu\u00e9 registra\">Otros asentamientos de la jurisdicci\u00f3n, con recuentos propios.<\/td><td data-label=\"Qu\u00e9 no equivale a demostrar\">Que el dato de la cabecera describa a todos ellos.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section aria-labelledby=\"r02-es-s3\"><aside class=\"iict-reading-addition\" data-kind=\"aside\" id=\"iict-reading-r02-es\" lang=\"es\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-reading-r02-es-title\"><span class=\"reading-kicker\">Una historia concreta<\/span><h3 id=\"iict-reading-r02-es-title\">Lo que pod\u00eda cambiar al vestir un uniforme<\/h3><p>Ser miliciano pod\u00eda cambiar la vida fuera del servicio. Ben Vinson III estudia el fuero militar \u2014las reglas y la jurisdicci\u00f3n propias del \u00e1mbito militar\u2014, las exenciones de obligaciones y las disputas con las que hombres libres clasificados como pardos o mulatos negociaban su posici\u00f3n en la sociedad colonial. En las p\u00e1ginas 88\u201389 muestra que vestir el uniforme pod\u00eda abrir posibilidades de reconocimiento sin acabar con el prejuicio. <a class=\"reading-ref\" href=\"#iict-reading-r02-es-source\" aria-label=\"Ver fuentes y contraste\">\u2197<\/a><\/p><p>La compa\u00f1\u00eda mencionada por Villase\u00f1or adquiere as\u00ed otra profundidad: junto al recuento aparecen obligaciones, reclamaciones y oportunidades desiguales. Para conocer una trayectoria conviene seguir tambi\u00e9n los lugares donde esa persona trabajaba, comerciaba o acud\u00eda a defender un derecho.<\/p><p class=\"reading-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/signoshistoricos.izt.uam.mx\/index.php\/historicos\/article\/download\/55\/51\">Ben Vinson III \u00b7 Signos Hist\u00f3ricos, 2000, pp. 88\u201389<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"#r02-es-evidence\">Fuentes y contraste<\/a><\/p><\/aside>\n<h2 id=\"r02-es-s3\">El trabajo dibuja un territorio conectado<\/h2><p>La p\u00e1gina anterior, la 318, permite cambiar de perspectiva. Villase\u00f1or menciona pesca y embarcaciones; maderas para construirlas; cera, fibras y chicle; vainilla comprada por comerciantes espa\u00f1oles para embarcarla a Espa\u00f1a; tabaco, ca\u00f1averales, ma\u00edz, frutas y ganado. Es una descripci\u00f3n de actividades y circuitos, no una tabla de producci\u00f3n. Aun as\u00ed, basta para advertir que el paisaje narrado inclu\u00eda movimientos de mercanc\u00edas, t\u00e9cnicas y trabajo.<sup><a href=\"#r02-es-note-1\" aria-label=\"Fuente 1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p>El mismo autor dec\u00eda que el comercio del tabaco hab\u00eda deca\u00eddo por la abundancia de otras jurisdicciones. Su explicaci\u00f3n enlaza el lugar con otros mercados: la competencia exterior forma parte de lo que cuenta sobre Papantla. Tambi\u00e9n presenta dos cosechas anuales de ma\u00edz. Ambas afirmaciones pertenecen a su descripci\u00f3n de 1746; no son recomendaciones agr\u00edcolas actuales ni tasas verificadas para todos los pueblos.<\/p><p>El estudio de Moreno Coello muestra despu\u00e9s conflictos entre autoridades, productores y comerciantes alrededor del tabaco de Papantla.<sup><a href=\"#r02-es-note-3\" aria-label=\"Fuente 3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> Esa perspectiva invita a buscar relaciones concretas, en vez de asignar un oficio, un inter\u00e9s o una conducta a cada supuesto grupo racial.<\/p><p>Otra forma de entrar en el archivo es seguir una mercanc\u00eda. \u00bfQui\u00e9n la cultiva, transporta, financia, compra o cobra impuestos sobre ella? \u00bfQui\u00e9n puede reclamar y qui\u00e9n solo aparece en los registros cuando es perseguido? Una misma persona podr\u00eda figurar de maneras distintas en documentos comerciales, militares y familiares. Para proponer que se trata de ella habr\u00eda que cotejar nombres, fechas y lugares.<\/p><\/section><figure class=\"research-facsimile portrait\"><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r02-villasenor-1746-p318.jpg\"><img src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r02-villasenor-1746-p318.jpg\" width=\"1053\" height=\"1727\" alt=\"P\u00e1gina 318 de Theatro Americano de 1746: pesca, embarcaciones, productos agr\u00edcolas y comercio de Papantla.\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><\/a><figcaption><strong>Mercanc\u00edas y caminos en la p\u00e1gina anterior<\/strong>La misma obra, p. 318; Internet Archive A315215, hoja 345. Dominio p\u00fablico. Descripci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica de actividades y comercio, no estad\u00edstica econ\u00f3mica contempor\u00e1nea. <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r02-villasenor-1746-p318.jpg\">Ampliar la p\u00e1gina original \u2197<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/A315215\">Internet Archive \u2197<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><section aria-labelledby=\"r02-es-s4\"><h2 id=\"r02-es-s4\">Ni una etiqueta demuestra esclavizaci\u00f3n ni un nombre regional re\u00fane a todos<\/h2><p>Las palabras \u00abnegro\u00bb, \u00abmulato\u00bb, \u00abmestizo\u00bb y \u00abjarocho\u00bb no cuentan por s\u00ed solas c\u00f3mo cambi\u00f3 la vida de una persona. Pasar de una denominaci\u00f3n a otra exige seguir personas o conjuntos de documentos comparables. Encontrar familias clasificadas como mulatas tampoco revela d\u00f3nde naci\u00f3 cada integrante, cu\u00e1ndo llegaron sus antepasados o cu\u00e1l era su condici\u00f3n jur\u00eddica.<\/p><p>Para estudiar esclavizaci\u00f3n y libertad hacen falta documentos que indiquen esa condici\u00f3n y sus cambios: compraventas, cartas de libertad, litigios, registros notariales o parroquiales, le\u00eddos en su contexto. Un t\u00e9rmino de clasificaci\u00f3n no sustituye esas pruebas. Y un documento sobre una persona esclavizada no autoriza a atribuir la misma condici\u00f3n a todas las personas que recib\u00edan una denominaci\u00f3n semejante.<\/p><p>Algo parecido ocurre con \u00abjarocho\u00bb. Ortiz estudia este nombre en milicias veracruzanas.<sup><a href=\"#r02-es-note-2\" aria-label=\"Fuente 2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> De ah\u00ed no se desprende que todos los habitantes del Totonacapan se llamaran jarochos, ni que una identidad del sur veracruzano pueda trasladarse sin m\u00e1s a la sierra o a cualquier localidad del norte. El nombre requiere lugar, periodo y contexto de uso.<\/p><p>\u00abMestizo\u00bb tampoco sirve como una caja donde depositar todo lo que no encaja en un cat\u00e1logo ind\u00edgena. Hay que preguntar qui\u00e9n emple\u00f3 la palabra, ante qu\u00e9 instituci\u00f3n y con qu\u00e9 consecuencias. El t\u00edtulo de este art\u00edculo re\u00fane nombres que la investigaci\u00f3n necesita examinar; no reparte a la poblaci\u00f3n contempor\u00e1nea en cuatro compartimentos.<\/p><\/section><section aria-labelledby=\"r02-es-s5\"><figure class=\"iict-plate\" id=\"iict-plate-r02-b-es\" lang=\"es\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r02-b-es-title\" style=\"--plate-cols:3\"><div class=\"plate-top\"><p class=\"plate-kicker\">Cuaderno ilustrado \u00b7 II<\/p><h3 id=\"iict-plate-r02-b-es-title\">La unidad de cuenta cambia la historia<\/h3><\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"plate-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 750 420\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r02-b-es-art-title iict-plate-r02-b-es-art-desc\"><title id=\"iict-plate-r02-b-es-art-title\">La unidad de cuenta cambia la historia<\/title><desc id=\"iict-plate-r02-b-es-art-desc\">1. Familia: unidad consignada por el documento. 2. Habitante: exige un recuento de personas, no un multiplicador supuesto. 3. Miliciano: pertenecer a una compa\u00f1\u00eda no equivale a contar hogares. Tres unidades ilustradas; el dibujo no convierte familias en soldados ni en habitantes.<\/desc><defs><pattern id=\"iict-plate-r02-b-es-grain\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" width=\"17\" height=\"19\"><circle cx=\"2\" cy=\"3\" r=\".6\" fill=\"#a9a384\" opacity=\".15\"\/><circle cx=\"11\" cy=\"14\" r=\".5\" fill=\"#b3a98a\" opacity=\".16\"\/><\/pattern><\/defs><rect width=\"750\" height=\"420\" fill=\"url(#iict-plate-r02-b-es-grain)\"\/><g transform=\"translate(150 182) scale(1.1)\"><path d=\"M-66 -12 L0 -68 L66 -12 L48 -12 L48 55 L-48 55 L-48 -12Z\" fill=\"#e6deca\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><rect x=\"-12\" y=\"9\" width=\"24\" height=\"46\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#a5ae91\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"-38\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"23\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><\/g><circle cx=\"150\" cy=\"320\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"150\" y=\"328\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1<\/text><circle cx=\"374\" cy=\"165\" r=\"27\" fill=\"#d0bd97\" stroke=\"#8c7856\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M323 265 Q322 204 374 204 Q425 204 425 265Z\" fill=\"#e7dcc3\" stroke=\"#8c7856\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><circle cx=\"323\" cy=\"198\" r=\"19\" fill=\"#d0bd97\" stroke=\"#8c7856\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><circle cx=\"425\" cy=\"198\" r=\"19\" fill=\"#d0bd97\" stroke=\"#8c7856\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><circle cx=\"374\" cy=\"320\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"374\" y=\"328\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">2<\/text><rect x=\"546\" y=\"108\" width=\"118\" height=\"161\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#eee6d3\" stroke=\"#a39065\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><line x1=\"569\" y1=\"139\" x2=\"643\" y2=\"139\" stroke=\"#a99c7c\" stroke-width=\"2\" \/><line x1=\"569\" y1=\"162\" x2=\"643\" y2=\"162\" stroke=\"#a99c7c\" stroke-width=\"2\" \/><line x1=\"569\" y1=\"185\" x2=\"643\" y2=\"185\" stroke=\"#a99c7c\" stroke-width=\"2\" \/><line x1=\"569\" y1=\"208\" x2=\"643\" y2=\"208\" stroke=\"#a99c7c\" stroke-width=\"2\" \/><line x1=\"569\" y1=\"231\" x2=\"643\" y2=\"231\" stroke=\"#a99c7c\" stroke-width=\"2\" \/><circle cx=\"604\" cy=\"320\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"604\" y=\"328\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">3<\/text><line x1=\"256\" y1=\"190\" x2=\"284\" y2=\"190\" stroke=\"#b1a47c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 6\"\/><line x1=\"474\" y1=\"190\" x2=\"502\" y2=\"190\" stroke=\"#b1a47c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 6\"\/><\/svg><ol class=\"plate-legend\"><li>Familia: unidad consignada por el documento.<\/li><li>Habitante: exige un recuento de personas, no un multiplicador supuesto.<\/li><li>Miliciano: pertenecer a una compa\u00f1\u00eda no equivale a contar hogares.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"plate-caption\">Tres unidades ilustradas; el dibujo no convierte familias en soldados ni en habitantes. \u00b7 Ilustraci\u00f3n original del Instituto \u00b7 <a href=\"#r02-es-evidence\">Fuentes y contraste<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 id=\"r02-es-s5\">Tres hip\u00f3tesis para contrastar<\/h2><p>Una investigaci\u00f3n se vuelve m\u00e1s precisa cuando explica qu\u00e9 podr\u00eda hacerla cambiar de interpretaci\u00f3n. El documento de 1746 permite plantear tres hip\u00f3tesis de trabajo. No las presentamos como conclusiones ya demostradas:<\/p><ol class=\"research-hypotheses\"><li><span class=\"hypothesis-number\">01<\/span><div><h3>La diversidad registrada depend\u00eda tambi\u00e9n del prop\u00f3sito del registro.<\/h3><p>Se contrastar\u00eda comparando, para los mismos lugares y a\u00f1os, padrones militares, libros parroquiales y recuentos tributarios. Si coinciden las clasificaciones pese a fines diferentes, habr\u00eda que explicar esa estabilidad; si cambian, estudiar qui\u00e9n y por qu\u00e9 las modific\u00f3.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"hypothesis-number\">02<\/span><div><h3>Los v\u00ednculos de trabajo y parentesco cruzaban las categor\u00edas administrativas.<\/h3><p>Se comprobar\u00eda siguiendo nombres identificables en contratos, matrimonios, compadrazgos y litigios. La coincidencia de un apellido no basta: hacen falta fechas, v\u00ednculos y localidades compatibles. Los casos que no encajen deben conservarse, sin forzar una red \u00fanica.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"hypothesis-number\">03<\/span><div><h3>La cabecera y los pueblos sujetos ten\u00edan composiciones y circuitos distintos.<\/h3><p>Se estudiar\u00eda con series separadas por localidad, sin aplicar a todas el recuento de Papantla. Una distribuci\u00f3n semejante debilitar\u00eda la hip\u00f3tesis; diferencias persistentes exigir\u00edan explicar caminos, mercados, jurisdicciones y condiciones de registro.<\/p><\/div><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section aria-labelledby=\"r02-es-s6\"><h2 id=\"r02-es-s6\">La pregunta actual es otra<\/h2><p>El Censo 2020 pregunta por la consideraci\u00f3n afromexicana, negra o afrodescendiente seg\u00fan antepasados, costumbres y tradiciones. Indica preguntar a todos, sin inferir por apariencia; puede responder un informante del hogar.<sup><a href=\"#r02-es-note-4\" aria-label=\"Fuente 4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p>Ese procedimiento responde a una pregunta distinta de la descripci\u00f3n colonial. No es v\u00e1lido unir el n\u00famero de familias de 1746 con personas identificadas en 2020 y dibujar una curva de crecimiento: cambian la unidad, el territorio, la fuente y el sentido de la clasificaci\u00f3n. Una historia de continuidad necesita explicar precisamente esos cambios, no borrarlos.<\/p><p>Reconocer estas diferencias permite hacer mejores preguntas sobre memoria, movilidad y pertenencia. Una familia puede conservar relatos de origen que el archivo silenci\u00f3; un expediente puede registrar una relaci\u00f3n que la memoria ya no recuerda. Ponerlos en conversaci\u00f3n requiere fechas, atribuci\u00f3n y autorizaci\u00f3n para los testimonios, sin obligar a las personas actuales a asumir el nombre que les adjudic\u00f3 un registro antiguo.<\/p><\/section><figure class=\"research-time\"><h3>Cuatro momentos, cuatro preguntas<\/h3><ol><li><span class=\"research-time-date\">1746<\/span><strong>La descripci\u00f3n<\/strong><span>\u00bfCon qu\u00e9 palabras y unidades se registr\u00f3 Papantla?<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"research-time-date\">1765\u20131806<\/span><strong>El conflicto econ\u00f3mico<\/strong><span>Periodo estudiado por Moreno Coello: tabaco, autoridades y relaciones comerciales.