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article .research-hypotheses h3{font-size:1.17rem!important}#research-r04-release.iict-journal article .research-hypotheses p{font-size:1rem!important}}\n\n\/* IICT VISUALES FINAL 20261106 *\/\n#research-r04-release.iict-journal article .iict-journal-table thead{display:table-header-group!important;position:static!important;inset:auto!important;width:auto!important;height:auto!important;overflow:visible!important;clip:auto!important;clip-path:none!important;visibility:visible!important;opacity:1!important}\n#research-r04-release.iict-journal article .iict-journal-table table caption{position:sticky!important;left:0!important;width:min(42rem,calc(100vw - 5rem))!important;max-width:100%!important;white-space:normal!important;overflow-wrap:break-word!important;hyphens:auto!important}\n@media(max-width:700px){#research-r04-release.iict-journal article .iict-journal-table tbody th{width:clamp(8rem,42vw,14rem)!important;max-width:14rem!important;white-space:normal!important}}\n\/* \/IICT VISUALES FINAL *\/\n<\/style>\n<nav class=\"research-languages\" aria-label=\"Language \/ Idioma \/ Langue\"><a href=\"#r04-es\">Espa\u00f1ol<\/a><a href=\"#r04-en\">English \u00b7 complete article<\/a><a href=\"#r04-fr\">Fran\u00e7ais \u00b7 article int\u00e9gral<\/a><\/nav><!-- IICT-CITE-CSS --><style>.iict-citation{display:block!important;max-width:780px!important;margin:2.8rem auto!important;padding:1.6rem 1.7rem!important;border-block:1px solid #b6a06b!important;border-left:2px solid #a58a47!important;background:#edf0e7!important;color:#344c53!important;grid-column:1\/-1!important}.iict-citation h2{display:block!important;margin:0 0 1.1rem!important;font:400 1.65rem\/1.25 Georgia,serif!important;color:#264b61!important;text-align:left!important;letter-spacing:0!important}.iict-citation p,.iict-citation blockquote{display:block!important;margin:0 0 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#a58a47;outline-offset:4px}@media(max-width:650px){.iict-citation{padding:1.3rem 1.1rem!important;margin:2rem auto!important}.iict-citation h2{font-size:1.5rem!important}.iict-citation blockquote{font-size:1rem!important}}<\/style><!-- \/IICT-CITE-CSS --><article id=\"r04-es\" lang=\"es\" aria-labelledby=\"r04-es-title\"><header><p class=\"research-version\">INVESTIGACIONES DEL TOTONACAPAN \u00b7 R04 \u00b7 Historia y encuentros<\/p><h1 id=\"r04-es-title\">Historia del Totonacapan: de las ciudades antiguas a las transformaciones contempor\u00e1neas<\/h1><p class=\"research-deck\">Una regi\u00f3n se entiende mejor cuando sus ciudades, sus pueblos y sus caminos recuperan sus tiempos propios.<\/p><\/header><section class=\"research-abstract\"><h2>Resumen<\/h2><p>El Totonacapan re\u00fane historias conectadas, pero no id\u00e9nticas. Sus sitios arqueol\u00f3gicos pertenecen a momentos y redes diferentes; las poblaciones ind\u00edgenas negociaron y resistieron poderes cambiantes; la propiedad de la tierra y la industria transformaron despu\u00e9s las relaciones entre sierra y costa. Este art\u00edculo compara registros arqueol\u00f3gicos, s\u00edntesis patrimoniales e investigaciones hist\u00f3ricas para explicar esas transformaciones sin convertirlas en una l\u00ednea de continuidad uniforme.<\/p><h3>C\u00f3mo se ha investigado<\/h3><p class=\"research-method\">Investigaci\u00f3n documental comparada \u00b7 Revisi\u00f3n: 5 de noviembre de 2026. Se consultaron las secciones identificadas en las fuentes. No se presentan excavaciones, entrevistas ni consultas de archivo realizadas por el Instituto.<\/p><\/section><figure class=\"research-visual\"><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-territorio-cempoala-panoramica-20261104.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-territorio-cempoala-panoramica-20261104.jpg\" alt=\"Cempoala: una ciudad en la llanura costera\" width=\"1920\" height=\"422\"><\/a><figcaption><strong>Cempoala: una ciudad en la llanura costera<\/strong>Vista contempor\u00e1nea del sitio; no reconstrucci\u00f3n de 1519. Presentaci\u00f3n a escala, sin alteraci\u00f3n del contenido. <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Panorama_of_Zempoala_Archaeological_Site_-_Veracruz_-_Mexico_(16051268601).jpg\">Adam Jones \u00b7 2014 \u00b7 CC BY-SA 2.0<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0\/\">Licencia \/ Licence<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><details class=\"iict-journal-toc\"><summary>En este art\u00edculo<\/summary><nav class=\"research-internal-nav\" aria-label=\"En este art\u00edculo\"><strong>En este art\u00edculo<\/strong><ol><li><a href=\"#r04-es-b0\">Un nombre regional, varias escalas de historia<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r04-es-b1\">Cinco sitios, cinco preguntas<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r04-es-b2\">Por qu\u00e9 las fechas de Taj\u00edn no coinciden del todo<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r04-es-b3\">Tributo, negociaci\u00f3n y el giro de 1519<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r04-es-b4\">De los caminos coloniales a la pol\u00edtica republicana<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r04-es-b5\">Tierra e industria: la historia tampoco termin\u00f3 en las pir\u00e1mides<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r04-es-b6\">Conservar tambi\u00e9n forma parte de la historia<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r04-es-b7\">Una historia de relaciones que siguen abiertas<\/a><\/li><\/ol><a href=\"#r04-es-comparison\">Fuentes y contraste \u00b7 desplegar investigaci\u00f3n<\/a><\/nav><\/details><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r04-es-b0\"><h2>Un nombre regional, varias escalas de historia<\/h2><p>Una ciudad de piedra permite estudiar edificios, secuencias constructivas y objetos. Una lengua ayuda a comprender comunidades y relaciones. Un territorio nombrado en un documento registra tambi\u00e9n la mirada de quien lo describe. Esas tres evidencias pueden cruzarse, pero ninguna sustituye autom\u00e1ticamente a las otras. Llamar Totonacapan a una regi\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica no demuestra que todos sus habitantes hablaran la misma lengua ni que todos sus monumentos fueran construidos por un \u00fanico pueblo.<\/p><p>\u00bfQui\u00e9nes construyeron cada sitio? La revisi\u00f3n de Ram\u00edrez Castilla convierte esa pregunta en un problema de pruebas. Encontrar una arquitectura compartida admite varias explicaciones: especialistas que circulaban, ideas que se intercambiaban, personas que se desplazaban o relaciones de poder entre lugares. Esta lectura conserva abiertas esas posibilidades. Distingue la pertenencia cultural que las comunidades reconocen hoy de la identificaci\u00f3n precisa de quienes levantaron cada edificio hace siglos.<sup><a href=\"#r04-es-s2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><figure class=\"iict-supplied-plate\" id=\"l5-sitios\" lang=\"es\" style=\"display:block;clear:both;float:none;width:100%;max-width:100%;margin:2.5rem 0;box-sizing:border-box\"><img src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/L5_sitios_tiempos.jpg\" alt=\"El Totonacapan \u00b7 sitios y tiempos: l\u00e1mina editorial con diagramas y datos explicados en el art\u00edculo\" width=\"1430\" height=\"1078\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"display:block;width:100%;max-width:100%;height:auto;object-fit:contain\"><figcaption style=\"font:400 .78rem\/1.65 system-ui,sans-serif;text-align:left;padding:.8rem 0;color:#52646a\"><strong>El Totonacapan \u00b7 sitios y tiempos.<\/strong> Mapa y cronolog\u00eda esquem\u00e1ticos para relacionar lugares y \u00e9pocas. Las ubicaciones son aproximadas; las diferentes dataciones de El Taj\u00edn se comparan en el texto y en sus fuentes.<\/figcaption><details style=\"max-width:100%;font-size:.85rem\"><summary>Ampliar la l\u00e1mina para leer sus detalles<\/summary><div style=\"overflow:auto;max-width:100%;max-height:80vh\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"L\u00e1mina ampliada; desplazar para leer\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/L5_sitios_tiempos.jpg\" alt=\"El Totonacapan \u00b7 sitios y tiempos, vista ampliada\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1430\" height=\"1078\" style=\"display:block;width:1430px!important;max-width:none!important;height:auto!important\"><\/div><\/details><\/figure><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r04-es-b1\"><h2>Cinco sitios, cinco preguntas<\/h2><p>El Taj\u00edn sirve para estudiar una gran concentraci\u00f3n urbana y ceremonial. Yohualichan introduce la sierra poblana y sus relaciones arquitect\u00f3nicas con las tierras bajas. Paxil incorpora la regi\u00f3n de Misantla y la historia de la conservaci\u00f3n. Cuajilote abre la cuenca del Filobobos\u2013Nautla. Cempoala conduce al Poscl\u00e1sico tard\u00edo y a las alianzas de 1519. Reunirlos ampl\u00eda el mapa; tratarlos como cinco versiones de la misma ciudad lo empobrece.<\/p><p>Las semejanzas entre los nichos de Taj\u00edn y Yohualichan son una pista para investigar relaciones. No equivalen a una fecha com\u00fan ni a una prueba suficiente de identidad \u00e9tnica. Del mismo modo, un periodo largo de ocupaci\u00f3n no significa que todos los edificios visibles se construyeran al mismo tiempo. La tabla propone una forma de visitar y leer cada sitio: localizar primero, situar el periodo despu\u00e9s y preguntar finalmente por la evidencia.<sup><a href=\"#r04-es-s1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"#r04-es-s6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"#r04-es-s7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><div class=\"r-table-wrap\"><h3>Leer el territorio a trav\u00e9s de cinco sitios<\/h3><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Tabla de datos\" style=\"--journal-table-min:40rem\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Sitio<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Espacio<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Tiempo \/ evidencia<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Pregunta para investigar<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">El Taj\u00edn<\/th><td data-label=\"Espacio\">Tierras bajas, entorno de Papantla<\/td><td data-label=\"Tiempo \/ evidencia\">Cronolog\u00edas de auge debatidas: v\u00e9ase el gr\u00e1fico.<\/td><td data-label=\"Pregunta para investigar\">\u00bfQu\u00e9 fase y qu\u00e9 materiales fecha cada estudio?<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Yohualichan<\/th><td data-label=\"Espacio\">Sierra de Cuetzalan, Puebla<\/td><td data-label=\"Tiempo \/ evidencia\">Relaciones arquitect\u00f3nicas con el \u00e1rea del Golfo.<\/td><td data-label=\"Pregunta para investigar\">\u00bfSemejanza formal, intercambio o movilidad?<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Paxil<\/th><td data-label=\"Espacio\">Regi\u00f3n de Misantla<\/td><td data-label=\"Tiempo \/ evidencia\">Ciudad antigua y conservaci\u00f3n documentada en 1992\u20131993.<\/td><td data-label=\"Pregunta para investigar\">\u00bfQu\u00e9 parte pertenece al sitio y cu\u00e1l a su restauraci\u00f3n?<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Cuajilote<\/th><td data-label=\"Espacio\">Cuenca Filobobos\u2013Nautla<\/td><td data-label=\"Tiempo \/ evidencia\">Periodo principal 200\u2013800 d. C., seg\u00fan Veracruz.<\/td><td data-label=\"Pregunta para investigar\">\u00bfAuge de un centro u ocupaci\u00f3n de toda la cuenca?<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Cempoala<\/th><td data-label=\"Espacio\">Llanura costera central de Veracruz<\/td><td data-label=\"Tiempo \/ evidencia\">Poscl\u00e1sico tard\u00edo y alianza de 1519.<\/td><td data-label=\"Pregunta para investigar\">\u00bfQu\u00e9 dirigentes y qu\u00e9 intereses intervienen?<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><figure class=\"research-visual\"><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-yohualichan-lievanomx-2010-20261104.