<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"research-time-date\">2006 \/ 2012<\/span><strong>La interpretaci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica<\/strong><span>Fechas de publicaci\u00f3n de los estudios de Ortiz Escamilla y Moreno Coello; no son fechas de los hechos coloniales.<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"research-time-date\">2020<\/span><strong>La identificaci\u00f3n censal<\/strong><span>Una pregunta actual sobre antepasados, costumbres y tradiciones; otro universo de observaci\u00f3n.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><figcaption>Cronolog\u00eda de fuentes y preguntas, no serie estad\u00edstica ni l\u00ednea proporcional al tiempo.<\/figcaption><\/figure><section aria-labelledby=\"r02-es-s7\"><h2 id=\"r02-es-s7\">Lo que este contraste permite sostener<\/h2><p>El impreso de 1746 documenta una descripci\u00f3n social heterog\u00e9nea de Papantla y actividades econ\u00f3micas que la conectaban con otros lugares. La lectura del original tambi\u00e9n permite identificar un cambio de denominaci\u00f3n en su recepci\u00f3n posterior. Son resultados concretos: la diversidad regional tiene documentos, pero esos documentos deben leerse con sus palabras, sus unidades y sus escalas.<\/p><p>El siguiente paso no consiste en a\u00f1adir m\u00e1s colores a un mapa de pueblos. Consiste en reconstruir trayectorias: una persona entre dos localidades, una familia entre registros, una mercanc\u00eda entre productores y mercados, una denominaci\u00f3n entre instituciones. As\u00ed puede escribirse una historia del Totonacapan que reconozca encuentros y desigualdades sin convertir a sus habitantes en etiquetas inm\u00f3viles.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"research-method-panel\"><h2>C\u00f3mo se hizo esta lectura<\/h2><p class=\"research-method\">Se cotejaron las p\u00e1ginas 317\u2013320 del cap\u00edtulo de Papantla de la edici\u00f3n de 1746, con comprobaci\u00f3n visual de las p\u00e1ginas 318 y 319, los estudios acad\u00e9micos citados y la documentaci\u00f3n de la variable AFRODES del Censo 2020. Los documentos del Archivo General de la Naci\u00f3n citados por los estudios se conocen aqu\u00ed a trav\u00e9s de esos autores: no se presentan como expedientes inspeccionados directamente por el Instituto. El art\u00edculo es investigaci\u00f3n documental, sin entrevistas ni trabajo de campo propio.<\/p><\/section><details class=\"research-evidence\" id=\"r02-es-evidence\" lang=\"es\"><summary><span class=\"evidence-kicker\">La investigaci\u00f3n por dentro<\/span><strong>Fuentes y contraste<\/strong><span class=\"evidence-subtitle\">Abrir el cotejo del original, sus lecturas posteriores y la documentaci\u00f3n completa.<\/span><\/summary><div class=\"evidence-content\"><p>El argumento se apoya en un cotejo concreto: el impreso de 1746 frente a estudios posteriores y a una pregunta censal contempor\u00e1nea. Este cuadro explica qu\u00e9 aporta cada fuente, d\u00f3nde aparece una diferencia real y qu\u00e9 permanece como hip\u00f3tesis. Las referencias completas se conservan al final del desplegable.<\/p><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Cotejo por p\u00e1gina, unidad, periodo y procedimiento de registro. Las diferencias de tiempo o pregunta se distinguen de las discrepancias textuales.\" style=\"--journal-table-min:40rem\"><table class=\"evidence-dialogue\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Pregunta<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Fuentes en di\u00e1logo<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Coincidencia o diferencia<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Lectura del art\u00edculo y cuesti\u00f3n abierta<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfQu\u00e9 dice el original sobre las 535 familias?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes en di\u00e1logo\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/A315215\">Villase\u00f1or y S\u00e1nchez, 1746 \u00b7 pp. 318\u2013319 \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/ulua.uv.mx\/index.php\/ulua\/article\/download\/1404\/pdf_158\">Ortiz Escamilla, 2006 \u00b7 pp. 9\u201313 \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Coincidencia o diferencia\">La p\u00e1gina 319 escribe \u00abdel Idioma Mexicano\u00bb; Ortiz se refiere a familias totonacas. Las dos formulaciones no son textualmente equivalentes.<\/td><td data-label=\"Lectura del art\u00edculo y cuesti\u00f3n abierta\">Se conserva la lectura visible del ejemplar de 1746. Para explicar el cambio hay que cotejar las ediciones y registros utilizados despu\u00e9s. La diferencia no demuestra por s\u00ed sola la identidad \u00fanica de todas esas familias.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfLas 200 familias son 200 hombres de milicia?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes en di\u00e1logo\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/A315215\">Villase\u00f1or y S\u00e1nchez, 1746 \u00b7 pp. 318\u2013319 \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/ulua.uv.mx\/index.php\/ulua\/article\/download\/1404\/pdf_158\">Ortiz Escamilla, 2006 \u00b7 pp. 9\u201313 \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Coincidencia o diferencia\">Villase\u00f1or expresa el recuento en familias y menciona dos compa\u00f1\u00edas. El cuadro posterior usa una columna de hombres. La proximidad de los n\u00fameros no hace equivalentes las unidades.<\/td><td data-label=\"Lectura del art\u00edculo y cuesti\u00f3n abierta\">No se calcula un porcentaje de habitantes ni una fuerza militar exacta. Un padr\u00f3n de alistamiento y su relaci\u00f3n con los hogares permitir\u00edan contrastar esa equivalencia, que aqu\u00ed no se da por demostrada.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfEl comercio de tabaco estaba en decadencia o generaba conflicto?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes en di\u00e1logo\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/A315215\">Villase\u00f1or y S\u00e1nchez, 1746 \u00b7 pp. 318\u2013319 \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scielo.org.mx\/pdf\/alhe\/v19n3\/v19n3a7.pdf\">Moreno Coello, 2012 \u00b7 pp. 206\u2013234 \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Coincidencia o diferencia\">La descripci\u00f3n de 1746 habla de decadencia comercial; el estudio posterior examina conflictos de otro periodo, 1765\u20131806. Son observaciones sobre tiempos y problemas diferentes.<\/td><td data-label=\"Lectura del art\u00edculo y cuesti\u00f3n abierta\">No hay contradicci\u00f3n autom\u00e1tica: competencia entre jurisdicciones, regulaci\u00f3n y actividad clandestina pueden pertenecer a situaciones distintas. El art\u00edculo evita dibujar una tendencia continua a partir de esos dos relatos.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfUna relaci\u00f3n probable es un acuerdo documentalmente probado?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes en di\u00e1logo\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scielo.org.mx\/pdf\/alhe\/v19n3\/v19n3a7.pdf\">Moreno Coello, 2012 \u00b7 pp. 206\u2013234 \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/A315215\">Villase\u00f1or y S\u00e1nchez, 1746 \u00b7 pp. 318\u2013319 \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Coincidencia o diferencia\">La interpretaci\u00f3n de redes e intereses en el estudio hist\u00f3rico no convierte todas las conexiones sugeridas en contratos conservados. El relato descriptivo de 1746 tampoco identifica a cada participante de una cadena comercial.<\/td><td data-label=\"Lectura del art\u00edculo y cuesti\u00f3n abierta\">El art\u00edculo propone seguir personas y mercanc\u00edas en documentos concretos. Los expedientes del AGN citados por la investigaci\u00f3n secundaria no se presentan como consultados directamente por el Instituto.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfLa clasificaci\u00f3n colonial es la identificaci\u00f3n afromexicana actual?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes en di\u00e1logo\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/A315215\">Villase\u00f1or y S\u00e1nchez, 1746 \u00b7 pp. 318\u2013319 \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/rnm\/index.php\/catalog\/632\/datafile\/F15\/V491\">INEGI \u00b7 Censo 2020: AFRODES \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Coincidencia o diferencia\">El registro de 1746 emplea categor\u00edas coloniales y cuenta familias. AFRODES pregunta por una consideraci\u00f3n actual basada en antepasados, costumbres y tradiciones; su unidad son personas.<\/td><td data-label=\"Lectura del art\u00edculo y cuesti\u00f3n abierta\">No se construye una curva de continuidad num\u00e9rica entre ambos datos. La relaci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica requiere investigaci\u00f3n de trayectorias y cambios de clasificaci\u00f3n; una denominaci\u00f3n antigua no decide la identificaci\u00f3n de una persona actual.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfQu\u00e9 periodo estudia el art\u00edculo sobre el tabaco?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes en di\u00e1logo\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scielo.org.mx\/pdf\/alhe\/v19n3\/v19n3a7.pdf\">Moreno Coello, 2012 \u00b7 pp. 206\u2013234 \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/alhe.mora.edu.mx\/index.php\/ALHE\/article\/view\/533\">Ficha editorial de Moreno Coello \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Coincidencia o diferencia\">El t\u00edtulo impreso en el PDF indica 1765\u20131806; la ficha del editor consigna 1767\u20131806. Es una diferencia entre dos presentaciones de la misma publicaci\u00f3n, no dos estudios independientes.<\/td><td data-label=\"Lectura del art\u00edculo y cuesti\u00f3n abierta\">La referencia reproduce el t\u00edtulo del PDF le\u00eddo y deja visible el otro intervalo. No se cuentan las dos presentaciones como corroboraci\u00f3n independiente ni se altera silenciosamente el dato bibliogr\u00e1fico.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><caption>Cotejo por p\u00e1gina, unidad, periodo y procedimiento de registro. Las diferencias de tiempo o pregunta se distinguen de las discrepancias textuales.<\/caption><\/table><\/div><p>Las tres hip\u00f3tesis del texto son propuestas para una investigaci\u00f3n posterior de padrones, parentescos y circuitos locales. Esta lectura no incorpora entrevistas ni documentos de archivo nuevos atribuidos al Instituto. El lector puede ampliar los dos facs\u00edmiles y consultar las cuatro fuentes enlazadas.<\/p><section class=\"research-sources\"><h2>Fuentes para comprobar y seguir leyendo<\/h2><ol><li id=\"r02-es-note-1\">Villase\u00f1or y S\u00e1nchez, Jos\u00e9 Antonio de. Theatro Americano, tomo I, M\u00e9xico, 1746, libro II, cap\u00edtulo XIV, pp. 317\u2013320. Ejemplar A 315\/215, Biblioteca de la Universidad de Sevilla. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/A315215\">Consultar fuente \u2197<\/a><\/li><li id=\"r02-es-note-2\">Ortiz Escamilla, Juan. \u00abLas compa\u00f1\u00edas milicianas de Veracruz. Del \u201cnegro\u201d al \u201cjarocho\u201d: la construcci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica de una identidad\u00bb. Ul\u00faa, 8, 2006, pp. 9\u201329; contraste espec\u00edfico, pp. 12\u201313. <a href=\"https:\/\/ulua.uv.mx\/index.php\/ulua\/es\/article\/view\/1404\">Consultar fuente \u2197<\/a><\/li><li id=\"r02-es-note-3\">Moreno Coello, Georgina. \u00abAlcaldes mayores y subdelegados frente a la siembra clandestina de tabaco: Papantla, 1765\u20131806\u00bb. Am\u00e9rica Latina en la Historia Econ\u00f3mica, 19(3), 2012, pp. 206\u2013234. Se cita el t\u00edtulo del PDF; la ficha del editor consigna 1767\u20131806. <a href=\"https:\/\/alhe.mora.edu.mx\/index.php\/ALHE\/article\/view\/533\">Consultar fuente \u2197<\/a><\/li><li id=\"r02-es-note-4\">INEGI. Censo 2020, variable AFRODES: pregunta, universo e instrucciones. La ficha metodol\u00f3gica no es un tabulado municipal. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/rnm\/index.php\/catalog\/632\/datafile\/F15\/V491\">Consultar fuente \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/section><p class=\"research-version\">Fuentes y contraste revisados: 5 de noviembre de 2026.<\/p><\/div><section class=\"iict-reading-source\" id=\"iict-reading-r02-es-source\" lang=\"es\"><h4>Lo que pod\u00eda cambiar al vestir un uniforme<\/h4><p>Vinson estudia mecanismos coloniales en varios lugares. Su an\u00e1lisis contextualiza la milicia; no acredita privilegios concretos para cada familia de Papantla en 1746.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/signoshistoricos.izt.uam.mx\/index.php\/historicos\/article\/download\/55\/51\">Ben Vinson III \u00b7 Signos Hist\u00f3ricos, 2000, pp. 88\u201389<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"#iict-reading-r02-es\">Volver al pasaje<\/a><\/p><\/section>\n<\/details><nav class=\"research-related\" aria-label=\"Continuar la lectura\"><h2>Continuar la lectura<\/h2><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1227\">Una regi\u00f3n, muchas pertenencias \u2192<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1225\">Todas las investigaciones \u2192<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=41\">El Totonacapan \u2192<\/a><\/nav><p class=\"research-version\">Instituto Internacional de Cultura del Totonacapan \u00b7 IMSV \u00b7 Serie Investigaciones del Totonacapan \u00b7 R02<\/p><!-- IICT-CITE R02 es --><aside class=\"iict-citation\" id=\"citar-r02-es\" aria-labelledby=\"citar-r02-es-title\"><h2 id=\"citar-r02-es-title\">C\u00f3mo citar este art\u00edculo<\/h2><p class=\"iict-citation-label\">Referencia bibliogr\u00e1fica sugerida<\/p><blockquote class=\"iict-citation-reference\">Instituto Internacional de Cultura del Totonacapan. \u00abNegros, mulatos, mestizos y jarochos: trayectorias cruzadas del Totonacapan\u00bb. <cite>Cuadernos de investigaci\u00f3n<\/cite>, <strong>R02<\/strong>. The Integral Management Society (IMSV). <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1241#r02-es\">https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1241#r02-es<\/a>.<\/blockquote><p><strong>Referencia interna:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1241#r02-es\">R02<\/a>. Para citar un pasaje concreto, a\u00f1ade el t\u00edtulo de su secci\u00f3n.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1225#normas-citacion-es\">Criterios de citaci\u00f3n del Instituto \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/aside><!-- \/IICT-CITE R02 es --><\/article><details class=\"research-lang-version\" id=\"r02-en\" lang=\"en\"><summary>English \u00b7 complete article<\/summary><article class=\"editorial-reading\" id=\"r02-en-text\" lang=\"en\"><header><p class=\"eyebrow\">History and encounters \u00b7 Research R02<\/p><h1>Black, mulatto, mestizo and jarocho: intersecting trajectories in Totonacapan<\/h1><p class=\"research-deck\">A page from 1746 reveals a society more diverse than its labels. Reading it alongside later interpretations changes how we count families, explain work and recognise belonging.<\/p><p class=\"research-version\">Papantla and its jurisdiction in 1746; comparison with historical scholarship on Veracruz and Mexico\u2019s 2020 census question. Documentary research \u00b7 5 November 2026.<\/p><\/header><section class=\"research-abstract\" aria-labelledby=\"r02-en-abstract\"><h2 id=\"r02-en-abstract\">Abstract<\/h2><p>Who appears in a colonial document about Papantla? Villase\u00f1or y S\u00e1nchez recorded families, languages and militia companies within a single description. This article returns to the original print and finds an important difference from later readings: where some refer to Totonac families, the page says \u00abdel Idioma Mexicano\u00bb. Nor can families simply be converted into inhabitants or soldiers. Comparing these accounts documents diversity and economic relationships without inventing four immutable racial groups or an automatic genealogy leading to the present.<\/p><\/section><section aria-labelledby=\"r02-en-s0\"><h2 id=\"r02-en-s0\">One page, three ways of naming<\/h2><p>On page 319 of the first volume of Theatro Americano, published in Mexico in 1746, Jos\u00e9 Antonio de Villase\u00f1or y S\u00e1nchez describes Papantla\u2019s administrative centre, or cabecera. He lists 535 families \u00abdel Idioma Mexicano\u00bb, fifteen Spanish families and two hundred mulatto families. He adds that the latter were divided into two militia companies. This passage belongs to Book Two, Chapter XIV: book and volume are different divisions of the work.<sup><a href=\"#r02-en-note-1\" aria-label=\"Source 1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p>What exactly was Villase\u00f1or counting? His sentence combines criteria we now tend to separate. \u00abIdioma Mexicano\u00bb classifies by language; Spanish and mulatto are categories of colonial society; the companies describe military organisation. The text does not say whether the records behind these figures were compiled in the same way. Before adding them together, we need to ask what the writer saw or what he was told.<\/p><p>Who is doing the counting matters too. This is an eighteenth-century administrative and descriptive work, not an account by people freely describing all their affiliations. Its words show how that record named them. They do not encompass their languages, kinship, occupations, relationships or ways of recognising one another.<\/p><\/section><figure class=\"research-facsimile portrait\"><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r02-villasenor-1746-p319.jpg\"><img src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r02-villasenor-1746-p319.jpg\" width=\"1095\" height=\"1732\" alt=\"Page 319 of Theatro Americano, 1746: family counts for Papantla and reference to two militia companies.\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><\/a><figcaption><strong>Back to the original \u00b7 Papantla, 1746<\/strong>Villase\u00f1or y S\u00e1nchez, Theatro Americano, vol. I, Book II, Chapter XIV, p. 319. University of Seville Library, A 315\/215; Internet Archive A315215, scan 346. Public domain. Complete page; follow the link to enlarge. <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r02-villasenor-1746-p319.jpg\">Enlarge the original page \u2197<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/A315215\">Internet Archive \u2197<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><section aria-labelledby=\"r02-en-s1\"><h2 id=\"r02-en-s1\">The detail that changes the reading<\/h2><p>In the image, the expression \u00abIdioma Mexicano\u00bb is clearly legible. Ortiz Escamilla writes of 535 Totonac families; his table places 200 for Papantla under \u00abHombres\u00bb\u2014men.<sup><a href=\"#r02-en-note-2\" aria-label=\"Source 2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> The difference requires us to keep each document\u2019s words and units in view.<\/p><p>This article retains the wording of 1746. We do not silently change it to Totonac, or turn a linguistic label in that work into proof that the 535 families shared a single identity. Establishing the term\u2019s reach requires other contemporary records: parish books, tribute lists, records of languages used in religious instruction, or documents from the places mentioned.<\/p><p>The problem cannot be solved by choosing whichever version best fits a prior idea of Totonacapan. The discrepancy is itself a finding: a piece of information whose transmission needs investigation. Tracing its origin would also require comparing the later editions used by historians, rather than attributing the change to someone without checking.<\/p><\/section><section aria-labelledby=\"r02-en-s2\"><figure class=\"iict-viz viz-flow\" id=\"iict-viz-r02-en\" lang=\"en\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-viz-r02-en-title\"><header><div class=\"viz-kicker\"><span>Visual notebooks<\/span><span>R02 \u00b7 01<\/span><\/div><h3 id=\"iict-viz-r02-en-title\">Returning to the printed word<\/h3><p>Critical reading keeps the distinction between a document and its interpretation.<\/p><\/header><div class=\"viz-art\" style=\"--viz-cols:3\"><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><path d=\"M90 14h82l22 22v60H90z\"\/><path d=\"M172 14v22h22M106 47h64M106 59h56M106 71h65M106 83h38\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><h4>The 1746 print<\/h4><p>Villase\u00f1or wrote \u201cdel Idioma Mexicano\u201d: wording that must be retained.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><path d=\"M140 34q-25-20-65-9v65q35-11 65 5 30-16 65-5V25q-40-11-65 9v61M91 43q20-3 34 5M91 59q20-3 34 5M155 48q17-8 34-5M155 64q17-8 34-5\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><h4>The later reading<\/h4><p>A later cultural identification needs evidence of its own.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><circle cx=\"118\" cy=\"53\" r=\"34\"\/><circle cx=\"162\" cy=\"53\" r=\"34\"\/><path d=\"M53 94h174\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><h4>The comparison<\/h4><p>Returning to the page makes a change of category visible.<\/p><\/div><\/div><figcaption>A documentary reading chain; colonial categories are not equivalent to present-day identities.<span class=\"viz-source\">Original visual synthesis by the Institute \u00b7 <a href=\"#r02-en-evidence\">Sources and comparison<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"iict-plate\" id=\"iict-plate-r02-a-en\" lang=\"en\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r02-a-en-title\" style=\"--plate-cols:3\"><div class=\"plate-top\"><p class=\"plate-kicker\">Illustrated notebook \u00b7 I<\/p><h3 id=\"iict-plate-r02-a-en-title\">Opening the 1746 folio<\/h3><\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"plate-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 750 420\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r02-a-en-art-title iict-plate-r02-a-en-art-desc\"><title id=\"iict-plate-r02-a-en-art-title\">Opening the 1746 folio<\/title><desc id=\"iict-plate-r02-a-en-art-desc\">1. 535 families described as \u201cdel Idioma Mexicano\u201d. 2. 15 families classified as Spanish. 3. 200 families classified as mulatos; the text also mentions two militia companies. Reading of page 319, volume I of Theatro Americano. Quoted wording belongs to the colonial record.<\/desc><defs><pattern id=\"iict-plate-r02-a-en-grain\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" width=\"17\" height=\"19\"><circle cx=\"2\" cy=\"3\" r=\".6\" fill=\"#a9a384\" opacity=\".15\"\/><circle cx=\"11\" cy=\"14\" r=\".5\" fill=\"#b3a98a\" opacity=\".16\"\/><\/pattern><\/defs><rect width=\"750\" height=\"420\" fill=\"url(#iict-plate-r02-a-en-grain)\"\/><g transform=\"translate(375 217) scale(1)\"><g transform=\"translate(0 0) scale(2.2)\"><path d=\"M0 -67 C-36 -92 -83 -82 -105 -76 L-105 65 C-61 53 -24 57 0 76 C24 57 61 53 105 65 L105 -76 C70 -86 30 -90 0 -67Z\" fill=\"#f6efde\" stroke=\"#9c8e6b\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"-65\" x2=\"0\" y2=\"73\" stroke=\"#9c8e6b\" stroke-width=\"2\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -45 Q-46 -54 -15 -35 M15 -35 Q46 -54 88 -45\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -29 Q-46 -38 -15 -19 M15 -19 Q46 -38 88 -29\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -13 Q-46 -22 -15 -3 M15 -3 Q46 -22 88 -13\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 3 Q-46 -6 -15 13 M15 13 Q46 -6 88 3\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 19 Q-46 10 -15 29 M15 29 Q46 10 88 19\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 35 Q-46 26 -15 45 M15 45 Q46 26 88 35\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><\/g><\/g><text x=\"205\" y=\"115\" fill=\"#9b7c3f\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"30\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1746<\/text><text x=\"200\" y=\"178\" fill=\"#264e60\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"38\" text-anchor=\"middle\">535<\/text><text x=\"200\" y=\"225\" fill=\"#264e60\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"38\" text-anchor=\"middle\">15<\/text><text x=\"200\" y=\"272\" fill=\"#264e60\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"38\" text-anchor=\"middle\">200<\/text><circle cx=\"550\" cy=\"240\" r=\"75\" fill=\"#f4eedc\" stroke=\"#aa8e4b\" stroke-width=\"6\"\/><line x1=\"603\" y1=\"293\" x2=\"660\" y2=\"350\" stroke=\"#aa8e4b\" stroke-width=\"16\" \/><path d=\"M503 221 H591 M503 241 H582 M503 261 H588\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b2a78b\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><circle cx=\"92\" cy=\"161\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"92\" y=\"169\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1<\/text><circle cx=\"91\" cy=\"235\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"91\" y=\"243\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">2<\/text><circle cx=\"91\" cy=\"308\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"91\" y=\"316\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">3<\/text><\/svg><ol class=\"plate-legend\"><li>535 families described as \u201cdel Idioma Mexicano\u201d.<\/li><li>15 families classified as Spanish.<\/li><li>200 families classified as mulatos; the text also mentions two militia companies.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"plate-caption\">Reading of page 319, volume I of Theatro Americano. Quoted wording belongs to the colonial record. \u00b7 Original illustration by the Institute \u00b7 <a href=\"#r02-en-evidence\">Sources and comparison<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 id=\"r02-en-s2\">Families, inhabitants and militiamen are different counts<\/h2><p>The print uses families in all three counts for the cabecera. A family could contain several people; the text supplies no average household size here with which to convert families into inhabitants. Linking two hundred families to two companies does not establish that there were exactly two hundred available soldiers, two hundred households providing one recruit each, or a complete military roll.<\/p><p>We do not turn these figures into population percentages: a precise-looking chart would not make the categories or the people covered by each count equivalent. We would first need to know who entered each list, how each family was counted and how the record related to military enlistment.<\/p><p>Territorial scale introduces another difference. After the cabecera, the same page lists subordinate settlements, including Espinal, Quazintla, Chiqualoque, Zozocolco, San Matheo and Chumatlan, using the print\u2019s spellings. Figures for the cabecera alone do not describe the entire jurisdiction, much less a historical region extending across today\u2019s divisions of Puebla and Veracruz.<sup><a href=\"#r02-en-note-1\" aria-label=\"Source 1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><section class=\"research-matrix\" aria-labelledby=\"r02-en-units\"><h3 id=\"r02-en-units\">Read the figure before converting it<\/h3><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Data table\" style=\"--journal-table-min:32rem\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">In the 1746 print<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it records<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What it does not establish<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">535 families \u00abdel Idioma Mexicano\u00bb<\/th><td data-label=\"What it records\">The expression and unit used by the author for the cabecera.<\/td><td data-label=\"What it does not establish\">535 individuals; a single identity; the whole region.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">15 Spanish families<\/th><td data-label=\"What it records\">A colonial classification expressed in families.<\/td><td data-label=\"What it does not establish\">A present-day nationality or a genetic category.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">200 mulatto families; two companies<\/th><td data-label=\"What it records\">Families linked in the account to militia organisation.<\/td><td data-label=\"What it does not establish\">A census of 200 inhabitants or a verified roll of 200 soldiers.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Subordinate settlements listed afterwards<\/th><td data-label=\"What it records\">Other settlements in the jurisdiction, with their own counts.<\/td><td data-label=\"What it does not establish\">That the cabecera\u2019s figures describe them all.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section aria-labelledby=\"r02-en-s3\"><aside class=\"iict-reading-addition\" data-kind=\"aside\" id=\"iict-reading-r02-en\" lang=\"en\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-reading-r02-en-title\"><span class=\"reading-kicker\">A closer story<\/span><h3 id=\"iict-reading-r02-en-title\">What wearing a uniform could change<\/h3><p>Being a militiaman could change life beyond military duty. Ben Vinson III examines military jurisdiction exemptions from obligations and disputes through which free men classified as pardos or mulatos negotiated their place in colonial society. On pages 88\u201389 he shows that wearing a uniform could open opportunities for recognition without ending prejudice. <a class=\"reading-ref\" href=\"#iict-reading-r02-en-source\" aria-label=\"See sources and comparison\">\u2197<\/a><\/p><p>The company mentioned by Villase\u00f1or thus gains another dimension: alongside the count stand obligations, claims and unequal opportunities. Following a life also means looking at the places where that person worked, traded or sought to defend a right.