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-yohualichan-lievanomx-2010-20261104.jpg\" alt=\"Yohualichan: la sierra dentro de la historia regional\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\"><\/a><figcaption><strong>Yohualichan: la sierra dentro de la historia regional<\/strong>Fotograf\u00eda de 2010. Los nichos invitan a comparar arquitectura; la fotograf\u00eda no determina fecha ni identidad de los constructores. <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Panor%C3%A1mica_Yohualichan.JPG\">Lievanomx \u00b7 2010 \u00b7 CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">Licencia \/ Licence<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r04-es-b2\"><style id=\"iict-visual-essays-20261106\">\n#main figure.iict-viz{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;max-width:100%;margin:2.3rem auto!important;padding:clamp(20px,3vw,34px)!important;border:1px solid #cfc3a9!important;border-top:3px solid #a68b46!important;border-radius:2px!important;background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fffcf4,#f5efdf)!important;color:#254761!important;box-shadow:0 18px 30px -32px #17314480;overflow:visible!important;float:none!important;clear:both;isolation:isolate;break-inside:avoid;}\n#main figure.iict-viz *,#main figure.iict-viz *::before,#main 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.viz-cell{padding:1rem!important;background:#e9eeec77;border-top:2px solid #a68b46}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla svg{height:125px!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla .viz-cell{padding-top:.5rem!important;border-top:1px solid #d7c8a3}\n@media(max-width:620px){#main figure.iict-viz{padding:18px!important;margin:1.8rem auto!important}#main figure.iict-viz .viz-art,#main figure.iict-viz:is(.viz-network,.viz-coordinates,.viz-cycle,.viz-water,.viz-duet) .viz-art{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:17px}#main figure.iict-viz .viz-cell{padding-bottom:1rem!important;border-bottom:1px solid #d9ceb7}#main figure.iict-viz .viz-cell:last-child{border-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0!important}#main figure.iict-viz .viz-cell p{font-size:15px!important}#main figure.iict-viz svg{height:75px!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla svg{height:115px!important}#main figure.iict-viz .viz-kicker{font-size:10px;letter-spacing:.08em}#main figure.iict-viz:is(.viz-network,.viz-coordinates,.viz-cycle) .viz-art{border:0;gap:0}#main figure.iict-viz:is(.viz-network,.viz-coordinates,.viz-cycle) .viz-cell{border:1px solid #cfc3a9;margin-bottom:12px!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-flow .viz-cell:not(:last-child)::after{content:'\u2193';top:auto;bottom:-15px;right:50%;font-size:20px}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-timeline .viz-art{border-top:0;border-left:1px solid #ad9453;padding:0 0 0 20px;gap:24px}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-timeline .viz-cell::before{top:8px;left:-25px}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-layers .viz-cell{padding:.9rem .6rem!important;grid-template-columns:27px 1fr;column-gap:8px}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-layers .viz-art{gap:0}#main figure.iict-viz:is(.viz-water,.viz-duet) .viz-cell{padding:1rem!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-triptych .viz-cell{display:grid;grid-template-columns:65px 1fr;column-gap:14px}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-triptych .viz-cell svg{grid-row:1\/4;height:65px!important;margin:0!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-triptych .viz-number{display:none}}\n@media print{#main figure.iict-viz{box-shadow:none!important;background:#fff!important}#main figure.iict-viz .viz-cell{break-inside:avoid}}\n@media(max-width:620px){#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla .viz-cell{display:grid;grid-template-columns:72px minmax(0,1fr);column-gap:14px;align-content:start}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla .viz-cell svg{grid-row:1\/4;width:72px!important;height:100px!important;margin:0!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla .viz-number{display:none}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla h4{font-size:16px!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla .viz-cell p{font-size:15px!important}}<\/style>\n<figure class=\"iict-viz viz-lenses\" id=\"iict-viz-r04-es\" lang=\"es\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-viz-r04-es-title\"><header><div class=\"viz-kicker\"><span>Cuadernos visuales<\/span><span>R04 \u00b7 01<\/span><\/div><h3 id=\"iict-viz-r04-es-title\">Tres huellas, tres preguntas de historia<\/h3><p>Las evidencias se relacionan; sus respuestas no son intercambiables.<\/p><\/header><div class=\"viz-art\" style=\"--viz-cols:3\"><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><path d=\"M40 93l61-63 40 36 35-48 64 75H40zM85 48l16-18 18 17M159 42l17-24 20 26M40 101h200\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><h4>Edificios y objetos<\/h4><p>\u00bfQu\u00e9 secuencias y relaciones materiales se pueden estudiar?<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><path d=\"M80 22h120v56h-67l-24 20V78H80zM98 42h84M98 57h62\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><h4>Lenguas<\/h4><p>\u00bfQu\u00e9 comunidades y relaciones documenta cada fuente?<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><path d=\"M90 14h82l22 22v60H90z\"\/><path d=\"M172 14v22h22M106 47h64M106 59h56M106 71h65M106 83h38\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><h4>Documentos<\/h4><p>\u00bfQui\u00e9n describi\u00f3 el territorio, cu\u00e1ndo y con qu\u00e9 prop\u00f3sito?<\/p><\/div><\/div><figcaption>Una semejanza arquitect\u00f3nica no resuelve por s\u00ed sola una atribuci\u00f3n \u00e9tnica.<span class=\"viz-source\">S\u00edntesis visual original del Instituto \u00b7 <a href=\"#r04-es-comparison\">Fuentes y contraste<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"iict-plate\" id=\"iict-plate-r04-a-es\" lang=\"es\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r04-a-es-title\" style=\"--plate-cols:3\"><div class=\"plate-top\"><p class=\"plate-kicker\">Cuaderno ilustrado \u00b7 I<\/p><h3 id=\"iict-plate-r04-a-es-title\">Cinco sitios para leer una historia regional<\/h3><\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"plate-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 750 420\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r04-a-es-art-title iict-plate-r04-a-es-art-desc\"><title id=\"iict-plate-r04-a-es-art-title\">Cinco sitios para leer una historia regional<\/title><desc id=\"iict-plate-r04-a-es-art-desc\">1. Un sitio conserva edificios, materiales y capas de ocupaci\u00f3n. 2. Comparar sitios ampl\u00eda la escala de la pregunta. 3. Cada cronolog\u00eda necesita su propia evidencia. Siluetas arquitect\u00f3nicas evocativas para acompa\u00f1ar los cinco casos del texto; no son reconstrucciones de edificios ni plantas arqueol\u00f3gicas.<\/desc><defs><pattern id=\"iict-plate-r04-a-es-grain\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" width=\"17\" height=\"19\"><circle cx=\"2\" cy=\"3\" r=\".6\" fill=\"#a9a384\" opacity=\".15\"\/><circle cx=\"11\" cy=\"14\" r=\".5\" fill=\"#b3a98a\" opacity=\".16\"\/><\/pattern><\/defs><rect width=\"750\" height=\"420\" fill=\"url(#iict-plate-r04-a-es-grain)\"\/><path d=\"M20 309 Q164 250 290 301 Q425 254 565 300 T730 309\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#bac1a6\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><g transform=\"translate(100 247) scale(0.6)\"><path d=\"M-112 30 L-112 7 L-85 7 L-85 -18 L-56 -18 L-56 -42 L-27 -42 L-27 -67 L27 -67 L27 -42 L56 -42 L56 -18 L85 -18 L85 7 L112 7 L112 30Z\" fill=\"#d8c7a5\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-17 30 L-17 -67 M17 -67 L17 30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#f5eddb\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"20\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"4\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"4\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-12\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-28\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-28\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-44\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-44\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-60\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-60\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><\/g><g transform=\"translate(243 175) scale(0.75)\"><path d=\"M-112 30 L-112 7 L-85 7 L-85 -18 L-56 -18 L-56 -42 L-27 -42 L-27 -67 L27 -67 L27 -42 L56 -42 L56 -18 L85 -18 L85 7 L112 7 L112 30Z\" fill=\"#d8c7a5\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-17 30 L-17 -67 M17 -67 L17 30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#f5eddb\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"20\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"4\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"4\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-12\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-28\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-28\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-44\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-44\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-60\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-60\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><\/g><g transform=\"translate(394 261) scale(0.85)\"><path d=\"M-112 30 L-112 7 L-85 7 L-85 -18 L-56 -18 L-56 -42 L-27 -42 L-27 -67 L27 -67 L27 -42 L56 -42 L56 -18 L85 -18 L85 7 L112 7 L112 30Z\" fill=\"#d8c7a5\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-17 30 L-17 -67 M17 -67 L17 30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#f5eddb\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"20\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"4\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"4\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-12\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-28\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-28\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-44\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-44\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-60\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-60\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><\/g><g transform=\"translate(544 165) scale(0.55)\"><path d=\"M-112 30 L-112 7 L-85 7 L-85 -18 L-56 -18 L-56 -42 L-27 -42 L-27 -67 L27 -67 L27 -42 L56 -42 L56 -18 L85 -18 L85 7 L112 7 L112 30Z\" fill=\"#d8c7a5\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-17 30 L-17 -67 M17 -67 L17 30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#f5eddb\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"20\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"4\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"4\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-12\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-28\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-28\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-44\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-44\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-60\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-60\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><\/g><g transform=\"translate(655 272) scale(0.55)\"><path d=\"M-112 30 L-112 7 L-85 7 L-85 -18 L-56 -18 L-56 -42 L-27 -42 L-27 -67 L27 -67 L27 -42 L56 -42 L56 -18 L85 -18 L85 7 L112 7 L112 30Z\" fill=\"#d8c7a5\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-17 30 L-17 -67 M17 -67 L17 30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#f5eddb\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"20\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"4\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"4\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-12\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-28\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-28\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-44\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-44\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-60\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-60\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><\/g><path d=\"M91 292 Q119 95 249 121 T510 91 Q659 87 683 236\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#baa679\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 8\"\/><circle cx=\"157\" cy=\"354\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"157\" y=\"362\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1<\/text><circle cx=\"374\" cy=\"354\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"374\" y=\"362\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">2<\/text><circle cx=\"593\" cy=\"354\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"593\" y=\"362\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">3<\/text><\/svg><ol class=\"plate-legend\"><li>Un sitio conserva edificios, materiales y capas de ocupaci\u00f3n.