<\/p><p class=\"reading-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/signoshistoricos.izt.uam.mx\/index.php\/historicos\/article\/download\/55\/51\">Ben Vinson III \u00b7 Signos Hist\u00f3ricos, 2000, pp. 88\u201389<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"#r02-en-evidence\">Sources and comparison<\/a><\/p><\/aside>\n<h2 id=\"r02-en-s3\">Work reveals a connected territory<\/h2><p>The preceding page, 318, offers a different perspective. Villase\u00f1or mentions fishing and vessels; timber for building them; wax, fibres and chicle; vanilla bought by Spanish traders for shipment to Spain; tobacco, sugar cane, maize, fruit and livestock. This is a description of activities and circuits, not a production table. Even so, it shows a landscape involving the movement of goods, techniques and labour.<sup><a href=\"#r02-en-note-1\" aria-label=\"Source 1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p>The same author said the tobacco trade had declined because supplies were plentiful in other jurisdictions. His explanation links the place to other markets: outside competition is part of his account of Papantla. He also describes two annual maize harvests. Both statements belong to his account of 1746; neither is current agricultural advice or a verified rate for every settlement.<\/p><p>Moreno Coello\u2019s study subsequently examines conflicts among officials, producers and traders over Papantla\u2019s tobacco.<sup><a href=\"#r02-en-note-3\" aria-label=\"Source 3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> This perspective encourages investigation of specific relationships, rather than assigning an occupation, interest or behaviour to each supposed racial group.<\/p><p>Another way into the archive is to follow a commodity. Who grows, carries, finances or buys it, and who collects taxes on it? Who can make a claim, and who appears in records only when prosecuted? One person might be described differently in commercial, military and family documents. Proposing that these references concern the same person would require comparing names, dates and places.<\/p><\/section><figure class=\"research-facsimile portrait\"><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r02-villasenor-1746-p318.jpg\"><img src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r02-villasenor-1746-p318.jpg\" width=\"1053\" height=\"1727\" alt=\"Page 318 of Theatro Americano, 1746: fishing, vessels, agricultural products and trade in Papantla.\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><\/a><figcaption><strong>Goods and routes on the preceding page<\/strong>The same work, p. 318; Internet Archive A315215, scan 345. Public domain. A historical description of activities and trade, not contemporary economic statistics. <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r02-villasenor-1746-p318.jpg\">Enlarge the original page \u2197<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/A315215\">Internet Archive \u2197<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><section aria-labelledby=\"r02-en-s4\"><h2 id=\"r02-en-s4\">A label alone proves neither enslavement nor a shared regional identity<\/h2><p>The words Black, mulatto, mestizo and jarocho do not, by themselves, tell us how someone\u2019s life changed. Moving from one designation to another requires following people or comparable bodies of records. Finding families classified as mulatto does not reveal where each member was born, when their ancestors arrived or what their legal condition was.<\/p><p>Studying enslavement and freedom requires documents recording that condition and its changes: sales, manumission papers, litigation, notarial or parish records, read in context. A classificatory term cannot replace that evidence. And a document concerning an enslaved person does not justify assigning the same condition to everyone given a similar designation.<\/p><p>The same care applies to jarocho. Ortiz studies this name in Veracruz militias.<sup><a href=\"#r02-en-note-2\" aria-label=\"Source 2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> It does not follow that all Totonacapan\u2019s inhabitants called themselves jarochos, or that an identity from southern Veracruz can simply be transferred to the mountains or any northern locality. The name requires a place, period and context of use.<\/p><p>Mestizo is no more suitable as a box for everything that fails to fit an Indigenous catalogue. We must ask who used the word, before which institution and with what consequences. This article\u2019s title brings together names that research must examine; it does not divide today\u2019s population into four compartments.<\/p><\/section><section aria-labelledby=\"r02-en-s5\"><figure class=\"iict-plate\" id=\"iict-plate-r02-b-en\" lang=\"en\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r02-b-en-title\" style=\"--plate-cols:3\"><div class=\"plate-top\"><p class=\"plate-kicker\">Illustrated notebook \u00b7 II<\/p><h3 id=\"iict-plate-r02-b-en-title\">The counting unit changes the story<\/h3><\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"plate-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 750 420\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r02-b-en-art-title iict-plate-r02-b-en-art-desc\"><title id=\"iict-plate-r02-b-en-art-title\">The counting unit changes the story<\/title><desc id=\"iict-plate-r02-b-en-art-desc\">1. Family: the unit recorded in the document. 2. Inhabitant: requires a count of people, not an assumed multiplier. 3. Militiaman: membership of a company is not a household count. Three illustrated units; the drawing does not convert families into soldiers or inhabitants.<\/desc><defs><pattern id=\"iict-plate-r02-b-en-grain\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" width=\"17\" height=\"19\"><circle cx=\"2\" cy=\"3\" r=\".6\" fill=\"#a9a384\" opacity=\".15\"\/><circle cx=\"11\" cy=\"14\" r=\".5\" fill=\"#b3a98a\" opacity=\".16\"\/><\/pattern><\/defs><rect width=\"750\" height=\"420\" fill=\"url(#iict-plate-r02-b-en-grain)\"\/><g transform=\"translate(150 182) scale(1.1)\"><path d=\"M-66 -12 L0 -68 L66 -12 L48 -12 L48 55 L-48 55 L-48 -12Z\" fill=\"#e6deca\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><rect x=\"-12\" y=\"9\" width=\"24\" height=\"46\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#a5ae91\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"-38\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"23\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><\/g><circle cx=\"150\" cy=\"320\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"150\" y=\"328\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1<\/text><circle cx=\"374\" cy=\"165\" r=\"27\" fill=\"#d0bd97\" stroke=\"#8c7856\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M323 265 Q322 204 374 204 Q425 204 425 265Z\" fill=\"#e7dcc3\" stroke=\"#8c7856\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><circle cx=\"323\" cy=\"198\" r=\"19\" fill=\"#d0bd97\" stroke=\"#8c7856\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><circle cx=\"425\" cy=\"198\" r=\"19\" fill=\"#d0bd97\" stroke=\"#8c7856\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><circle cx=\"374\" cy=\"320\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"374\" y=\"328\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">2<\/text><rect x=\"546\" y=\"108\" width=\"118\" height=\"161\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#eee6d3\" stroke=\"#a39065\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><line x1=\"569\" y1=\"139\" x2=\"643\" y2=\"139\" stroke=\"#a99c7c\" stroke-width=\"2\" \/><line x1=\"569\" y1=\"162\" x2=\"643\" y2=\"162\" stroke=\"#a99c7c\" stroke-width=\"2\" \/><line x1=\"569\" y1=\"185\" x2=\"643\" y2=\"185\" stroke=\"#a99c7c\" stroke-width=\"2\" \/><line x1=\"569\" y1=\"208\" x2=\"643\" y2=\"208\" stroke=\"#a99c7c\" stroke-width=\"2\" \/><line x1=\"569\" y1=\"231\" x2=\"643\" y2=\"231\" stroke=\"#a99c7c\" stroke-width=\"2\" \/><circle cx=\"604\" cy=\"320\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"604\" y=\"328\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">3<\/text><line x1=\"256\" y1=\"190\" x2=\"284\" y2=\"190\" stroke=\"#b1a47c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 6\"\/><line x1=\"474\" y1=\"190\" x2=\"502\" y2=\"190\" stroke=\"#b1a47c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 6\"\/><\/svg><ol class=\"plate-legend\"><li>Family: the unit recorded in the document.<\/li><li>Inhabitant: requires a count of people, not an assumed multiplier.<\/li><li>Militiaman: membership of a company is not a household count.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"plate-caption\">Three illustrated units; the drawing does not convert families into soldiers or inhabitants. \u00b7 Original illustration by the Institute \u00b7 <a href=\"#r02-en-evidence\">Sources and comparison<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 id=\"r02-en-s5\">Three hypotheses to test<\/h2><p>Research becomes more precise when it explains what could change its interpretation. The 1746 document supports three working hypotheses. We do not present them as established conclusions:<\/p><ol class=\"research-hypotheses\"><li><span class=\"hypothesis-number\">01<\/span><div><h3>The diversity recorded also depended on the record\u2019s purpose.<\/h3><p>Test this by comparing military rolls, parish books and tribute counts for the same places and years. If classifications agree despite different purposes, that stability needs explaining; if they change, investigate who changed them and why.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"hypothesis-number\">02<\/span><div><h3>Work and kinship links crossed administrative categories.<\/h3><p>Test this by following identifiable names in contracts, marriages, godparent relationships and litigation. A shared surname is insufficient: compatible dates, relationships and locations are needed. Cases that do not fit must remain in the account, rather than being forced into one network.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"hypothesis-number\">03<\/span><div><h3>The cabecera and subordinate settlements had different social compositions and circuits.<\/h3><p>Test this with separate series for each locality, without applying Papantla\u2019s count to them all. Similar distributions would weaken the hypothesis; persistent differences would require examination of routes, markets, jurisdictions and recording conditions.<\/p><\/div><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section aria-labelledby=\"r02-en-s6\"><h2 id=\"r02-en-s6\">Today\u2019s question is different<\/h2><p>The 2020 census asks whether people consider themselves Afro-Mexican, Black or of African descent in relation to ancestors, customs and traditions. Instructions require asking everyone, without inference from appearance; a household informant may answer.<sup><a href=\"#r02-en-note-4\" aria-label=\"Source 4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p>This procedure addresses a different question from the colonial description. It is not valid to combine families in 1746 with people identified in 2020 and draw a growth curve: the unit, territory, source and meaning of classification have changed. A history of continuity needs to explain precisely those changes, rather than erase them.<\/p><p>Recognising these differences enables better questions about memory, mobility and belonging. A family may preserve origin stories that the archive silenced; a file may record a relationship that memory no longer recalls. Bringing them into conversation requires dates, attribution and authorisation for testimony, without making present-day people assume the name assigned by an old record.<\/p><\/section><figure class=\"research-time\"><h3>Four moments, four questions<\/h3><ol><li><span class=\"research-time-date\">1746<\/span><strong>The description<\/strong><span>What words and units were used to record Papantla?<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"research-time-date\">1765\u20131806<\/span><strong>Economic conflict<\/strong><span>Period studied by Moreno Coello: tobacco, officials and commercial relationships.<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"research-time-date\">2006 \/ 2012<\/span><strong>Historical interpretation<\/strong><span>Publication dates of the Ortiz Escamilla and Moreno Coello studies, not dates of colonial events.<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"research-time-date\">2020<\/span><strong>Census identification<\/strong><span>A present-day question about ancestors, customs and traditions; a different population of observation.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><figcaption>A chronology of sources and questions, not a statistical series or a time-proportional line.<\/figcaption><\/figure><section aria-labelledby=\"r02-en-s7\"><h2 id=\"r02-en-s7\">What this comparison establishes<\/h2><p>The 1746 print documents a socially heterogeneous description of Papantla and economic activities connecting it to other places. Reading the original also identifies a change of designation in its later reception. These are concrete findings: regional diversity has documentary evidence, but that evidence must be read through its own words, units and scales.<\/p><p>The next step is not to add more colours to a map of peoples. It is to reconstruct trajectories: a person between two places, a family across records, a commodity between producers and markets, a designation across institutions. That approach can produce a history of Totonacapan that recognises encounters and inequalities without turning its inhabitants into fixed labels.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"research-method-panel\"><h2>How this reading was made<\/h2><p class=\"research-method\">Pages 317\u2013320 of the Papantla chapter in the 1746 edition were compared, with visual inspection of pages 318 and 319, alongside the cited academic studies and the 2020 census documentation for AFRODES. The National General Archive documents cited by the studies are known here through those authors; they are not presented as files directly inspected by the Institute. This is documentary research, without interviews or original fieldwork.<\/p><\/section><details class=\"research-evidence\" id=\"r02-en-evidence\" lang=\"en\"><summary><span class=\"evidence-kicker\">Inside the research<\/span><strong>Sources and comparison<\/strong><span class=\"evidence-subtitle\">Open the comparison of the original, later readings and complete documentation.<\/span><\/summary><div class=\"evidence-content\"><p>The argument rests on a specific comparison: the 1746 print, later studies and a contemporary census question. This table explains each source\u2019s contribution, identifies genuine differences and keeps hypotheses distinct. Complete references remain at the end of the panel.<\/p><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Comparison by page, unit, period and recording procedure. Differences in time or question are distinguished from textual discrepancies.\" style=\"--journal-table-min:40rem\"><table class=\"evidence-dialogue\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Sources in dialogue<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Agreement or difference<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Article\u2019s reading and open question<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">What does the original say about the 535 families?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources in dialogue\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/A315215\">Villase\u00f1or y S\u00e1nchez, 1746 \u00b7 pp. 318\u2013319 \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/ulua.uv.mx\/index.php\/ulua\/article\/download\/1404\/pdf_158\">Ortiz Escamilla, 2006 \u00b7 pp. 9\u201313 \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Agreement or difference\">Page 319 says \u00abdel Idioma Mexicano\u00bb; Ortiz refers to Totonac families. These formulations are not textually equivalent.<\/td><td data-label=\"Article\u2019s reading and open question\">The article retains the wording visible in the 1746 copy. Explaining the change requires comparison of later editions and records. The difference alone does not establish one identity shared by every family.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Do 200 families mean 200 militiamen?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources in dialogue\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/A315215\">Villase\u00f1or y S\u00e1nchez, 1746 \u00b7 pp. 318\u2013319 \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/ulua.uv.mx\/index.php\/ulua\/article\/download\/1404\/pdf_158\">Ortiz Escamilla, 2006 \u00b7 pp. 9\u201313 \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Agreement or difference\">Villase\u00f1or counts families and mentions two companies. The later table uses a column of men. Similar numbers do not make the units equivalent.<\/td><td data-label=\"Article\u2019s reading and open question\">No population percentage or exact military strength is calculated. An enlistment roll and evidence connecting it to households would allow that equivalence to be tested; it is not assumed here.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Was the tobacco trade declining or generating conflict?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources in dialogue\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/A315215\">Villase\u00f1or y S\u00e1nchez, 1746 \u00b7 pp. 318\u2013319 \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scielo.org.mx\/pdf\/alhe\/v19n3\/v19n3a7.pdf\">Moreno Coello, 2012 \u00b7 pp. 206\u2013234 \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Agreement or difference\">The 1746 description discusses commercial decline; the later study examines conflicts in another period, 1765\u20131806. The accounts address different times and problems.<\/td><td data-label=\"Article\u2019s reading and open question\">There is no automatic contradiction: competition between jurisdictions, regulation and clandestine activity may concern different situations. The article avoids drawing a continuous trend from the two accounts.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Is a plausible relationship a documented agreement?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources in dialogue\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scielo.org.mx\/pdf\/alhe\/v19n3\/v19n3a7.pdf\">Moreno Coello, 2012 \u00b7 pp. 206\u2013234 \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/A315215\">Villase\u00f1or y S\u00e1nchez, 1746 \u00b7 pp. 318\u2013319 \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Agreement or difference\">A historical interpretation of networks and interests does not turn every suggested connection into a surviving contract. The 1746 description does not identify every participant in a trading chain either.<\/td><td data-label=\"Article\u2019s reading and open question\">The article proposes following people and commodities through specific documents. National General Archive files cited in secondary research are not presented as directly consulted by the Institute.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Is colonial classification the same as present-day Afro-Mexican identification?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources in dialogue\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/A315215\">Villase\u00f1or y S\u00e1nchez, 1746 \u00b7 pp. 318\u2013319 \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/rnm\/index.php\/catalog\/632\/datafile\/F15\/V491\">INEGI \u00b7 Census 2020: AFRODES \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Agreement or difference\">The 1746 account uses colonial categories and counts families. AFRODES asks about present-day identification through ancestors, customs and traditions; its units are people.<\/td><td data-label=\"Article\u2019s reading and open question\">No curve of numerical continuity is constructed between them. Historical connections require investigation of trajectories and changing classifications; an old label does not determine a present-day person\u2019s identification.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Which period does the tobacco study cover?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources in dialogue\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scielo.org.mx\/pdf\/alhe\/v19n3\/v19n3a7.pdf\">Moreno Coello, 2012 \u00b7 pp. 206\u2013234 \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/alhe.mora.edu.mx\/index.php\/ALHE\/article\/view\/533\">Publisher\u2019s entry for Moreno Coello \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Agreement or difference\">The PDF\u2019s printed title gives 1765\u20131806; the publisher\u2019s entry gives 1767\u20131806. These are two presentations of one publication, not independent studies.<\/td><td data-label=\"Article\u2019s reading and open question\">The reference follows the PDF actually read and makes the other interval visible. The two presentations are not counted as independent corroboration, and the bibliographic difference is not silently corrected.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><caption>Comparison by page, unit, period and recording procedure. Differences in time or question are distinguished from textual discrepancies.<\/caption><\/table><\/div><p>The article\u2019s three hypotheses propose further investigation of rolls, kinship and local circuits. This reading includes no interviews or new archival documents attributed to the Institute. Readers can enlarge both facsimiles and consult all four linked sources.<\/p><section class=\"research-sources\"><h2>Sources to check and explore<\/h2><ol><li id=\"r02-en-note-1\">Villase\u00f1or y S\u00e1nchez, Jos\u00e9 Antonio de. Theatro Americano, vol. I, Mexico, 1746, Book II, Chapter XIV, pp. 317\u2013320. Copy A 315\/215, University of Seville Library. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/A315215\">Read source \u2197<\/a><\/li><li id=\"r02-en-note-2\">Ortiz Escamilla, Juan. Study of Veracruz militia companies and historical identity. Ul\u00faa, 8, 2006, pp. 9\u201329; specific comparison, pp. 12\u201313. Original Spanish title in the Spanish bibliography above. <a href=\"https:\/\/ulua.uv.mx\/index.php\/ulua\/es\/article\/view\/1404\">Read source \u2197<\/a><\/li><li id=\"r02-en-note-3\">Moreno Coello, Georgina. Study of Papantla\u2019s clandestine tobacco cultivation. Am\u00e9rica Latina en la Historia Econ\u00f3mica, 19(3), 2012, pp. 206\u2013234. The PDF title gives 1765\u20131806; publisher metadata gives 1767\u20131806. <a href=\"https:\/\/alhe.mora.edu.mx\/index.php\/ALHE\/article\/view\/533\">Read source \u2197<\/a><\/li><li id=\"r02-en-note-4\">INEGI. Census 2020, AFRODES: question, universe and instructions. The methodological entry is not a municipal statistical table. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/rnm\/index.php\/catalog\/632\/datafile\/F15\/V491\">Read source \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/section><p class=\"research-version\">Sources and comparison reviewed: 5 November 2026.<\/p><\/div><section class=\"iict-reading-source\" id=\"iict-reading-r02-en-source\" lang=\"en\"><h4>What wearing a uniform could change<\/h4><p>Vinson examines colonial mechanisms in several places. His analysis contextualizes militia service; it does not establish particular privileges for every Papantla family in 1746.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/signoshistoricos.izt.uam.mx\/index.php\/historicos\/article\/download\/55\/51\">Ben Vinson III \u00b7 Signos Hist\u00f3ricos, 2000, pp. 88\u201389<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"#iict-reading-r02-en\">Return to the passage<\/a><\/p><\/section>\n<\/details><nav class=\"research-related\" aria-label=\"Continue reading\"><h2>Continue reading<\/h2><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1227#r01-en\">One region, many affiliations \u2192<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1225#research-hub-en-text\">All research articles \u2192<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=42\">Totonacapan \u2192<\/a><\/nav><p class=\"research-version\">International Institute for the Culture of Totonacapan \u00b7 IMSV \u00b7 Totonacapan Research series \u00b7 R02<\/p><!-- IICT-CITE R02 en --><aside class=\"iict-citation\" id=\"citar-r02-en\" aria-labelledby=\"citar-r02-en-title\"><h2 id=\"citar-r02-en-title\">How to cite this article<\/h2><p class=\"iict-citation-label\">Suggested bibliographic reference<\/p><blockquote class=\"iict-citation-reference\">Instituto Internacional de Cultura del Totonacapan. \u00abBlack, mulatto, mestizo and jarocho: intersecting trajectories in Totonacapan\u00bb. <cite>Research notebooks<\/cite>, <strong>R02<\/strong>. The Integral Management Society (IMSV). <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1241#r02-en-text\">https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1241#r02-en-text<\/a>.<\/blockquote><p><strong>Internal reference:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1241#r02-en-text\">R02<\/a>. For a specific passage, add its section title.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1225#normas-citacion-en\">The Institute\u2019s citation guidance \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/aside><!-- \/IICT-CITE R02 en --><\/article><\/details><details class=\"research-lang-version\" id=\"r02-fr\" lang=\"fr\"><summary>Fran\u00e7ais \u00b7 article int\u00e9gral<\/summary><article class=\"editorial-reading\" id=\"r02-fr-text\" lang=\"fr\"><header><p class=\"eyebrow\">Histoire et rencontres \u00b7 Recherche R02<\/p><h1>Noirs, mul\u00e2tres, m\u00e9tis et jarochos : des trajectoires crois\u00e9es dans le Totonacapan<\/h1><p class=\"research-deck\">Une page de 1746 r\u00e9v\u00e8le une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 plus diverse que ses \u00e9tiquettes. La lire avec ses interpr\u00e9tations ult\u00e9rieures change notre mani\u00e8re de compter les familles, d\u2019expliquer le travail et de reconna\u00eetre les appartenances.<\/p><p class=\"research-version\">Papantla et sa juridiction en 1746 ; comparaison avec l\u2019historiographie du Veracruz et la question du recensement mexicain de 2020. Recherche documentaire \u00b7 5 novembre 2026.<\/p><\/header><section class=\"research-abstract\" aria-labelledby=\"r02-fr-abstract\"><h2 id=\"r02-fr-abstract\">R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/h2><p>Qui appara\u00eet dans un document colonial consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 Papantla ? Villase\u00f1or y S\u00e1nchez y r\u00e9unit familles, langues et compagnies de milice. Cet article revient \u00e0 l\u2019imprim\u00e9 original et rel\u00e8ve une diff\u00e9rence importante avec des lectures ult\u00e9rieures : l\u00e0 o\u00f9 certaines parlent de familles totonaques, la page porte \u00ab del Idioma Mexicano \u00bb. On ne peut pas non plus convertir directement les familles en habitants ou en soldats. Le rapprochement des sources permet de documenter la diversit\u00e9 et les relations \u00e9conomiques sans inventer quatre groupes raciaux immuables ni une g\u00e9n\u00e9alogie automatique jusqu\u2019au pr\u00e9sent.<\/p><\/section><section aria-labelledby=\"r02-fr-s0\"><h2 id=\"r02-fr-s0\">Une page, trois mani\u00e8res de nommer<\/h2><p>\u00c0 la page 319 du premier tome de Theatro Americano, publi\u00e9 au Mexique en 1746, Jos\u00e9 Antonio de Villase\u00f1or y S\u00e1nchez d\u00e9crit le chef-lieu, ou cabecera, de Papantla. Il indique 535 familles \u00ab del Idioma Mexicano \u00bb, quinze familles espagnoles et deux cents familles mul\u00e2tres. Il ajoute que ces derni\u00e8res \u00e9taient r\u00e9parties en deux compagnies de milice. Le passage appartient au livre deuxi\u00e8me, chapitre XIV : livre et tome d\u00e9signent ici deux divisions diff\u00e9rentes de l\u2019ouvrage.<sup><a href=\"#r02-fr-note-1\" aria-label=\"Source 1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p>Que comptait exactement Villase\u00f1or ? Sa phrase r\u00e9unit des crit\u00e8res que nous s\u00e9parons aujourd\u2019hui. \u00ab Idioma Mexicano \u00bb classe selon la langue ; Espagnols et mul\u00e2tres sont des cat\u00e9gories de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 coloniale ; les compagnies d\u00e9crivent une organisation militaire. Le texte ne pr\u00e9cise pas si les registres dont proviennent ces chiffres ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tablis de la m\u00eame fa\u00e7on. Avant d\u2019additionner, il faut demander ce que le r\u00e9dacteur a vu ou ce qu\u2019on lui a rapport\u00e9.<\/p><p>L\u2019identit\u00e9 de celui qui compte importe \u00e9galement. Il s\u2019agit d\u2019un ouvrage administratif et descriptif du XVIIIe si\u00e8cle, non de personnes parlant librement de toutes leurs appartenances. Ses mots montrent comment ce registre les d\u00e9signait. Ils n\u2019\u00e9puisent ni leurs langues, ni leurs parent\u00e9s, ni leurs m\u00e9tiers, ni leurs relations, ni leurs fa\u00e7ons de se reconna\u00eetre entre elles.