<\/li><li>Comparar sitios ampl\u00eda la escala de la pregunta.<\/li><li>Cada cronolog\u00eda necesita su propia evidencia.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"plate-caption\">Siluetas arquitect\u00f3nicas evocativas para acompa\u00f1ar los cinco casos del texto; no son reconstrucciones de edificios ni plantas arqueol\u00f3gicas. \u00b7 Ilustraci\u00f3n original del Instituto \u00b7 <a href=\"#r04-es-comparison\">Fuentes y contraste<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"iict-entre-epocas\" style=\"display:block;float:none;width:100%;max-width:1100px;margin:2rem auto\"><img src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-tajin-recreacion-1920.jpg\" alt=\"El Taj\u00edn: recreaci\u00f3n editorial de una escena de exploraci\u00f3n arqueol\u00f3gica hacia 1920.\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"display:block;width:100%;height:auto;max-height:none;object-fit:contain\"><figcaption style=\"display:block;font:12px\/1.6 var(--sans, sans-serif);text-align:left;margin-top:.65rem;color:#56625b\">El Taj\u00edn: recreaci\u00f3n editorial de una escena de exploraci\u00f3n arqueol\u00f3gica hacia 1920.<\/figcaption><\/figure><h2>Por qu\u00e9 las fechas de Taj\u00edn no coinciden del todo<\/h2><p>La ficha actual del INAH sit\u00faa el florecimiento entre 800 y 1100 d. C.; la s\u00edntesis de UNESCO presenta una expansi\u00f3n entre 800 y 1200. Ram\u00edrez recoge, entre otras discusiones, la propuesta de Br\u00fcggemann de 900\u20131200. No conviene promediar esos intervalos para fabricar una fecha definitiva: \u201cocupaci\u00f3n\u201d, \u201cauge\u201d y \u201cabandono\u201d no siempre describen el mismo fen\u00f3meno.<\/p><p>Para fechar un sitio hay que saber c\u00f3mo se obtuvieron las fechas, qu\u00e9 materiales se examinaron y qu\u00e9 etapas se intenta explicar. Las fuentes tienen tareas distintas: una ficha de visita resume; una declaraci\u00f3n patrimonial justifica un valor; un art\u00edculo arqueol\u00f3gico debate interpretaciones. Sus diferencias no las vuelven equivalentes. Resolver la discrepancia exige consultar las secuencias y dataciones de cada investigaci\u00f3n. Por eso aqu\u00ed cada intervalo conserva su autor: no se trasladan fechas de una fuente a otra.<sup><a href=\"#r04-es-s2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"#r04-es-s3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"#r04-es-s4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><section class=\"r-bars\" aria-label=\"Taj\u00edn: tres intervalos publicados\"><h3>Taj\u00edn: tres intervalos publicados<\/h3><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>INAH \u00b7 800\u20131100<\/span><div class=\"r-track\"><span class=\"r-fill\" style=\"margin-left:0%;width:75%\"><\/span><\/div><span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>UNESCO \u00b7 800\u20131200<\/span><div class=\"r-track\"><span class=\"r-fill\" style=\"margin-left:0%;width:100%\"><\/span><\/div><span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>Ram\u00edrez \/ Br\u00fcggemann \u00b7 900\u20131200<\/span><div class=\"r-track\"><span class=\"r-fill\" style=\"margin-left:25%;width:75%\"><\/span><\/div><span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-axis\"><span>800<\/span><span>1200<\/span><\/div><p class=\"research-method\">A\u00f1os d. C. La escala compara los intervalos; no iguala ocupaci\u00f3n, apogeo y abandono. Fuentes [2\u20134].<\/p><\/section><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r04-es-b3\"><h2>Tributo, negociaci\u00f3n y el giro de 1519<\/h2><p>La expansi\u00f3n mexica trajo exigencias de tributo y relaciones de poder que cambiaban de una localidad a otra. La s\u00edntesis regional del INAH y la discusi\u00f3n de Ram\u00edrez sit\u00faan esas presiones en distintos momentos del siglo XV. Para entenderlas hay que seguir campa\u00f1as concretas y a quienes intervinieron en ellas, en lugar de imaginar que toda la regi\u00f3n fue conquistada a la vez.<\/p><p>En Cempoala, la alianza con Cort\u00e9s en 1519 tuvo un contexto pol\u00edtico local y tributario. Explica una decisi\u00f3n de determinados dirigentes, no un consentimiento uniforme de todos los pueblos ni una igualdad duradera con los conquistadores. Despu\u00e9s llegaron nuevas instituciones coloniales, cambios en las obligaciones y crisis demogr\u00e1ficas. Para medir epidemias o despoblamientos localidad por localidad hacen falta padrones, registros y series espec\u00edficas: este art\u00edculo no asigna una cifra regional sin ellos.<sup><a href=\"#r04-es-s5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r04-es-b4\"><h2>De los caminos coloniales a la pol\u00edtica republicana<\/h2><p>Las monta\u00f1as y los r\u00edos no aislaron por completo a sus habitantes. El estudio de Santander muestra c\u00f3mo comerciantes, arrieros y autoridades enlazaban lugares y transportaban noticias. Esas relaciones previas pod\u00edan sostener tanto la circulaci\u00f3n cotidiana como la organizaci\u00f3n de una protesta.<\/p><p>Santander distingue tres conflictos: el tumulto de Papantla de 1787, la insurgencia de 1812\u20131820 y la rebeli\u00f3n de Mariano Olarte de 1836\u20131838. No fueron un levantamiento ininterrumpido ni tuvieron siempre la misma causa. Entre ellos cambiaron autoridades, alianzas, conflictos y oportunidades. Los documentos judiciales y militares que analiza dejan ver tambi\u00e9n los intereses de quienes investigaban o reprim\u00edan. Sus categor\u00edas forman parte de esa disputa; no son una descripci\u00f3n neutral de toda la sociedad.<sup><a href=\"#r04-es-s9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><section class=\"research-visual\"><h3>Una cronolog\u00eda de procesos, no una sola l\u00ednea de continuidad<\/h3><ol class=\"r-timeline\"><li><span>200\u2013800<\/span><strong>Cuajilote<\/strong>Periodo principal de la ficha de Veracruz; no fecha de todos los sitios.<\/li><li><span>800\u20131200<\/span><strong>Taj\u00edn y sus cronolog\u00edas<\/strong>Intervalo amplio de UNESCO; otras fuentes delimitan el auge de otro modo.<\/li><li><span>Siglo XV \/ 1519<\/span><strong>Tributos y alianzas<\/strong>Presiones mexicas y decisiones locales ante la llegada de Cort\u00e9s.<\/li><li><span>1787 \/ 1812\u20131820 \/ 1836\u20131838<\/span><strong>Protestas y conflictos<\/strong>Episodios distintos examinados por Santander.<\/li><li><span>1876 \/ 1932\u20131938<\/span><strong>Tierra y petr\u00f3leo<\/strong>Fraccionamiento y formaci\u00f3n del espacio industrial estudiados por Olvera.<\/li><li><span>1992\u20131993 \/ hoy<\/span><strong>Conservaci\u00f3n y lectura<\/strong>Intervenciones en Paxil y nuevas preguntas sobre el patrimonio.<\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r04-es-b5\"><h2>Tierra e industria: la historia tampoco termin\u00f3 en las pir\u00e1mides<\/h2><p>Poza Rica obliga a incorporar la historia industrial a la del territorio. Olvera estudia la formaci\u00f3n del espacio obrero entre 1932 y 1938 mediante historia oral, testimonios y archivos sindicales y personales. Su reconstrucci\u00f3n vincula las parcelas surgidas del fraccionamiento de 1876 con posteriores arrendamientos petroleros. Por eso, la ciudad industrial no puede narrarse como si hubiera aparecido sobre una tierra sin propietarios ni historia.<\/p><p>El traslado del campamento de Palma Sola en 1932 reuni\u00f3 trabajadores con trayectorias y conocimientos diferentes. La vivienda, las v\u00edas de acceso y la posibilidad de aprender un oficio distribu\u00edan oportunidades de manera desigual. El cambio regional consist\u00eda tambi\u00e9n en estas relaciones entre tierra, trabajo y residencia. Este caso ayuda a formular nuevas preguntas sobre caminos e industria; no autoriza a proyectar autom\u00e1ticamente sus condiciones de los a\u00f1os treinta sobre los habitantes actuales.<sup><a href=\"#r04-es-s10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r04-es-b6\"><aside class=\"iict-reading-addition\" data-kind=\"aside\" id=\"iict-reading-r04-es\" lang=\"es\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-reading-r04-es-title\"><span class=\"reading-kicker\">Una historia concreta<\/span><h3 id=\"iict-reading-r04-es-title\">Cuando Cempoala viaj\u00f3 a Madrid<\/h3><p>El pasado regional tambi\u00e9n circul\u00f3 en fotograf\u00edas y planos. La expedici\u00f3n dirigida por Francisco del Paso y Troncoso reuni\u00f3 registros de Cempoala para la Exposici\u00f3n Hist\u00f3rico-Americana de Madrid de 1892. Un plano de 1891 conserva los nombres de los ingenieros Pedro Pablo Romero y Fernando del Castillo y del lit\u00f3grafo Genaro L\u00f3pez. Rosa Casanova estudia c\u00f3mo esas im\u00e1genes intervinieron en la presentaci\u00f3n p\u00fablica de la arqueolog\u00eda. <a class=\"reading-ref\" href=\"#iict-reading-r04-es-source\" aria-label=\"Ver fuentes y contraste\">\u2197<\/a><\/p><p>Entre el monumento y su imagen hay trabajo de campo, decisiones de encuadre y una idea de lo que merece mostrarse. Esa mediaci\u00f3n tambi\u00e9n tiene historia: conservar un edificio y conservar los documentos de sus intervenciones permite volver a leerlo desde preguntas diferentes.<\/p><p class=\"reading-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/revistas.inah.gob.mx\/index.php\/dimension\/article\/view\/1525\">Rosa Casanova \u00b7 Dimensi\u00f3n Antropol\u00f3gica 42, 2008<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.davidrumsey.com\/luna\/servlet\/detail\/RUMSEY~8~1~307212~90077123%3APlano-de-las-ruinas-de-Cempoala--Sh\">Plano de Cempoala, 1891 \u00b7 David Rumsey Map Collection<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"#r04-es-comparison\">Fuentes y contraste<\/a><\/p><\/aside>\n<figure class=\"iict-entre-epocas\" style=\"display:block;float:none;width:100%;max-width:1100px;margin:2rem auto\"><img src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-papantla-vida-calles-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Papantla, la vida en las calles: fotograf\u00edas originales de archivo y una recreaci\u00f3n en color inspirada en ellas.\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"display:block;width:100%;height:auto;max-height:none;object-fit:contain\"><figcaption style=\"display:block;font:12px\/1.6 var(--sans, sans-serif);text-align:left;margin-top:.65rem;color:#56625b\">Papantla, la vida en las calles: fotograf\u00edas originales de archivo y una recreaci\u00f3n en color inspirada en ellas.<\/figcaption><\/figure><h2>Conservar tambi\u00e9n forma parte de la historia<\/h2><p>El trabajo de Ruiz Gordillo sobre Paxil documenta intervenciones realizadas en 1992\u20131993 y planos posteriores de conservaci\u00f3n. La fecha de un plano moderno identifica una acci\u00f3n sobre el sitio; no fecha la construcci\u00f3n antigua que representa. Esa distinci\u00f3n sencilla evita errores frecuentes al reutilizar documentos e im\u00e1genes.<\/p><p>Entre una ciudad antigua y nuestra visita actual hay excavaciones, decisiones de restauraci\u00f3n, comunidades vecinas y maneras de explicar el pasado. Estudiar c\u00f3mo han intervenido ayuda a comprender el patrimonio como una responsabilidad compartida y un proceso hist\u00f3rico. La conservaci\u00f3n cambia lo que hoy podemos ver, estudiar y transmitir: forma parte de la historia del sitio.