<\/p><\/section><figure class=\"research-facsimile portrait\"><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r02-villasenor-1746-p319.jpg\"><img src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r02-villasenor-1746-p319.jpg\" width=\"1095\" height=\"1732\" alt=\"Page 319 de Theatro Americano, 1746 : d\u00e9nombrements de familles \u00e0 Papantla et mention de deux compagnies de milice.\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><\/a><figcaption><strong>Revenir \u00e0 l\u2019original \u00b7 Papantla, 1746<\/strong>Villase\u00f1or y S\u00e1nchez, Theatro Americano, tome I, livre II, chapitre XIV, p. 319. Biblioth\u00e8que de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de S\u00e9ville, A 315\/215 ; Internet Archive A315215, vue 346. Domaine public. Page enti\u00e8re ; le lien permet de l\u2019agrandir. <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r02-villasenor-1746-p319.jpg\">Agrandir la page originale \u2197<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/A315215\">Internet Archive \u2197<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><section aria-labelledby=\"r02-fr-s1\"><h2 id=\"r02-fr-s1\">Le d\u00e9tail qui change la lecture<\/h2><p>Sur l\u2019image, l\u2019expression \u00ab Idioma Mexicano \u00bb est clairement lisible. Ortiz Escamilla \u00e9crit 535 familles totonaques ; son tableau place 200 pour Papantla sous \u00ab Hombres \u00bb, hommes.<sup><a href=\"#r02-fr-note-2\" aria-label=\"Source 2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> Cette diff\u00e9rence impose de garder sous les yeux les mots et les unit\u00e9s de chaque document.<\/p><p>Nous conservons ici la formulation de 1746. Nous ne la corrigeons pas silencieusement en \u00ab totonaques \u00bb et ne transformons pas une \u00e9tiquette linguistique de cet ouvrage en preuve que les 535 familles avaient une identit\u00e9 unique. Pour \u00e9tablir la port\u00e9e de cette d\u00e9nomination, il faudrait d\u2019autres registres contemporains : paroisses, tributs, langues de l\u2019enseignement religieux ou documents des localit\u00e9s mentionn\u00e9es.<\/p><p>Le probl\u00e8me ne se r\u00e9sout pas en choisissant la version qui correspond le mieux \u00e0 une id\u00e9e pr\u00e9alable du Totonacapan. L\u2019\u00e9cart constitue un r\u00e9sultat de lecture : une donn\u00e9e dont il faut \u00e9tudier la transmission. Pour en retrouver l\u2019origine, il faudrait aussi comparer les \u00e9ditions ult\u00e9rieures utilis\u00e9es par les historiens, sans attribuer le changement \u00e0 quelqu\u2019un avant cette v\u00e9rification.<\/p><\/section><section aria-labelledby=\"r02-fr-s2\"><figure class=\"iict-viz viz-flow\" id=\"iict-viz-r02-fr\" lang=\"fr\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-viz-r02-fr-title\"><header><div class=\"viz-kicker\"><span>Carnets visuels<\/span><span>R02 \u00b7 01<\/span><\/div><h3 id=\"iict-viz-r02-fr-title\">Revenir au mot imprim\u00e9<\/h3><p>Une lecture critique distingue le document de son interpr\u00e9tation.<\/p><\/header><div class=\"viz-art\" style=\"--viz-cols:3\"><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><path d=\"M90 14h82l22 22v60H90z\"\/><path d=\"M172 14v22h22M106 47h64M106 59h56M106 71h65M106 83h38\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><h4>L\u2019imprim\u00e9 de 1746<\/h4><p>Villase\u00f1or a \u00e9crit \u00ab del Idioma Mexicano \u00bb : une formulation \u00e0 conserver.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><path d=\"M140 34q-25-20-65-9v65q35-11 65 5 30-16 65-5V25q-40-11-65 9v61M91 43q20-3 34 5M91 59q20-3 34 5M155 48q17-8 34-5M155 64q17-8 34-5\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><h4>La lecture ult\u00e9rieure<\/h4><p>Une identification culturelle ult\u00e9rieure exige ses propres preuves.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><circle cx=\"118\" cy=\"53\" r=\"34\"\/><circle cx=\"162\" cy=\"53\" r=\"34\"\/><path d=\"M53 94h174\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><h4>La confrontation<\/h4><p>Revenir \u00e0 la page permet de rep\u00e9rer le changement de cat\u00e9gorie.<\/p><\/div><\/div><figcaption>Une cha\u00eene de lecture documentaire ; les cat\u00e9gories coloniales ne sont pas des identit\u00e9s actuelles.<span class=\"viz-source\">Synth\u00e8se visuelle originale de l\u2019Institut \u00b7 <a href=\"#r02-fr-evidence\">Sources et confrontation<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"iict-plate\" id=\"iict-plate-r02-a-fr\" lang=\"fr\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r02-a-fr-title\" style=\"--plate-cols:3\"><div class=\"plate-top\"><p class=\"plate-kicker\">Carnet illustr\u00e9 \u00b7 I<\/p><h3 id=\"iict-plate-r02-a-fr-title\">Ouvrir le feuillet de 1746<\/h3><\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"plate-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 750 420\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r02-a-fr-art-title iict-plate-r02-a-fr-art-desc\"><title id=\"iict-plate-r02-a-fr-art-title\">Ouvrir le feuillet de 1746<\/title><desc id=\"iict-plate-r02-a-fr-art-desc\">1. 535 familles dites \u00ab del Idioma Mexicano \u00bb. 2. 15 familles class\u00e9es comme espagnoles. 3. 200 familles class\u00e9es comme mul\u00e2tres ; le texte mentionne aussi deux compagnies de milice. Lecture de la page 319 du tome I du Theatro Americano. Les termes cit\u00e9s appartiennent au registre colonial.<\/desc><defs><pattern id=\"iict-plate-r02-a-fr-grain\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" width=\"17\" height=\"19\"><circle cx=\"2\" cy=\"3\" r=\".6\" fill=\"#a9a384\" opacity=\".15\"\/><circle cx=\"11\" cy=\"14\" r=\".5\" fill=\"#b3a98a\" opacity=\".16\"\/><\/pattern><\/defs><rect width=\"750\" height=\"420\" fill=\"url(#iict-plate-r02-a-fr-grain)\"\/><g transform=\"translate(375 217) scale(1)\"><g transform=\"translate(0 0) scale(2.2)\"><path d=\"M0 -67 C-36 -92 -83 -82 -105 -76 L-105 65 C-61 53 -24 57 0 76 C24 57 61 53 105 65 L105 -76 C70 -86 30 -90 0 -67Z\" fill=\"#f6efde\" stroke=\"#9c8e6b\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"-65\" x2=\"0\" y2=\"73\" stroke=\"#9c8e6b\" stroke-width=\"2\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -45 Q-46 -54 -15 -35 M15 -35 Q46 -54 88 -45\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -29 Q-46 -38 -15 -19 M15 -19 Q46 -38 88 -29\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -13 Q-46 -22 -15 -3 M15 -3 Q46 -22 88 -13\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 3 Q-46 -6 -15 13 M15 13 Q46 -6 88 3\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 19 Q-46 10 -15 29 M15 29 Q46 10 88 19\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 35 Q-46 26 -15 45 M15 45 Q46 26 88 35\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><\/g><\/g><text x=\"205\" y=\"115\" fill=\"#9b7c3f\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"30\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1746<\/text><text x=\"200\" y=\"178\" fill=\"#264e60\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"38\" text-anchor=\"middle\">535<\/text><text x=\"200\" y=\"225\" fill=\"#264e60\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"38\" text-anchor=\"middle\">15<\/text><text x=\"200\" y=\"272\" fill=\"#264e60\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"38\" text-anchor=\"middle\">200<\/text><circle cx=\"550\" cy=\"240\" r=\"75\" fill=\"#f4eedc\" stroke=\"#aa8e4b\" stroke-width=\"6\"\/><line x1=\"603\" y1=\"293\" x2=\"660\" y2=\"350\" stroke=\"#aa8e4b\" stroke-width=\"16\" \/><path d=\"M503 221 H591 M503 241 H582 M503 261 H588\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b2a78b\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><circle cx=\"92\" cy=\"161\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"92\" y=\"169\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1<\/text><circle cx=\"91\" cy=\"235\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"91\" y=\"243\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">2<\/text><circle cx=\"91\" cy=\"308\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"91\" y=\"316\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">3<\/text><\/svg><ol class=\"plate-legend\"><li>535 familles dites \u00ab del Idioma Mexicano \u00bb.<\/li><li>15 familles class\u00e9es comme espagnoles.<\/li><li>200 familles class\u00e9es comme mul\u00e2tres ; le texte mentionne aussi deux compagnies de milice.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"plate-caption\">Lecture de la page 319 du tome I du Theatro Americano. Les termes cit\u00e9s appartiennent au registre colonial. \u00b7 Illustration originale de l\u2019Institut \u00b7 <a href=\"#r02-fr-evidence\">Sources et confrontation<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 id=\"r02-fr-s2\">Familles, habitants et miliciens : des comptes diff\u00e9rents<\/h2><p>L\u2019imprim\u00e9 emploie \u00ab familles \u00bb pour les trois d\u00e9nombrements du chef-lieu. Une famille pouvait comprendre plusieurs personnes ; le texte ne donne ici aucune taille moyenne permettant de convertir ces familles en habitants. Rattacher deux cents familles \u00e0 deux compagnies ne d\u00e9montre pas davantage l\u2019existence de deux cents soldats disponibles, de deux cents foyers fournissant chacun une recrue, ou d\u2019un registre militaire complet.<\/p><p>Nous ne transformons pas ces chiffres en pourcentages de population : un graphique d\u2019apparence pr\u00e9cise ne rendrait \u00e9quivalents ni les cat\u00e9gories ni les personnes couvertes par chaque d\u00e9nombrement. Il faudrait d\u2019abord savoir qui figurait dans chaque liste, comment chaque famille \u00e9tait compt\u00e9e et quel lien unissait le registre \u00e0 l\u2019enr\u00f4lement militaire.<\/p><p>L\u2019\u00e9chelle territoriale introduit une autre diff\u00e9rence. Apr\u00e8s le chef-lieu, la m\u00eame page \u00e9num\u00e8re des villages qui en d\u00e9pendent, dont Espinal, Quazintla, Chiqualoque, Zozocolco, San Matheo et Chumatlan, selon les graphies de l\u2019imprim\u00e9. Les chiffres du chef-lieu ne d\u00e9crivent pas \u00e0 eux seuls toute la juridiction, encore moins une r\u00e9gion historique traversant les divisions actuelles de Puebla et du Veracruz.<sup><a href=\"#r02-fr-note-1\" aria-label=\"Source 1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><section class=\"research-matrix\" aria-labelledby=\"r02-fr-units\"><h3 id=\"r02-fr-units\">Lire le chiffre avant de le convertir<\/h3><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Tableau de donn\u00e9es\" style=\"--journal-table-min:32rem\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Dans l\u2019imprim\u00e9 de 1746<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Ce qui est enregistr\u00e9<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Ce que cela ne d\u00e9montre pas<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">535 familles \u00ab del Idioma Mexicano \u00bb<\/th><td data-label=\"Ce qui est enregistr\u00e9\">L\u2019expression et l\u2019unit\u00e9 employ\u00e9es par l\u2019auteur pour le chef-lieu.<\/td><td data-label=\"Ce que cela ne d\u00e9montre pas\">535 personnes ; une identit\u00e9 unique ; la r\u00e9gion enti\u00e8re.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">15 familles espagnoles<\/th><td data-label=\"Ce qui est enregistr\u00e9\">Une classification coloniale exprim\u00e9e en familles.<\/td><td data-label=\"Ce que cela ne d\u00e9montre pas\">Une nationalit\u00e9 actuelle ou une cat\u00e9gorie g\u00e9n\u00e9tique.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">200 familles mul\u00e2tres ; deux compagnies<\/th><td data-label=\"Ce qui est enregistr\u00e9\">Des familles associ\u00e9es dans le r\u00e9cit \u00e0 une organisation de milice.<\/td><td data-label=\"Ce que cela ne d\u00e9montre pas\">Un recensement de 200 habitants ou un registre v\u00e9rifi\u00e9 de 200 soldats.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Des villages d\u00e9pendants \u00e9num\u00e9r\u00e9s ensuite<\/th><td data-label=\"Ce qui est enregistr\u00e9\">D\u2019autres localit\u00e9s de la juridiction, avec leurs d\u00e9nombrements.<\/td><td data-label=\"Ce que cela ne d\u00e9montre pas\">Que les chiffres du chef-lieu les d\u00e9crivent toutes.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><section aria-labelledby=\"r02-fr-s3\"><aside class=\"iict-reading-addition\" data-kind=\"aside\" id=\"iict-reading-r02-fr\" lang=\"fr\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-reading-r02-fr-title\"><span class=\"reading-kicker\">Une histoire concr\u00e8te<\/span><h3 id=\"iict-reading-r02-fr-title\">Ce que pouvait changer un uniforme<\/h3><p>\u00catre milicien pouvait changer la vie au-del\u00e0 du service. Ben Vinson III \u00e9tudie la juridiction militaire (les r\u00e8gles et la comp\u00e9tence propres au domaine militaire), les exemptions d\u2019obligations et les conflits par lesquels des hommes libres class\u00e9s comme pardos ou mulatos n\u00e9gociaient leur place dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 coloniale. Aux pages 88\u201389, il montre que l\u2019uniforme pouvait ouvrir des possibilit\u00e9s de reconnaissance sans mettre fin aux pr\u00e9jug\u00e9s. <a class=\"reading-ref\" href=\"#iict-reading-r02-fr-source\" aria-label=\"Voir sources et comparaison\">\u2197<\/a><\/p><p>La compagnie mentionn\u00e9e par Villase\u00f1or prend ainsi une autre \u00e9paisseur : au d\u00e9nombrement s\u2019ajoutent obligations, revendications et possibilit\u00e9s in\u00e9gales. Suivre une trajectoire demande aussi de retrouver les lieux o\u00f9 cette personne travaillait, commer\u00e7ait ou d\u00e9fendait un droit.<\/p><p class=\"reading-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/signoshistoricos.izt.uam.mx\/index.php\/historicos\/article\/download\/55\/51\">Ben Vinson III \u00b7 Signos Hist\u00f3ricos, 2000, pp. 88\u201389<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"#r02-fr-evidence\">Sources et confrontation<\/a><\/p><\/aside>\n<h2 id=\"r02-fr-s3\">Le travail dessine un territoire reli\u00e9<\/h2><p>La page pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente, la 318, change la perspective. Villase\u00f1or mentionne p\u00eache et embarcations ; bois pour leur construction ; cire, fibres et chicle ; vanille achet\u00e9e par des n\u00e9gociants espagnols pour \u00eatre exp\u00e9di\u00e9e en Espagne ; tabac, canne \u00e0 sucre, ma\u00efs, fruits et \u00e9levage. C\u2019est une description d\u2019activit\u00e9s et de circuits, non un tableau de production. Elle suffit n\u00e9anmoins \u00e0 montrer un paysage parcouru par des marchandises, des techniques et du travail.