<sup><a href=\"#r04-es-s8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><figure class=\"research-visual\"><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r04-cuajilote-jesus-alejandro-2008.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r04-cuajilote-jesus-alejandro-2008.jpg\" alt=\"Cuajilote y el paisaje del Filobobos\" width=\"2304\" height=\"1728\"><\/a><figcaption><strong>Cuajilote y el paisaje del Filobobos<\/strong>Cuenca Filobobos\u2013Nautla, entorno de Atzalan. La ficha original lleva el t\u00edtulo FiLoBoBoS; fecha seg\u00fan EXIF. Fotograf\u00eda completa, sin edici\u00f3n. <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:FiLoBoBoS_-_panoramio.jpg\">Jesus Alejandro Guer\u2026 \u00b7 2008 (EXIF) \u00b7 CC BY 3.0<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/\">Licencia \/ Licence<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r04-es-b7\"><figure class=\"iict-plate\" id=\"iict-plate-r04-b-es\" lang=\"es\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r04-b-es-title\" style=\"--plate-cols:3\"><div class=\"plate-top\"><p class=\"plate-kicker\">Cuaderno ilustrado \u00b7 II<\/p><h3 id=\"iict-plate-r04-b-es-title\">Del terreno al archivo, del archivo a otra mirada<\/h3><\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"plate-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 750 420\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r04-b-es-art-title iict-plate-r04-b-es-art-desc\"><title id=\"iict-plate-r04-b-es-art-title\">Del terreno al archivo, del archivo a otra mirada<\/title><desc id=\"iict-plate-r04-b-es-art-desc\">1. 1891: el plano conserva nombres y decisiones del registro. 2. 1892: fotograf\u00edas y planos circulan hacia la exposici\u00f3n de Madrid. 3. La investigaci\u00f3n posterior vuelve a preguntar c\u00f3mo se present\u00f3 la arqueolog\u00eda. Cadena documental basada en el plano y en el estudio de Rosa Casanova; fechas de registro y circulaci\u00f3n, no de construcci\u00f3n antigua.<\/desc><defs><pattern id=\"iict-plate-r04-b-es-grain\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" width=\"17\" height=\"19\"><circle cx=\"2\" cy=\"3\" r=\".6\" fill=\"#a9a384\" opacity=\".15\"\/><circle cx=\"11\" cy=\"14\" r=\".5\" fill=\"#b3a98a\" opacity=\".16\"\/><\/pattern><\/defs><rect width=\"750\" height=\"420\" fill=\"url(#iict-plate-r04-b-es-grain)\"\/><path d=\"M62 117 L211 88 L240 257 L89 288Z\" fill=\"#e6dec9\" stroke=\"#9c906d\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M80 134 Q143 140 205 114 M89 163 L213 142 M95 188 L217 169 M99 217 L222 197\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b4aa8d\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><g transform=\"translate(156 214) scale(0.3)\"><path d=\"M-112 30 L-112 7 L-85 7 L-85 -18 L-56 -18 L-56 -42 L-27 -42 L-27 -67 L27 -67 L27 -42 L56 -42 L56 -18 L85 -18 L85 7 L112 7 L112 30Z\" fill=\"#d8c7a5\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-17 30 L-17 -67 M17 -67 L17 30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#f5eddb\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"20\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"4\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"4\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-12\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-28\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-28\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-44\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-44\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-60\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-60\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><\/g><line x1=\"258\" y1=\"180\" x2=\"315\" y2=\"180\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 7\"\/><circle cx=\"315\" cy=\"180\" r=\"4\" fill=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><rect x=\"336\" y=\"102\" width=\"148\" height=\"190\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#ede5d2\" stroke=\"#a39166\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"351\" y=\"118\" width=\"118\" height=\"124\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#a6b7a3\" stroke=\"#8d9a82\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><g transform=\"translate(409 219) scale(0.45)\"><path d=\"M-112 30 L-112 7 L-85 7 L-85 -18 L-56 -18 L-56 -42 L-27 -42 L-27 -67 L27 -67 L27 -42 L56 -42 L56 -18 L85 -18 L85 7 L112 7 L112 30Z\" fill=\"#d8c7a5\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-17 30 L-17 -67 M17 -67 L17 30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#f5eddb\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"20\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"4\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"4\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-12\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-28\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-28\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-44\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-44\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-60\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-60\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><\/g><text x=\"410\" y=\"275\" fill=\"#9b7c3f\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"25\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1892<\/text><line x1=\"504\" y1=\"180\" x2=\"555\" y2=\"180\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 7\"\/><circle cx=\"555\" cy=\"180\" r=\"4\" fill=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g transform=\"translate(628 201) scale(0.62)\"><path d=\"M0 -67 C-36 -92 -83 -82 -105 -76 L-105 65 C-61 53 -24 57 0 76 C24 57 61 53 105 65 L105 -76 C70 -86 30 -90 0 -67Z\" fill=\"#f6efde\" stroke=\"#9c8e6b\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"-65\" x2=\"0\" y2=\"73\" stroke=\"#9c8e6b\" stroke-width=\"2\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -45 Q-46 -54 -15 -35 M15 -35 Q46 -54 88 -45\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -29 Q-46 -38 -15 -19 M15 -19 Q46 -38 88 -29\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -13 Q-46 -22 -15 -3 M15 -3 Q46 -22 88 -13\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 3 Q-46 -6 -15 13 M15 13 Q46 -6 88 3\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 19 Q-46 10 -15 29 M15 29 Q46 10 88 19\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 35 Q-46 26 -15 45 M15 45 Q46 26 88 35\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><\/g><circle cx=\"157\" cy=\"337\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"157\" y=\"345\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1<\/text><circle cx=\"410\" cy=\"337\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"410\" y=\"345\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">2<\/text><circle cx=\"628\" cy=\"337\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"628\" y=\"345\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">3<\/text><text x=\"147\" y=\"72\" fill=\"#9b7c3f\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"26\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1891<\/text><\/svg><ol class=\"plate-legend\"><li>1891: el plano conserva nombres y decisiones del registro.<\/li><li>1892: fotograf\u00edas y planos circulan hacia la exposici\u00f3n de Madrid.<\/li><li>La investigaci\u00f3n posterior vuelve a preguntar c\u00f3mo se present\u00f3 la arqueolog\u00eda.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"plate-caption\">Cadena documental basada en el plano y en el estudio de Rosa Casanova; fechas de registro y circulaci\u00f3n, no de construcci\u00f3n antigua. \u00b7 Ilustraci\u00f3n original del Instituto \u00b7 <a href=\"#r04-es-comparison\">Fuentes y contraste<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Una historia de relaciones que siguen abiertas<\/h2><p>La comparaci\u00f3n sostiene una conclusi\u00f3n concreta: el Totonacapan no se explica mediante un solo sitio, una \u00fanica \u00e9poca o una identidad atribuida sin pruebas a todos los materiales. Se entiende mejor al seguir relaciones entre ciudades, campos, mercados, comunidades y espacios industriales, atendiendo a los cambios en quienes los habitan y gobiernan.<\/p><p>Quedan l\u00edneas de investigaci\u00f3n precisas: contrastar dataciones de Taj\u00edn; reconstruir trayectorias entre sierra y costa; estudiar epidemias mediante series locales; relacionar propiedad, infraestructura y trabajo en periodos definidos. Son preguntas que hacen crecer la historia sin rellenar sus vac\u00edos con certezas inventadas. Las comunidades actuales forman parte de esa historia y de su interpretaci\u00f3n, no son una ilustraci\u00f3n inm\u00f3vil de un pasado arqueol\u00f3gico.<\/p><\/section><details class=\"research-comparison\" id=\"r04-es-comparison\"><summary>Fuentes y contraste \u00b7 desplegar investigaci\u00f3n<\/summary><div class=\"research-matrix\"><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Tabla de datos\" style=\"--journal-table-min:40rem\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Pregunta \/ hip\u00f3tesis<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Fuentes y localizaci\u00f3n<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Qu\u00e9 observa cada fuente<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Contraste e interpretaci\u00f3n<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfArquitectura equivale a pueblo?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes y localizaci\u00f3n\">INAH, s\u00edntesis regional [1], frente a Ram\u00edrez [2].<\/td><td data-label=\"Qu\u00e9 observa cada fuente\">La primera organiza sitios bajo una categor\u00eda cultural; el segundo problematiza atribuciones \u00e9tnicas a partir de materiales heterog\u00e9neos.<\/td><td data-label=\"Contraste e interpretaci\u00f3n\">Diferencia de prop\u00f3sito y grado de certeza, no dos excavaciones que arrojen resultados opuestos. Los nichos permiten investigar conexiones; identificar poblaciones exige contextos fechados y pruebas adicionales.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfCu\u00e1ndo floreci\u00f3 Taj\u00edn?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes y localizaci\u00f3n\">INAH [3]: 800\u20131100; UNESCO [4]: 800\u20131200; discusi\u00f3n Ram\u00edrez\/Br\u00fcggemann [2]: 900\u20131200.<\/td><td data-label=\"Qu\u00e9 observa cada fuente\">Los intervalos coinciden parcialmente, pero sus l\u00edmites y t\u00e9rminos no son id\u00e9nticos.<\/td><td data-label=\"Contraste e interpretaci\u00f3n\">Se conservan las tres atribuciones. La comprobaci\u00f3n siguiente requiere comparar secuencias, muestras y definiciones de fase; no elegir la fecha por prestigio institucional ni promediarlas.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bf1519 explica a toda la regi\u00f3n?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes y localizaci\u00f3n\">Cempoala [5], s\u00edntesis regional [1] y discusi\u00f3n [2].<\/td><td data-label=\"Qu\u00e9 observa cada fuente\">Una ficha local documenta una alianza; la escala regional re\u00fane diferentes procesos tributarios.<\/td><td data-label=\"Contraste e interpretaci\u00f3n\">Complementariedad de escalas. La decisi\u00f3n cempoalteca no demuestra unanimidad regional. Hacen falta expedientes y cronolog\u00edas por localidad para reconstruir obligaciones y respuestas.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfLas rebeliones forman un solo movimiento?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes y localizaci\u00f3n\">Santander [9], episodios y conclusiones.<\/td><td data-label=\"Qu\u00e9 observa cada fuente\">Redes previas facilitan circulaci\u00f3n y movilizaci\u00f3n; cambian actores y coyunturas entre 1787, la independencia y Olarte.<\/td><td data-label=\"Contraste e interpretaci\u00f3n\">No se fuerza una causa \u00fanica. La reconstrucci\u00f3n se apoya en el an\u00e1lisis publicado de archivos; no se atribuye al Instituto una consulta directa de esos expedientes. El t\u00edtulo del art\u00edculo termina en 1830, pero su an\u00e1lisis incluye 1836\u20131838.