<sup><a href=\"#r02-fr-note-1\" aria-label=\"Source 1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p>Le m\u00eame auteur disait que le commerce du tabac avait diminu\u00e9 \u00e0 cause de l\u2019abondance de ce produit dans d\u2019autres juridictions. Son explication relie le lieu \u00e0 d\u2019autres march\u00e9s : la concurrence ext\u00e9rieure entre dans son r\u00e9cit de Papantla. Il d\u00e9crit aussi deux r\u00e9coltes annuelles de ma\u00efs. Ces deux affirmations appartiennent \u00e0 sa description de 1746 ; ce ne sont ni des conseils agricoles actuels ni des rendements v\u00e9rifi\u00e9s pour tous les villages.<\/p><p>L\u2019\u00e9tude de Moreno Coello examine ensuite les conflits entre autorit\u00e9s, producteurs et commer\u00e7ants autour du tabac de Papantla.<sup><a href=\"#r02-fr-note-3\" aria-label=\"Source 3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> Cette perspective invite \u00e0 chercher des relations pr\u00e9cises plut\u00f4t qu\u2019\u00e0 attribuer un m\u00e9tier, un int\u00e9r\u00eat ou un comportement \u00e0 chaque groupe racial suppos\u00e9.<\/p><p>Une autre porte d\u2019entr\u00e9e dans les archives consiste \u00e0 suivre une marchandise. Qui la cultive, la transporte, la finance, l\u2019ach\u00e8te ou pr\u00e9l\u00e8ve des taxes sur elle ? Qui peut r\u00e9clamer et qui n\u2019appara\u00eet dans les registres qu\u2019en \u00e9tant poursuivi ? Une m\u00eame personne pourrait \u00eatre d\u00e9crite diff\u00e9remment dans des documents commerciaux, militaires et familiaux. Pour proposer qu\u2019il s\u2019agit bien d\u2019elle, il faudrait rapprocher noms, dates et lieux.<\/p><\/section><figure class=\"research-facsimile portrait\"><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r02-villasenor-1746-p318.jpg\"><img src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r02-villasenor-1746-p318.jpg\" width=\"1053\" height=\"1727\" alt=\"Page 318 de Theatro Americano, 1746 : p\u00eache, embarcations, produits agricoles et commerce de Papantla.\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><\/a><figcaption><strong>Marchandises et chemins sur la page pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente<\/strong>M\u00eame ouvrage, p. 318 ; Internet Archive A315215, vue 345. Domaine public. Description historique d\u2019activit\u00e9s et de commerce, non statistique \u00e9conomique contemporaine. <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r02-villasenor-1746-p318.jpg\">Agrandir la page originale \u2197<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/A315215\">Internet Archive \u2197<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><section aria-labelledby=\"r02-fr-s4\"><h2 id=\"r02-fr-s4\">Une \u00e9tiquette ne prouve pas l\u2019esclavisation ; un nom r\u00e9gional ne r\u00e9unit pas tout le monde<\/h2><p>Les mots \u00ab noir \u00bb, \u00ab mul\u00e2tre \u00bb, \u00ab m\u00e9tis \u00bb et \u00ab jarocho \u00bb ne racontent pas \u00e0 eux seuls comment une vie a chang\u00e9. Passer d\u2019une d\u00e9signation \u00e0 une autre exige de suivre des personnes ou des ensembles de documents comparables. Trouver des familles class\u00e9es comme mul\u00e2tres ne r\u00e9v\u00e8le pas davantage le lieu de naissance de chaque membre, la date d\u2019arriv\u00e9e de ses anc\u00eatres ou sa condition juridique.<\/p><p>\u00c9tudier esclavisation et libert\u00e9 exige des documents indiquant cette condition et ses changements : actes de vente, lettres d\u2019affranchissement, proc\u00e8s, registres notari\u00e9s ou paroissiaux, lus dans leur contexte. Un terme de classification ne remplace pas ces preuves. Et un document concernant une personne esclavis\u00e9e n\u2019autorise pas \u00e0 attribuer la m\u00eame condition \u00e0 toutes les personnes d\u00e9sign\u00e9es de mani\u00e8re semblable.<\/p><p>Il en va de m\u00eame pour \u00ab jarocho \u00bb. Ortiz \u00e9tudie ce nom dans les milices du Veracruz.<sup><a href=\"#r02-fr-note-2\" aria-label=\"Source 2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> Cela ne signifie pas que tous les habitants du Totonacapan se disaient jarochos, ni qu\u2019une identit\u00e9 du sud du Veracruz puisse \u00eatre transf\u00e9r\u00e9e telle quelle \u00e0 la montagne ou \u00e0 n\u2019importe quelle localit\u00e9 du nord. Le nom demande un lieu, une p\u00e9riode et un contexte d\u2019emploi.<\/p><p>\u00ab M\u00e9tis \u00bb ne peut pas davantage servir de case pour tout ce qui ne correspond pas \u00e0 un catalogue autochtone. Il faut demander qui employait le mot, devant quelle institution et avec quelles cons\u00e9quences. Le titre de cet article r\u00e9unit des noms \u00e0 examiner ; il ne r\u00e9partit pas la population contemporaine en quatre compartiments.<\/p><\/section><section aria-labelledby=\"r02-fr-s5\"><figure class=\"iict-plate\" id=\"iict-plate-r02-b-fr\" lang=\"fr\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r02-b-fr-title\" style=\"--plate-cols:3\"><div class=\"plate-top\"><p class=\"plate-kicker\">Carnet illustr\u00e9 \u00b7 II<\/p><h3 id=\"iict-plate-r02-b-fr-title\">L\u2019unit\u00e9 de compte change le r\u00e9cit<\/h3><\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"plate-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 750 420\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r02-b-fr-art-title iict-plate-r02-b-fr-art-desc\"><title id=\"iict-plate-r02-b-fr-art-title\">L\u2019unit\u00e9 de compte change le r\u00e9cit<\/title><desc id=\"iict-plate-r02-b-fr-art-desc\">1. Famille : unit\u00e9 consign\u00e9e par le document. 2. Habitant : suppose de compter des personnes, sans multiplicateur pr\u00e9sum\u00e9. 3. Milicien : l\u2019appartenance \u00e0 une compagnie ne constitue pas un d\u00e9compte de foyers. Trois unit\u00e9s illustr\u00e9es ; le dessin ne convertit les familles ni en soldats ni en habitants.<\/desc><defs><pattern id=\"iict-plate-r02-b-fr-grain\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" width=\"17\" height=\"19\"><circle cx=\"2\" cy=\"3\" r=\".6\" fill=\"#a9a384\" opacity=\".15\"\/><circle cx=\"11\" cy=\"14\" r=\".5\" fill=\"#b3a98a\" opacity=\".16\"\/><\/pattern><\/defs><rect width=\"750\" height=\"420\" fill=\"url(#iict-plate-r02-b-fr-grain)\"\/><g transform=\"translate(150 182) scale(1.1)\"><path d=\"M-66 -12 L0 -68 L66 -12 L48 -12 L48 55 L-48 55 L-48 -12Z\" fill=\"#e6deca\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><rect x=\"-12\" y=\"9\" width=\"24\" height=\"46\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#a5ae91\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"-38\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"23\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><\/g><circle cx=\"150\" cy=\"320\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"150\" y=\"328\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1<\/text><circle cx=\"374\" cy=\"165\" r=\"27\" fill=\"#d0bd97\" stroke=\"#8c7856\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M323 265 Q322 204 374 204 Q425 204 425 265Z\" fill=\"#e7dcc3\" stroke=\"#8c7856\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><circle cx=\"323\" cy=\"198\" r=\"19\" fill=\"#d0bd97\" stroke=\"#8c7856\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><circle cx=\"425\" cy=\"198\" r=\"19\" fill=\"#d0bd97\" stroke=\"#8c7856\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><circle cx=\"374\" cy=\"320\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"374\" y=\"328\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">2<\/text><rect x=\"546\" y=\"108\" width=\"118\" height=\"161\" rx=\"5\" fill=\"#eee6d3\" stroke=\"#a39065\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><line x1=\"569\" y1=\"139\" x2=\"643\" y2=\"139\" stroke=\"#a99c7c\" stroke-width=\"2\" \/><line x1=\"569\" y1=\"162\" x2=\"643\" y2=\"162\" stroke=\"#a99c7c\" stroke-width=\"2\" \/><line x1=\"569\" y1=\"185\" x2=\"643\" y2=\"185\" stroke=\"#a99c7c\" stroke-width=\"2\" \/><line x1=\"569\" y1=\"208\" x2=\"643\" y2=\"208\" stroke=\"#a99c7c\" stroke-width=\"2\" \/><line x1=\"569\" y1=\"231\" x2=\"643\" y2=\"231\" stroke=\"#a99c7c\" stroke-width=\"2\" \/><circle cx=\"604\" cy=\"320\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"604\" y=\"328\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">3<\/text><line x1=\"256\" y1=\"190\" x2=\"284\" y2=\"190\" stroke=\"#b1a47c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 6\"\/><line x1=\"474\" y1=\"190\" x2=\"502\" y2=\"190\" stroke=\"#b1a47c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 6\"\/><\/svg><ol class=\"plate-legend\"><li>Famille : unit\u00e9 consign\u00e9e par le document.<\/li><li>Habitant : suppose de compter des personnes, sans multiplicateur pr\u00e9sum\u00e9.<\/li><li>Milicien : l\u2019appartenance \u00e0 une compagnie ne constitue pas un d\u00e9compte de foyers.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"plate-caption\">Trois unit\u00e9s illustr\u00e9es ; le dessin ne convertit les familles ni en soldats ni en habitants. \u00b7 Illustration originale de l\u2019Institut \u00b7 <a href=\"#r02-fr-evidence\">Sources et confrontation<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 id=\"r02-fr-s5\">Trois hypoth\u00e8ses \u00e0 mettre \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9preuve<\/h2><p>Une recherche devient plus pr\u00e9cise lorsqu\u2019elle explique ce qui pourrait modifier son interpr\u00e9tation. Le document de 1746 permet de formuler trois hypoth\u00e8ses de travail. Nous ne les pr\u00e9sentons pas comme des conclusions d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9montr\u00e9es :<\/p><ol class=\"research-hypotheses\"><li><span class=\"hypothesis-number\">01<\/span><div><h3>La diversit\u00e9 enregistr\u00e9e d\u00e9pendait aussi de la finalit\u00e9 du registre.<\/h3><p>Comparer, pour les m\u00eames lieux et les m\u00eames ann\u00e9es, registres militaires, paroissiaux et tributaires. Si les classifications concordent malgr\u00e9 des objectifs diff\u00e9rents, il faut expliquer cette stabilit\u00e9 ; si elles changent, rechercher qui les modifie et pourquoi.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"hypothesis-number\">02<\/span><div><h3>Les liens de travail et de parent\u00e9 traversaient les cat\u00e9gories administratives.<\/h3><p>Suivre des noms identifiables dans les contrats, mariages, liens de parrainage et proc\u00e8s. Un patronyme commun ne suffit pas : les dates, liens et localit\u00e9s doivent \u00eatre compatibles. Il faut conserver les cas qui ne concordent pas, sans les forcer \u00e0 entrer dans un r\u00e9seau unique.<\/p><\/div><\/li><li><span class=\"hypothesis-number\">03<\/span><div><h3>Le chef-lieu et les villages d\u00e9pendants avaient des compositions et des circuits diff\u00e9rents.<\/h3><p>Construire des s\u00e9ries distinctes par localit\u00e9, sans appliquer partout le d\u00e9nombrement de Papantla. Des distributions semblables affaibliraient l\u2019hypoth\u00e8se ; des diff\u00e9rences persistantes exigeraient d\u2019examiner chemins, march\u00e9s, juridictions et conditions d\u2019enregistrement.<\/p><\/div><\/li><\/ol><\/section><section aria-labelledby=\"r02-fr-s6\"><h2 id=\"r02-fr-s6\">La question actuelle est diff\u00e9rente<\/h2><p>Le recensement de 2020 interroge l\u2019identification afromexicaine, noire ou afrodescendante selon les anc\u00eatres, coutumes et traditions. Les consignes demandent d\u2019interroger tout le monde, sans d\u00e9duire la r\u00e9ponse de l\u2019apparence ; un informateur du m\u00e9nage peut r\u00e9pondre.<sup><a href=\"#r02-fr-note-4\" aria-label=\"Source 4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><p>Cette proc\u00e9dure r\u00e9pond \u00e0 une autre question que la description coloniale. On ne peut r\u00e9unir des familles de 1746 et des personnes identifi\u00e9es en 2020 pour tracer une courbe de croissance : unit\u00e9, territoire, source et sens de la classification ont chang\u00e9. Une histoire de continuit\u00e9 doit pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment expliquer ces changements, non les effacer.<\/p><p>Reconna\u00eetre ces diff\u00e9rences permet de mieux interroger m\u00e9moire, mobilit\u00e9 et appartenance. Une famille peut conserver des r\u00e9cits d\u2019origine que l\u2019archive a tus ; un dossier peut enregistrer un lien dont la m\u00e9moire ne se souvient plus. Les faire dialoguer demande des dates, une attribution et une autorisation pour les t\u00e9moignages, sans obliger les personnes actuelles \u00e0 reprendre le nom qu\u2019un ancien registre leur a donn\u00e9.<\/p><\/section><figure class=\"research-time\"><h3>Quatre moments, quatre questions<\/h3><ol><li><span class=\"research-time-date\">1746<\/span><strong>La description<\/strong><span>Quels mots et quelles unit\u00e9s servent \u00e0 d\u00e9crire Papantla ?<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"research-time-date\">1765\u20131806<\/span><strong>Le conflit \u00e9conomique<\/strong><span>P\u00e9riode \u00e9tudi\u00e9e par Moreno Coello : tabac, autorit\u00e9s et relations commerciales.<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"research-time-date\">2006 \/ 2012<\/span><strong>L\u2019interpr\u00e9tation historique<\/strong><span>Dates de publication des \u00e9tudes d\u2019Ortiz Escamilla et de Moreno Coello, non dates des faits coloniaux.<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"research-time-date\">2020<\/span><strong>L\u2019identification recens\u00e9e<\/strong><span>Une question actuelle sur les anc\u00eatres, coutumes et traditions ; un autre ensemble observ\u00e9.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><figcaption>Chronologie de sources et de questions, non s\u00e9rie statistique ni ligne proportionnelle au temps.<\/figcaption><\/figure><section aria-labelledby=\"r02-fr-s7\"><h2 id=\"r02-fr-s7\">Ce que cette comparaison permet d\u2019\u00e9tablir<\/h2><p>L\u2019imprim\u00e9 de 1746 documente une description socialement h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8ne de Papantla et des activit\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques la reliant \u00e0 d\u2019autres lieux. La lecture de l\u2019original r\u00e9v\u00e8le \u00e9galement un changement de d\u00e9nomination dans sa r\u00e9ception ult\u00e9rieure. Ce sont des r\u00e9sultats pr\u00e9cis : la diversit\u00e9 r\u00e9gionale poss\u00e8de des documents, mais il faut les lire avec leurs mots, leurs unit\u00e9s et leurs \u00e9chelles.<\/p><p>La suite ne consiste pas \u00e0 ajouter des couleurs \u00e0 une carte des peuples. Elle consiste \u00e0 reconstruire des trajectoires : une personne entre deux localit\u00e9s, une famille entre plusieurs registres, une marchandise entre producteurs et march\u00e9s, une d\u00e9nomination entre institutions. On peut ainsi \u00e9crire une histoire du Totonacapan attentive aux rencontres et aux in\u00e9galit\u00e9s, sans r\u00e9duire ses habitants \u00e0 des \u00e9tiquettes immobiles.