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfIndustria significa empezar desde cero?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes y localizaci\u00f3n\">Olvera [10], pp. 823\u2013828, frente a una lectura de \u201cterritorio vac\u00edo\u201d.<\/td><td data-label=\"Qu\u00e9 observa cada fuente\">Propiedad anterior, arrendamientos, llegada de trabajadores y vivienda enlazan campo e industria.<\/td><td data-label=\"Contraste e interpretaci\u00f3n\">La hip\u00f3tesis de una fundaci\u00f3n sin historia previa resulta insuficiente. Las memorias y archivos de este estudio explican un caso y periodo, no toda la regi\u00f3n ni sus condiciones presentes.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfQu\u00e9 fecha representa un documento?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes y localizaci\u00f3n\">Ruiz Gordillo [8], presentaci\u00f3n y planos, junto con fichas de sitios [3,6,7].<\/td><td data-label=\"Qu\u00e9 observa cada fuente\">Un informe de intervenci\u00f3n fecha trabajos modernos; una s\u00edntesis arqueol\u00f3gica puede fechar ocupaci\u00f3n o auge.<\/td><td data-label=\"Contraste e interpretaci\u00f3n\">Son evidencias complementarias, con objetos distintos. Separar la fecha del registro, la del trabajo y la del edificio evita convertir una restauraci\u00f3n en una cronolog\u00eda antigua.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><h2>Fuentes documentales y localizaci\u00f3n de la consulta<\/h2><ol class=\"research-refs\"><li id=\"r04-es-s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lugares.inah.gob.mx\/es\/taxonomy\/term\/56106\">INAH \u00b7 Cultura Totonaca<\/a><br><span>S\u00edntesis territorial de J. Omar Ruiz Gordillo; secci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica y sitios enlazados. \/ Territorial synthesis; historical section and linked sites. \/ Synth\u00e8se territoriale et sites associ\u00e9s.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r04-es-s2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.revistas.inah.gob.mx\/index.php\/ollin\/article\/view\/18287\">Gustavo A. Ram\u00edrez Castilla \u00b7 El Totonacapan y la cuesti\u00f3n totonaca \u00b7 Ollin 17 (2016), pp. 23\u201330; edici\u00f3n electr\u00f3nica 2022<\/a><br><span>Art\u00edculo: territorio, etnicidad y atribuciones arqueol\u00f3gicas. \/ Territory, ethnicity and archaeological attribution. \/ Territoire, ethnicit\u00e9 et attributions arch\u00e9ologiques.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r04-es-s3\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lugares.inah.gob.mx\/es\/node\/4343\">INAH \u00b7 El Taj\u00edn<\/a><br><span>Ficha: cronolog\u00eda y propuestas sobre el abandono. \/ Chronology and abandonment proposals. \/ Chronologie et hypoth\u00e8ses sur l\u2019abandon.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r04-es-s4\"><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/631\/\">UNESCO \u00b7 El Taj\u00edn, Pre-Hispanic City \u00b7 Lista del Patrimonio Mundial 631<\/a><br><span>S\u00edntesis y declaraci\u00f3n de valor universal excepcional. \/ Brief synthesis and outstanding universal value. \/ Synth\u00e8se et valeur universelle exceptionnelle.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r04-es-s5\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lugares.inah.gob.mx\/es\/node\/4379\">INAH \u00b7 Cempoala<\/a><br><span>Historia del sitio, tributo y 1519. \/ Site history, tribute and 1519. \/ Histoire du site, tribut et 1519.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r04-es-s6\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lugares.inah.gob.mx\/es\/node\/4486\">INAH \u00b7 Yohualichan<\/a><br><span>Ficha del sitio serrano. \/ Highland site record. \/ Notice du site de montagne.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r04-es-s7\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.veracruz.mx\/atractivo.php?idnota=1183\">Gobierno de Veracruz \u00b7 Cuajilote<\/a><br><span>Cuenca del Filobobos, ocupaci\u00f3n y periodo principal. \/ Filobobos basin, occupation and main period. \/ Bassin du Filobobos, occupation et p\u00e9riode principale.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r04-es-s8\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bibliotecadigital.inah.gob.mx\/janium\/Documentos\/TSER\/000F02591.pdf\">Javier Omar Ruiz Gordillo \u00b7 Paxil, la conservaci\u00f3n en una zona arqueol\u00f3gica de la regi\u00f3n de Misantla, Veracruz \u00b7 ENCRyM\u2013INAH, 1996<\/a><br><span>Portada interior, presentaci\u00f3n pp. 10\u201311 y planos de intervenci\u00f3n. \/ Inner title page, introduction pp. 10\u201311 and intervention plans. \/ Page de titre int\u00e9rieure, pr\u00e9sentation p. 10\u201311 et plans d\u2019intervention.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r04-es-s9\"><a href=\"https:\/\/revistas.inah.gob.mx\/index.php\/antropologia\/article\/view\/11185\">Juan Carlos Santander Ontiveros \u00b7 Rebeli\u00f3n y redes en el Totonacapan, del periodo colonial tard\u00edo al M\u00e9xico republicano (1780\u20131830)<\/a><br><span>Secciones sobre 1787, independencia y Olarte (1836\u20131838), y conclusiones. \/ Sections on 1787, independence and Olarte (1836\u20131838), and conclusions. \/ Sections sur 1787, l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance et Olarte (1836\u20131838), et conclusions.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r04-es-s10\"><a href=\"https:\/\/historicas.unam.mx\/publicaciones\/publicadigital\/libros\/276-02\/276-02-05-28-claseobrera.pdf\">Alberto Olvera \u00b7 La formaci\u00f3n de la clase obrera en un nuevo espacio urbano industrial: el caso de Poza Rica, Ver., 1932\u20131938 \u00b7 UNAM, 1999, pp. 823\u2013837; edici\u00f3n digital 2023<\/a><br><span>Introducci\u00f3n y secciones I\u2013III, pp. 823\u2013828: fuentes, tierras, reclutamiento y vivienda. \/ Introduction and sections I\u2013III, pp. 823\u2013828. \/ Introduction et sections I\u2013III, p. 823\u2013828.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><section class=\"iict-reading-source\" id=\"iict-reading-r04-es-source\" lang=\"es\"><h4>Cuando Cempoala viaj\u00f3 a Madrid<\/h4><p>El plano es una huella primaria; Casanova analiza la representaci\u00f3n fotogr\u00e1fica. La fecha del registro moderno no fecha las construcciones antiguas.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/revistas.inah.gob.mx\/index.php\/dimension\/article\/view\/1525\">Rosa Casanova \u00b7 Dimensi\u00f3n Antropol\u00f3gica 42, 2008<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.davidrumsey.com\/luna\/servlet\/detail\/RUMSEY~8~1~307212~90077123%3APlano-de-las-ruinas-de-Cempoala--Sh\">Plano de Cempoala, 1891 \u00b7 David Rumsey Map Collection<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"#iict-reading-r04-es\">Volver al pasaje<\/a><\/p><\/section>\n<\/details><nav><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1225\">Volver a Investigaciones del Totonacapan \u2192<\/a><\/nav><p class=\"research-version\">Edici\u00f3n documental \u00b7 ES \/ EN \/ FR \u00b7 05.11.2026 \u00b7 v1.0<\/p><!-- IICT-CITE R04 es --><aside class=\"iict-citation\" id=\"citar-r04-es\" aria-labelledby=\"citar-r04-es-title\"><h2 id=\"citar-r04-es-title\">C\u00f3mo citar este art\u00edculo<\/h2><p class=\"iict-citation-label\">Referencia bibliogr\u00e1fica sugerida<\/p><blockquote class=\"iict-citation-reference\">Instituto Internacional de Cultura del Totonacapan. \u00abHistoria del Totonacapan: de las ciudades antiguas a las transformaciones contempor\u00e1neas\u00bb. <cite>Cuadernos de investigaci\u00f3n<\/cite>, <strong>R04<\/strong>. The Integral Management Society (IMSV). <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1280#r04-es\">https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1280#r04-es<\/a>.<\/blockquote><p><strong>Referencia interna:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1280#r04-es\">R04<\/a>. Para citar un pasaje concreto, a\u00f1ade el t\u00edtulo de su secci\u00f3n.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1225#normas-citacion-es\">Criterios de citaci\u00f3n del Instituto \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/aside><!-- \/IICT-CITE R04 es --><\/article><details class=\"research-lang-version\" id=\"r04-en-version\"><summary>English \u00b7 complete article<\/summary><article id=\"r04-en\" lang=\"en\" aria-labelledby=\"r04-en-title\"><header><p class=\"research-version\">INVESTIGACIONES DEL TOTONACAPAN \u00b7 R04 \u00b7 History and encounters<\/p><h1 id=\"r04-en-title\">History of the Totonacapan: from ancient cities to contemporary transformations<\/h1><p class=\"research-deck\">A region becomes clearer when its cities, communities and routes recover their own historical time.<\/p><\/header><section class=\"research-abstract\"><h2>Abstract<\/h2><p>The Totonacapan brings together connected, but different, histories. Its archaeological sites belong to different periods and networks; Indigenous populations negotiated with and resisted changing powers; land tenure and industry later transformed relations between highlands and coast. This article compares archaeological records, heritage syntheses and historical research to explain these transformations without turning them into a uniform line of continuity.<\/p><h3>How this research was carried out<\/h3><p class=\"research-method\">Comparative documentary research \u00b7 Reviewed 5 November 2026. The sections consulted are identified in the sources. No excavations, interviews or archival consultations carried out by the Institute are claimed.<\/p><\/section><figure class=\"research-visual\"><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-territorio-cempoala-panoramica-20261104.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-territorio-cempoala-panoramica-20261104.jpg\" alt=\"Cempoala: a city on the coastal plain\" width=\"1920\" height=\"422\"><\/a><figcaption><strong>Cempoala: a city on the coastal plain<\/strong>A contemporary view of the site, not a reconstruction of 1519. Scaled presentation; image content unchanged. <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Panorama_of_Zempoala_Archaeological_Site_-_Veracruz_-_Mexico_(16051268601).jpg\">Adam Jones \u00b7 2014 \u00b7 CC BY-SA 2.0<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0\/\">Licencia \/ Licence<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><details class=\"iict-journal-toc\"><summary>In this article<\/summary><nav class=\"research-internal-nav\" aria-label=\"In this article\"><strong>In this article<\/strong><ol><li><a href=\"#r04-en-b0\">One regional name, several historical scales<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r04-en-b1\">Five sites, five questions<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r04-en-b2\">Why Taj\u00edn\u2019s dates do not entirely agree<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r04-en-b3\">Tribute, negotiation and the turning point of 1519<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r04-en-b4\">From colonial routes to republican politics<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r04-en-b5\">Land and industry: history did not end with the pyramids<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r04-en-b6\">Conservation is also part of history<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r04-en-b7\">A history of relationships that remain open<\/a><\/li><\/ol><a href=\"#r04-en-comparison\">Sources and comparison \u00b7 open the research<\/a><\/nav><\/details><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r04-en-b0\"><h2>One regional name, several historical scales<\/h2><p>A stone city provides evidence about buildings, construction sequences and objects. A language helps us understand communities and relationships. A territory named in a document also records the viewpoint of its author. These kinds of evidence can be connected, but none automatically replaces the others. Calling a historical region Totonacapan does not establish that all its inhabitants spoke the same language or that one people built all its monuments.<\/p><p>Ram\u00edrez Castilla turns this distinction into a research question: what evidence allows a site to be attributed to a population? Shared architecture alone permits several explanations: travelling specialists, the exchange of ideas, population movements or political connections. Our interpretation keeps these possibilities open and distinguishes cultural belonging recognised by communities today from identifying precisely who erected each building centuries ago.<sup><a href=\"#r04-en-s2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r04-en-b1\"><h2>Five sites, five questions<\/h2><p>El Taj\u00edn helps us study a major urban and ceremonial concentration. Yohualichan introduces the Puebla highlands and their architectural relationships with the lowlands. Paxil brings in the Misantla region and the history of conservation. Cuajilote opens up the Filobobos\u2013Nautla basin. Cempoala leads to the Late Postclassic and the alliances of 1519. Bringing them together expands the map; treating them as five versions of one city impoverishes it.<\/p><p>Similarities between niches at Taj\u00edn and Yohualichan provide a clue to investigate connections. They do not establish a common date or sufficiently prove an ethnic identity. Likewise, a long occupation does not mean that every visible building was constructed at the same time. The table offers a way to visit and read each site: locate it first, situate its period next, and then question the evidence.<sup><a href=\"#r04-en-s1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"#r04-en-s6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"#r04-en-s7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><div class=\"r-table-wrap\"><h3>Reading the territory through five sites<\/h3><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Data table\" style=\"--journal-table-min:40rem\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Site<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Location<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Period \/ evidence<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Research question<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">El Taj\u00edn<\/th><td data-label=\"Location\">Lowlands around Papantla<\/td><td data-label=\"Period \/ evidence\">Debated peak chronologies: see chart.<\/td><td data-label=\"Research question\">Which phase and materials does each study date?<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Yohualichan<\/th><td data-label=\"Location\">Cuetzalan highlands, Puebla<\/td><td data-label=\"Period \/ evidence\">Architectural relationships with the Gulf area.<\/td><td data-label=\"Research question\">Formal similarity, exchange or movement?<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Paxil<\/th><td data-label=\"Location\">Misantla region<\/td><td data-label=\"Period \/ evidence\">Ancient city; conservation documented in 1992\u20131993.<\/td><td data-label=\"Research question\">What belongs to the site and what to its restoration?<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Cuajilote<\/th><td data-label=\"Location\">Filobobos\u2013Nautla basin<\/td><td data-label=\"Period \/ evidence\">Main period AD 200\u2013800, according to Veracruz.<\/td><td data-label=\"Research question\">One centre\u2019s peak or occupation of the entire basin?<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Cempoala<\/th><td data-label=\"Location\">Central Veracruz coastal plain<\/td><td data-label=\"Period \/ evidence\">Late Postclassic and the alliance of 1519.<\/td><td data-label=\"Research question\">Which leaders and interests were involved?<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><figure class=\"research-visual\"><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-yohualichan-lievanomx-2010-20261104.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-yohualichan-lievanomx-2010-20261104.jpg\" alt=\"Yohualichan: the highlands within regional history\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\"><\/a><figcaption><strong>Yohualichan: the highlands within regional history<\/strong>Photograph from 2010. Niches invite architectural comparison; the image does not establish the builders\u2019 date or identity. <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Panor%C3%A1mica_Yohualichan.JPG\">Lievanomx \u00b7 2010 \u00b7 CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">Licencia \/ Licence<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r04-en-b2\"><figure class=\"iict-viz viz-lenses\" id=\"iict-viz-r04-en\" lang=\"en\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-viz-r04-en-title\"><header><div class=\"viz-kicker\"><span>Visual notebooks<\/span><span>R04 \u00b7 01<\/span><\/div><h3 id=\"iict-viz-r04-en-title\">Three traces, three historical questions<\/h3><p>Evidence can be connected; its answers are not interchangeable.<\/p><\/header><div class=\"viz-art\" style=\"--viz-cols:3\"><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><path d=\"M40 93l61-63 40 36 35-48 64 75H40zM85 48l16-18 18 17M159 42l17-24 20 26M40 101h200\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><h4>Buildings and objects<\/h4><p>Which material sequences and relationships can be studied?<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><path d=\"M80 22h120v56h-67l-24 20V78H80zM98 42h84M98 57h62\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><h4>Languages<\/h4><p>Which communities and relationships does each source document?<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><path d=\"M90 14h82l22 22v60H90z\"\/><path d=\"M172 14v22h22M106 47h64M106 59h56M106 71h65M106 83h38\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><h4>Documents<\/h4><p>Who described the territory, when and for what purpose?<\/p><\/div><\/div><figcaption>Architectural similarity alone does not establish an ethnic attribution.<span class=\"viz-source\">Original visual synthesis by the Institute \u00b7 <a href=\"#r04-en-comparison\">Sources and comparison<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"iict-plate\" id=\"iict-plate-r04-a-en\" lang=\"en\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r04-a-en-title\" style=\"--plate-cols:3\"><div class=\"plate-top\"><p class=\"plate-kicker\">Illustrated notebook \u00b7 I<\/p><h3 id=\"iict-plate-r04-a-en-title\">Five sites for reading a regional history<\/h3><\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"plate-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 750 420\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r04-a-en-art-title iict-plate-r04-a-en-art-desc\"><title id=\"iict-plate-r04-a-en-art-title\">Five sites for reading a regional history<\/title><desc id=\"iict-plate-r04-a-en-art-desc\">1. A site preserves buildings, materials and layers of occupation. 2. Comparing sites broadens the scale of the question. 3. Each chronology needs its own evidence. Evocative architectural silhouettes accompanying the five cases; not building reconstructions or archaeological plans.<\/desc><defs><pattern id=\"iict-plate-r04-a-en-grain\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" width=\"17\" height=\"19\"><circle cx=\"2\" cy=\"3\" r=\".6\" fill=\"#a9a384\" opacity=\".15\"\/><circle cx=\"11\" cy=\"14\" r=\".5\" fill=\"#b3a98a\" opacity=\".16\"\/><\/pattern><\/defs><rect width=\"750\" height=\"420\" fill=\"url(#iict-plate-r04-a-en-grain)\"\/><path d=\"M20 309 Q164 250 290 301 Q425 254 565 300 T730 309\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#bac1a6\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><g transform=\"translate(100 247) scale(0.6)\"><path d=\"M-112 30 L-112 7 L-85 7 L-85 -18 L-56 -18 L-56 -42 L-27 -42 L-27 -67 L27 -67 L27 -42 L56 -42 L56 -18 L85 -18 L85 7 L112 7 L112 30Z\" fill=\"#d8c7a5\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-17 30 L-17 -67 M17 -67 L17 30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#f5eddb\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"20\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"4\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"4\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-12\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-28\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-28\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-44\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-44\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-60\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-60\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><\/g><g transform=\"translate(243 175) scale(0.75)\"><path d=\"M-112 30 L-112 7 L-85 7 L-85 -18 L-56 -18 L-56 -42 L-27 -42 L-27 -67 L27 -67 L27 -42 L56 -42 L56 -18 L85 -18 L85 7 L112 7 L112 30Z\" fill=\"#d8c7a5\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-17 30 L-17 -67 M17 -67 L17 30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#f5eddb\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"20\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"4\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"4\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-12\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-28\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-28\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-44\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-44\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-60\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-60\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><\/g><g transform=\"translate(394 261) scale(0.85)\"><path d=\"M-112 30 L-112 7 L-85 7 L-85 -18 L-56 -18 L-56 -42 L-27 -42 L-27 -67 L27 -67 L27 -42 L56 -42 L56 -18 L85 -18 L85 7 L112 7 L112 30Z\" fill=\"#d8c7a5\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-17 30 L-17 -67 M17 -67 L17 30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#f5eddb\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"20\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"4\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"4\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-12\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-28\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-28\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-44\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-44\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-60\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-60\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><\/g><g transform=\"translate(544 165) scale(0.55)\"><path d=\"M-112 30 L-112 7 L-85 7 L-85 -18 L-56 -18 L-56 -42 L-27 -42 L-27 -67 L27 -67 L27 -42 L56 -42 L56 -18 L85 -18 L85 7 L112 7 L112 30Z\" fill=\"#d8c7a5\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-17 30 L-17 -67 M17 -67 L17 30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#f5eddb\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"20\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"4\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"4\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-12\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-28\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-28\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-44\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-44\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-60\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-60\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><\/g><g transform=\"translate(655 272) scale(0.55)\"><path d=\"M-112 30 L-112 7 L-85 7 L-85 -18 L-56 -18 L-56 -42 L-27 -42 L-27 -67 L27 -67 L27 -42 L56 -42 L56 -18 L85 -18 L85 7 L112 7 L112 30Z\" fill=\"#d8c7a5\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-17 30 L-17 -67 M17 -67 L17 30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#f5eddb\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"20\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"4\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"4\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-12\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-28\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-28\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-44\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-44\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-60\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-60\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><\/g><path d=\"M91 292 Q119 95 249 121 T510 91 Q659 87 683 236\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#baa679\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 8\"\/><circle cx=\"157\" cy=\"354\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"157\" y=\"362\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1<\/text><circle cx=\"374\" cy=\"354\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"374\" y=\"362\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">2<\/text><circle cx=\"593\" cy=\"354\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"593\" y=\"362\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">3<\/text><\/svg><ol class=\"plate-legend\"><li>A site preserves buildings, materials and layers of occupation.