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"research-method-panel\"><h2>Comment cette lecture a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tablie<\/h2><p class=\"research-method\">Les pages 317\u2013320 du chapitre sur Papantla de l\u2019\u00e9dition de 1746 ont \u00e9t\u00e9 rapproch\u00e9es, avec v\u00e9rification visuelle des pages 318 et 319, des \u00e9tudes cit\u00e9es et de la documentation de la variable AFRODES du recensement de 2020. Les documents des Archives g\u00e9n\u00e9rales de la Nation cit\u00e9s dans ces \u00e9tudes sont connus ici \u00e0 travers leurs auteurs ; ils ne sont pas pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s comme des dossiers directement consult\u00e9s par l\u2019Institut. Il s\u2019agit d\u2019une recherche documentaire, sans entretiens ni travail de terrain propre.<\/p><\/section><details class=\"research-evidence\" id=\"r02-fr-evidence\" lang=\"fr\"><summary><span class=\"evidence-kicker\">Au c\u0153ur de la recherche<\/span><strong>Sources et confrontation<\/strong><span class=\"evidence-subtitle\">Ouvrir le rapprochement de l\u2019original, des lectures ult\u00e9rieures et de la documentation int\u00e9grale.<\/span><\/summary><div class=\"evidence-content\"><p>L\u2019argument repose sur une confrontation pr\u00e9cise : l\u2019imprim\u00e9 de 1746, des \u00e9tudes ult\u00e9rieures et une question de recensement contemporaine. Ce tableau explicite l\u2019apport de chaque source, les diff\u00e9rences r\u00e9elles et les hypoth\u00e8ses. Les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences int\u00e9grales restent \u00e0 la fin du volet.<\/p><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Confrontation par page, unit\u00e9, p\u00e9riode et proc\u00e9dure d'enregistrement. Les diff\u00e9rences de temps ou de question se distinguent des \u00e9carts textuels.\" style=\"--journal-table-min:40rem\"><table class=\"evidence-dialogue\"><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Sources en dialogue<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Convergence ou diff\u00e9rence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Lecture de l\u2019article et question ouverte<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Que dit l\u2019original des 535 familles ?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources en dialogue\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/A315215\">Villase\u00f1or y S\u00e1nchez, 1746 \u00b7 p. 318\u2013319 \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/ulua.uv.mx\/index.php\/ulua\/article\/download\/1404\/pdf_158\">Ortiz Escamilla, 2006 \u00b7 pp. 9\u201313 \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Convergence ou diff\u00e9rence\">La page 319 porte \u00ab del Idioma Mexicano \u00bb ; Ortiz parle de familles totonaques. Ces deux formulations ne sont pas textuellement \u00e9quivalentes.<\/td><td data-label=\"Lecture de l\u2019article et question ouverte\">L\u2019article conserve la lecture visible de l\u2019exemplaire de 1746. Expliquer le changement exige de comparer les \u00e9ditions et registres ult\u00e9rieurs. Cet \u00e9cart ne d\u00e9montre pas \u00e0 lui seul une identit\u00e9 unique de toutes les familles.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Deux cents familles signifient-elles deux cents miliciens ?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources en dialogue\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/A315215\">Villase\u00f1or y S\u00e1nchez, 1746 \u00b7 p. 318\u2013319 \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/ulua.uv.mx\/index.php\/ulua\/article\/download\/1404\/pdf_158\">Ortiz Escamilla, 2006 \u00b7 pp. 9\u201313 \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Convergence ou diff\u00e9rence\">Villase\u00f1or d\u00e9nombre des familles et mentionne deux compagnies. Le tableau ult\u00e9rieur utilise une colonne d\u2019hommes. Des nombres proches ne rendent pas les unit\u00e9s \u00e9quivalentes.<\/td><td data-label=\"Lecture de l\u2019article et question ouverte\">On ne calcule ni pourcentage d\u2019habitants ni effectif militaire exact. Un registre d\u2019enr\u00f4lement et son rapport aux foyers permettraient de tester cette \u00e9quivalence, qui n\u2019est pas tenue ici pour d\u00e9montr\u00e9e.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Le commerce du tabac d\u00e9clinait-il ou suscitait-il des conflits ?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources en dialogue\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/A315215\">Villase\u00f1or y S\u00e1nchez, 1746 \u00b7 p. 318\u2013319 \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scielo.org.mx\/pdf\/alhe\/v19n3\/v19n3a7.pdf\">Moreno Coello, 2012 \u00b7 pp. 206\u2013234 \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Convergence ou diff\u00e9rence\">La description de 1746 \u00e9voque un d\u00e9clin commercial ; l\u2019\u00e9tude ult\u00e9rieure examine des conflits d\u2019une autre p\u00e9riode, 1765\u20131806. Les r\u00e9cits portent sur des temps et des probl\u00e8mes distincts.<\/td><td data-label=\"Lecture de l\u2019article et question ouverte\">Il n\u2019y a pas de contradiction automatique : concurrence entre juridictions, r\u00e9glementation et activit\u00e9s clandestines peuvent relever de situations diff\u00e9rentes. L\u2019article ne trace pas une tendance continue \u00e0 partir de ces deux r\u00e9cits.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Une relation probable est-elle un accord prouv\u00e9 par un document ?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources en dialogue\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scielo.org.mx\/pdf\/alhe\/v19n3\/v19n3a7.pdf\">Moreno Coello, 2012 \u00b7 pp. 206\u2013234 \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/A315215\">Villase\u00f1or y S\u00e1nchez, 1746 \u00b7 p. 318\u2013319 \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Convergence ou diff\u00e9rence\">L\u2019interpr\u00e9tation historique des r\u00e9seaux et int\u00e9r\u00eats ne transforme pas chaque lien sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 en contrat conserv\u00e9. La description de 1746 n\u2019identifie pas non plus tous les acteurs d\u2019une cha\u00eene commerciale.<\/td><td data-label=\"Lecture de l\u2019article et question ouverte\">L\u2019article propose de suivre personnes et marchandises dans des documents pr\u00e9cis. Les dossiers des Archives g\u00e9n\u00e9rales de la Nation cit\u00e9s par les \u00e9tudes ne sont pas pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s comme directement consult\u00e9s par l\u2019Institut.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">La classification coloniale \u00e9quivaut-elle \u00e0 l\u2019identification afromexicaine actuelle ?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources en dialogue\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/A315215\">Villase\u00f1or y S\u00e1nchez, 1746 \u00b7 p. 318\u2013319 \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/rnm\/index.php\/catalog\/632\/datafile\/F15\/V491\">INEGI \u00b7 Recensement 2020 : AFRODES \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Convergence ou diff\u00e9rence\">Le texte de 1746 emploie des cat\u00e9gories coloniales et compte des familles. AFRODES interroge une identification actuelle selon les anc\u00eatres, coutumes et traditions ; son unit\u00e9 est la personne.<\/td><td data-label=\"Lecture de l\u2019article et question ouverte\">On ne construit pas de courbe de continuit\u00e9 num\u00e9rique entre ces donn\u00e9es. Le lien historique demande d\u2019\u00e9tudier trajectoires et changements de classification ; un nom ancien ne d\u00e9cide pas de l\u2019identification d\u2019une personne actuelle.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Quelle p\u00e9riode l\u2019\u00e9tude du tabac examine-t-elle ?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources en dialogue\"><ul class=\"evidence-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scielo.org.mx\/pdf\/alhe\/v19n3\/v19n3a7.pdf\">Moreno Coello, 2012 \u00b7 pp. 206\u2013234 \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/alhe.mora.edu.mx\/index.php\/ALHE\/article\/view\/533\">Fiche de l\u2019\u00e9diteur : Moreno Coello \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/td><td data-label=\"Convergence ou diff\u00e9rence\">Le titre imprim\u00e9 du PDF indique 1765\u20131806 ; la fiche de l\u2019\u00e9diteur donne 1767\u20131806. Il s\u2019agit de deux pr\u00e9sentations d\u2019une publication, non d\u2019\u00e9tudes ind\u00e9pendantes.<\/td><td data-label=\"Lecture de l\u2019article et question ouverte\">La r\u00e9f\u00e9rence suit le PDF effectivement lu et rend visible l\u2019autre intervalle. On ne compte pas ces deux pr\u00e9sentations comme des confirmations ind\u00e9pendantes et on ne corrige pas silencieusement la diff\u00e9rence bibliographique.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><caption>Confrontation par page, unit\u00e9, p\u00e9riode et proc\u00e9dure d\u2019enregistrement. Les diff\u00e9rences de temps ou de question se distinguent des \u00e9carts textuels.<\/caption><\/table><\/div><p>Les trois hypoth\u00e8ses du texte proposent d\u2019autres recherches sur les registres, parent\u00e9s et circuits locaux. Cette lecture n\u2019int\u00e8gre ni entretiens ni nouveaux dossiers d\u2019archives attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019Institut. Les deux fac-simil\u00e9s sont agrandissables et les quatre sources li\u00e9es consultables.<\/p><section class=\"research-sources\"><h2>Sources \u00e0 v\u00e9rifier et \u00e0 explorer<\/h2><ol><li id=\"r02-fr-note-1\">Villase\u00f1or y S\u00e1nchez, Jos\u00e9 Antonio de. Theatro Americano, tome I, Mexique, 1746, livre II, chapitre XIV, p. 317\u2013320. Exemplaire A 315\/215, Biblioth\u00e8que de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de S\u00e9ville. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/A315215\">Consulter la source \u2197<\/a><\/li><li id=\"r02-fr-note-2\">Ortiz Escamilla, Juan. \u00c9tude des milices du Veracruz et de l\u2019identit\u00e9 historique. Ul\u00faa, 8, 2006, p. 9\u201329 ; comparaison pr\u00e9cise, p. 12\u201313. Titre espagnol int\u00e9gral dans la bibliographie espagnole ci-dessus. <a href=\"https:\/\/ulua.uv.mx\/index.php\/ulua\/es\/article\/view\/1404\">Consulter la source \u2197<\/a><\/li><li id=\"r02-fr-note-3\">Moreno Coello, Georgina. \u00c9tude de la culture clandestine du tabac \u00e0 Papantla. Am\u00e9rica Latina en la Historia Econ\u00f3mica, 19(3), 2012, p. 206\u2013234. Le titre du PDF indique 1765\u20131806 ; la fiche de l\u2019\u00e9diteur, 1767\u20131806. <a href=\"https:\/\/alhe.mora.edu.mx\/index.php\/ALHE\/article\/view\/533\">Consulter la source \u2197<\/a><\/li><li id=\"r02-fr-note-4\">INEGI. Recensement 2020, AFRODES : question, univers et consignes. La fiche m\u00e9thodologique n\u2019est pas un tableau statistique municipal. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/rnm\/index.php\/catalog\/632\/datafile\/F15\/V491\">Consulter la source \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/section><p class=\"research-version\">Sources et confrontation r\u00e9vis\u00e9es le 5 novembre 2026.<\/p><\/div><section class=\"iict-reading-source\" id=\"iict-reading-r02-fr-source\" lang=\"fr\"><h4>Ce que pouvait changer un uniforme<\/h4><p>Vinson \u00e9tudie des m\u00e9canismes coloniaux en plusieurs lieux. Il \u00e9claire le service milicien sans \u00e9tablir les privil\u00e8ges pr\u00e9cis de chaque famille de Papantla en 1746.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/signoshistoricos.izt.uam.mx\/index.php\/historicos\/article\/download\/55\/51\">Ben Vinson III \u00b7 Signos Hist\u00f3ricos, 2000, pp. 88\u201389<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"#iict-reading-r02-fr\">Revenir au passage<\/a><\/p><\/section>\n<\/details><nav class=\"research-related\" aria-label=\"Poursuivre la lecture\"><h2>Poursuivre la lecture<\/h2><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1227#r01-fr\">Une r\u00e9gion, de multiples appartenances \u2192<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1225#research-hub-fr-text\">Toutes les recherches \u2192<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=97\">Le Totonacapan \u2192<\/a><\/nav><p class=\"research-version\">Institut International de la Culture du Totonacapan \u00b7 IMSV \u00b7 S\u00e9rie Recherches du Totonacapan \u00b7 R02<\/p><!-- IICT-CITE R02 fr --><aside class=\"iict-citation\" id=\"citar-r02-fr\" aria-labelledby=\"citar-r02-fr-title\"><h2 id=\"citar-r02-fr-title\">Comment citer cet article<\/h2><p class=\"iict-citation-label\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence bibliographique propos\u00e9e<\/p><blockquote class=\"iict-citation-reference\">Instituto Internacional de Cultura del Totonacapan. \u00abNoirs, mul\u00e2tres, m\u00e9tis et jarochos : des trajectoires crois\u00e9es dans le Totonacapan\u00bb. <cite>Cahiers de recherche<\/cite>, <strong>R02<\/strong>. The Integral Management Society (IMSV). <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1241#r02-fr-text\">https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1241#r02-fr-text<\/a>.<\/blockquote><p><strong>R\u00e9f\u00e9rence interne:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1241#r02-fr-text\">R02<\/a>. Pour un passage pr\u00e9cis, ajoutez le titre de sa section.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1225#normas-citacion-fr\">R\u00e8gles de citation de l\u2019Institut \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/aside><!-- \/IICT-CITE R02 fr --><\/article><\/details><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Espa\u00f1ol \u00b7 texto completoEnglish \u00b7 complete textFran\u00e7ais \u00b7 texte int\u00e9gralInvestigaciones \u2197 Historia y encuentros \u00b7 Investigaci\u00f3n R02 Negros, mulatos, mestizos y jarochos: trayectorias cruzadas del Totonacapan Una p\u00e1gina de 1746 permite ver una sociedad m\u00e1s diversa que sus etiquetas. Leerla junto a sus interpretaciones posteriores cambia la manera de contar familias, explicar el trabajo y [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":1225,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1241","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1241","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1241"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1241\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1646,"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1241\/revisions\/1646"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1225"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1241"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}