<\/li><li>Comparing sites broadens the scale of the question.<\/li><li>Each chronology needs its own evidence.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"plate-caption\">Evocative architectural silhouettes accompanying the five cases; not building reconstructions or archaeological plans. \u00b7 Original illustration by the Institute \u00b7 <a href=\"#r04-en-comparison\">Sources and comparison<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Why Taj\u00edn\u2019s dates do not entirely agree<\/h2><p>The current INAH entry places its flourishing between AD 800 and 1100; UNESCO\u2019s synthesis describes expansion between 800 and 1200. Ram\u00edrez discusses, among other interpretations, Br\u00fcggemann\u2019s proposal of 900\u20131200. Averaging these intervals would manufacture a definitive date: occupation, peak and abandonment do not necessarily describe the same phenomenon.<\/p><p>Dating a site requires knowing how the dates were obtained, which materials were examined and which phases they explain. Disagreement does not make all sources equivalent. A visitor record communicates a synthesis; a heritage statement explains significance; an archaeological article debates interpretations. Resolving the discrepancy requires the sequences and dates underlying each investigation. Here the intervals retain their attribution, without transferring a date from one source to another.<sup><a href=\"#r04-en-s2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"#r04-en-s3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"#r04-en-s4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><section class=\"r-bars\" aria-label=\"Taj\u00edn: three published intervals\"><h3>Taj\u00edn: three published intervals<\/h3><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>INAH \u00b7 800\u20131100<\/span><div class=\"r-track\"><span class=\"r-fill\" style=\"margin-left:0%;width:75%\"><\/span><\/div><span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>UNESCO \u00b7 800\u20131200<\/span><div class=\"r-track\"><span class=\"r-fill\" style=\"margin-left:0%;width:100%\"><\/span><\/div><span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>Ram\u00edrez \/ Br\u00fcggemann \u00b7 900\u20131200<\/span><div class=\"r-track\"><span class=\"r-fill\" style=\"margin-left:25%;width:75%\"><\/span><\/div><span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-axis\"><span>800<\/span><span>1200<\/span><\/div><p class=\"research-method\">Years AD. The scale compares intervals, without equating occupation, peak and abandonment. Sources [2\u20134].<\/p><\/section><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r04-en-b3\"><h2>Tribute, negotiation and the turning point of 1519<\/h2><p>Mexica expansion introduced duties to pay tribute and power relations that varied between localities. INAH\u2019s regional synthesis and Ram\u00edrez\u2019s discussion place these pressures at different moments in the fifteenth century. This diversity calls for studying particular campaigns and subjects rather than imagining one simultaneous conquest of the entire region.<\/p><p>At Cempoala, the alliance with Cort\u00e9s in 1519 had a local political and tributary context. It explains a decision by particular leaders, rather than unanimous consent from every community or lasting equality with the conquistadors. Colonial institutions, changing obligations and demographic crises followed. Measuring epidemics or depopulation locality by locality requires specific population registers, records and series: this article does not assign a regional figure without them.<sup><a href=\"#r04-en-s5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r04-en-b4\"><h2>From colonial routes to republican politics<\/h2><p>Mountains and rivers did not completely isolate their inhabitants. Santander\u2019s study shows how merchants, muleteers and authorities linked places and carried news. Those existing relationships could support everyday circulation as well as the organisation of a protest.<\/p><p>His research distinguishes the Papantla riot of 1787, the insurgency of 1812\u20131820 and Mariano Olarte\u2019s rebellion of 1836\u20131838. They were neither one continuous uprising nor responses to an unchanging cause. Authorities, alliances, disputes and opportunities changed. The judicial and military records he analyses also register the interests of investigators and repressive authorities: their categories must be read as part of the conflict, rather than a neutral description of the whole society.<sup><a href=\"#r04-en-s9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><section class=\"research-visual\"><h3>A chronology of processes, not one line of continuity<\/h3><ol class=\"r-timeline\"><li><span>200\u2013800<\/span><strong>Cuajilote<\/strong>Main period in the Veracruz record; not the date of every site.<\/li><li><span>800\u20131200<\/span><strong>Taj\u00edn and its chronologies<\/strong>UNESCO\u2019s broad interval; other sources define its peak differently.<\/li><li><span>15th century \/ 1519<\/span><strong>Tribute and alliances<\/strong>Mexica pressures and local decisions when Cort\u00e9s arrived.<\/li><li><span>1787 \/ 1812\u20131820 \/ 1836\u20131838<\/span><strong>Protests and conflicts<\/strong>Separate episodes examined by Santander.<\/li><li><span>1876 \/ 1932\u20131938<\/span><strong>Land and oil<\/strong>Land division and industrial space studied by Olvera.<\/li><li><span>1992\u20131993 \/ today<\/span><strong>Conservation and interpretation<\/strong>Interventions at Paxil and new heritage questions.<\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r04-en-b5\"><h2>Land and industry: history did not end with the pyramids<\/h2><p>Poza Rica brings industrial history into the history of the territory. Olvera studies the formation of its working-class space between 1932 and 1938 through oral history, testimonies, and union and personal archives. His reconstruction connects plots created through the division of land in 1876 with subsequent oil leases. The industrial city therefore cannot be described as emerging on land without owners or history.<\/p><p>The relocation of the Palma Sola camp in 1932 brought together workers with different experiences and knowledge. Housing, access routes and opportunities to learn a trade distributed chances unequally. Regional change also consisted of these relationships between land, work and residence. This case helps formulate questions about routes and industry; it does not justify projecting conditions in the 1930s automatically onto present-day inhabitants.<sup><a href=\"#r04-en-s10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r04-en-b6\"><aside class=\"iict-reading-addition\" data-kind=\"aside\" id=\"iict-reading-r04-en\" lang=\"en\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-reading-r04-en-title\"><span class=\"reading-kicker\">A closer story<\/span><h3 id=\"iict-reading-r04-en-title\">When Cempoala travelled to Madrid<\/h3><p>The region\u2019s past also travelled through photographs and plans. The expedition led by Francisco del Paso y Troncoso assembled records of Cempoala for the 1892 Historical-American Exhibition in Madrid. An 1891 plan preserves the names of engineers Pedro Pablo Romero and Fernando del Castillo and lithographer Genaro L\u00f3pez. Rosa Casanova examines how these images shaped the public presentation of archaeology. <a class=\"reading-ref\" href=\"#iict-reading-r04-en-source\" aria-label=\"See sources and comparison\">\u2197<\/a><\/p><p>Between a monument and its image lie fieldwork, choices of framing and ideas about what deserves to be shown. That mediation has a history too: preserving a building and the records of its interventions allows it to be read again through different questions.<\/p><p class=\"reading-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/revistas.inah.gob.mx\/index.php\/dimension\/article\/view\/1525\">Rosa Casanova \u00b7 Dimensi\u00f3n Antropol\u00f3gica 42, 2008<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.davidrumsey.com\/luna\/servlet\/detail\/RUMSEY~8~1~307212~90077123%3APlano-de-las-ruinas-de-Cempoala--Sh\">Plano de Cempoala, 1891 \u00b7 David Rumsey Map Collection<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"#r04-en-comparison\">Sources and comparison<\/a><\/p><\/aside>\n<h2>Conservation is also part of history<\/h2><p>Ruiz Gordillo\u2019s work on Paxil documents interventions undertaken in 1992\u20131993 and later conservation plans. The date of a modern plan identifies work on a site; it does not date the ancient construction depicted. This simple distinction prevents common errors when documents and images are reused.<\/p><p>Between an ancient city and a contemporary visit lie excavations, restoration decisions, neighbouring communities and ways of explaining the past. Studying how these interventions shape what we see allows us to recognise heritage as a shared responsibility and a historical process. Conservation is no decorative appendix: it changes what we can see, study and transmit today.<sup><a href=\"#r04-en-s8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><figure class=\"research-visual\"><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r04-cuajilote-jesus-alejandro-2008.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r04-cuajilote-jesus-alejandro-2008.jpg\" alt=\"Cuajilote and the Filobobos landscape\" width=\"2304\" height=\"1728\"><\/a><figcaption><strong>Cuajilote and the Filobobos landscape<\/strong>Filobobos\u2013Nautla basin, near Atzalan. The original record is titled FiLoBoBoS; date from EXIF. Full photograph, unedited. <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:FiLoBoBoS_-_panoramio.jpg\">Jesus Alejandro Guer\u2026 \u00b7 2008 (EXIF) \u00b7 CC BY 3.0<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/\">Licencia \/ Licence<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r04-en-b7\"><figure class=\"iict-plate\" id=\"iict-plate-r04-b-en\" lang=\"en\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r04-b-en-title\" style=\"--plate-cols:3\"><div class=\"plate-top\"><p class=\"plate-kicker\">Illustrated notebook \u00b7 II<\/p><h3 id=\"iict-plate-r04-b-en-title\">From field to archive, from archive to another reading<\/h3><\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"plate-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 750 420\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r04-b-en-art-title iict-plate-r04-b-en-art-desc\"><title id=\"iict-plate-r04-b-en-art-title\">From field to archive, from archive to another reading<\/title><desc id=\"iict-plate-r04-b-en-art-desc\">1. 1891: the plan preserves names and recording decisions. 2. 1892: photographs and plans circulate towards the Madrid exhibition. 3. Later research asks again how archaeology was presented. Documentary chain based on the plan and Rosa Casanova\u2019s study; recording and circulation dates, not ancient construction dates.<\/desc><defs><pattern id=\"iict-plate-r04-b-en-grain\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" width=\"17\" height=\"19\"><circle cx=\"2\" cy=\"3\" r=\".6\" fill=\"#a9a384\" opacity=\".15\"\/><circle cx=\"11\" cy=\"14\" r=\".5\" fill=\"#b3a98a\" opacity=\".16\"\/><\/pattern><\/defs><rect width=\"750\" height=\"420\" fill=\"url(#iict-plate-r04-b-en-grain)\"\/><path d=\"M62 117 L211 88 L240 257 L89 288Z\" fill=\"#e6dec9\" stroke=\"#9c906d\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M80 134 Q143 140 205 114 M89 163 L213 142 M95 188 L217 169 M99 217 L222 197\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b4aa8d\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><g transform=\"translate(156 214) scale(0.3)\"><path d=\"M-112 30 L-112 7 L-85 7 L-85 -18 L-56 -18 L-56 -42 L-27 -42 L-27 -67 L27 -67 L27 -42 L56 -42 L56 -18 L85 -18 L85 7 L112 7 L112 30Z\" fill=\"#d8c7a5\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-17 30 L-17 -67 M17 -67 L17 30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#f5eddb\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"20\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"4\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"4\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-12\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-28\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-28\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-44\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-44\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-60\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-60\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><\/g><line x1=\"258\" y1=\"180\" x2=\"315\" y2=\"180\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 7\"\/><circle cx=\"315\" cy=\"180\" r=\"4\" fill=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><rect x=\"336\" y=\"102\" width=\"148\" height=\"190\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#ede5d2\" stroke=\"#a39166\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"351\" y=\"118\" width=\"118\" height=\"124\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#a6b7a3\" stroke=\"#8d9a82\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><g transform=\"translate(409 219) scale(0.45)\"><path d=\"M-112 30 L-112 7 L-85 7 L-85 -18 L-56 -18 L-56 -42 L-27 -42 L-27 -67 L27 -67 L27 -42 L56 -42 L56 -18 L85 -18 L85 7 L112 7 L112 30Z\" fill=\"#d8c7a5\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-17 30 L-17 -67 M17 -67 L17 30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#f5eddb\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"20\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"4\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"4\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-12\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-28\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-28\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-44\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-44\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-60\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-60\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><\/g><text x=\"410\" y=\"275\" fill=\"#9b7c3f\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"25\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1892<\/text><line x1=\"504\" y1=\"180\" x2=\"555\" y2=\"180\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 7\"\/><circle cx=\"555\" cy=\"180\" r=\"4\" fill=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g transform=\"translate(628 201) scale(0.62)\"><path d=\"M0 -67 C-36 -92 -83 -82 -105 -76 L-105 65 C-61 53 -24 57 0 76 C24 57 61 53 105 65 L105 -76 C70 -86 30 -90 0 -67Z\" fill=\"#f6efde\" stroke=\"#9c8e6b\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"-65\" x2=\"0\" y2=\"73\" stroke=\"#9c8e6b\" stroke-width=\"2\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -45 Q-46 -54 -15 -35 M15 -35 Q46 -54 88 -45\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -29 Q-46 -38 -15 -19 M15 -19 Q46 -38 88 -29\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -13 Q-46 -22 -15 -3 M15 -3 Q46 -22 88 -13\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 3 Q-46 -6 -15 13 M15 13 Q46 -6 88 3\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 19 Q-46 10 -15 29 M15 29 Q46 10 88 19\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 35 Q-46 26 -15 45 M15 45 Q46 26 88 35\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><\/g><circle cx=\"157\" cy=\"337\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"157\" y=\"345\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1<\/text><circle cx=\"410\" cy=\"337\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"410\" y=\"345\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">2<\/text><circle cx=\"628\" cy=\"337\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"628\" y=\"345\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">3<\/text><text x=\"147\" y=\"72\" fill=\"#9b7c3f\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"26\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1891<\/text><\/svg><ol class=\"plate-legend\"><li>1891: the plan preserves names and recording decisions.<\/li><li>1892: photographs and plans circulate towards the Madrid exhibition.<\/li><li>Later research asks again how archaeology was presented.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"plate-caption\">Documentary chain based on the plan and Rosa Casanova\u2019s study; recording and circulation dates, not ancient construction dates. \u00b7 Original illustration by the Institute \u00b7 <a href=\"#r04-en-comparison\">Sources and comparison<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>A history of relationships that remain open<\/h2><p>The comparison supports a concrete conclusion: the Totonacapan cannot be explained through one site, one period or an identity attributed without proof to all materials. It becomes clearer by following relationships between cities, fields, markets, communities and industrial spaces, and changes in those who inhabit and govern them.<\/p><p>Specific research directions remain: comparing Taj\u00edn\u2019s dates; reconstructing highland\u2013coastal trajectories; studying epidemics through local series; and connecting property, infrastructure and labour within defined periods. These questions expand history without filling gaps with invented certainty. Present-day communities are part of this history and its interpretation, rather than a motionless illustration of an archaeological past.<\/p><\/section><details class=\"research-comparison\" id=\"r04-en-comparison\"><summary>Sources and comparison \u00b7 open the research<\/summary><div class=\"research-matrix\"><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Data table\" style=\"--journal-table-min:40rem\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Question \/ hypothesis<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Sources and location<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What each source observes<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Comparison and interpretation<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Does architecture identify a people?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources and location\">INAH regional synthesis [1] compared with Ram\u00edrez [2].<\/td><td data-label=\"What each source observes\">The former organises sites under a cultural category; the latter questions ethnic attribution based on heterogeneous materials.<\/td><td data-label=\"Comparison and interpretation\">Different purpose and certainty, rather than two excavations producing opposing results. Niches suggest connections; identifying populations requires dated contexts and additional evidence.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">When did Taj\u00edn flourish?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources and location\">INAH [3]: 800\u20131100; UNESCO [4]: 800\u20131200; Ram\u00edrez\/Br\u00fcggemann discussion [2]: 900\u20131200.<\/td><td data-label=\"What each source observes\">The intervals partly overlap, but boundaries and terms differ.<\/td><td data-label=\"Comparison and interpretation\">All three attributions are retained. Further verification requires comparing sequences, samples and phase definitions, rather than choosing a date by institutional prestige or averaging them.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Does 1519 explain the whole region?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources and location\">Cempoala [5], regional synthesis [1] and discussion [2].<\/td><td data-label=\"What each source observes\">A local record documents an alliance; the regional scale combines different tributary processes.<\/td><td data-label=\"Comparison and interpretation\">Complementary scales. The Cempoala decision does not prove regional unanimity. Local records and chronologies are needed to reconstruct obligations and responses.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Were the rebellions one movement?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources and location\">Santander [9], episodes and conclusions.<\/td><td data-label=\"What each source observes\">Earlier networks facilitate circulation and mobilisation; actors and circumstances change between 1787, independence and Olarte.<\/td><td data-label=\"Comparison and interpretation\">No single cause is imposed. This reconstruction uses published archival analysis, not direct consultation of those records by the Institute. The article title ends in 1830, but its analysis includes 1836\u20131838.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Does industry mean starting from nothing?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources and location\">Olvera [10], pp. 823\u2013828, compared with an \u201cempty territory\u201d reading.<\/td><td data-label=\"What each source observes\">Earlier ownership, leases, arriving workers and housing connect agriculture and industry.<\/td><td data-label=\"Comparison and interpretation\">A foundation without previous history is an insufficient explanation. The memories and archives in this study illuminate a particular case and period, not the whole region or present-day conditions.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">What does a document\u2019s date refer to?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources and location\">Ruiz Gordillo [8], introduction and plans, alongside site records [3,6,7].<\/td><td data-label=\"What each source observes\">An intervention report dates modern works; an archaeological synthesis may date occupation or a peak.<\/td><td data-label=\"Comparison and interpretation\">Complementary evidence about different objects. Separating the date of the record, the work and the building prevents restoration from becoming an ancient chronology.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><h2>Documentary sources and sections consulted<\/h2><ol class=\"research-refs\"><li id=\"r04-en-s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lugares.inah.gob.mx\/es\/taxonomy\/term\/56106\">INAH \u00b7 Cultura Totonaca<\/a><br><span>S\u00edntesis territorial de J. Omar Ruiz Gordillo; secci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica y sitios enlazados. \/ Territorial synthesis; historical section and linked sites. \/ Synth\u00e8se territoriale et sites associ\u00e9s.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r04-en-s2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.revistas.inah.gob.mx\/index.php\/ollin\/article\/view\/18287\">Gustavo A. Ram\u00edrez Castilla \u00b7 El Totonacapan y la cuesti\u00f3n totonaca \u00b7 Ollin 17 (2016), pp. 23\u201330; edici\u00f3n electr\u00f3nica 2022<\/a><br><span>Art\u00edculo: territorio, etnicidad y atribuciones arqueol\u00f3gicas. \/ Territory, ethnicity and archaeological attribution. \/ Territoire, ethnicit\u00e9 et attributions arch\u00e9ologiques.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r04-en-s3\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lugares.inah.gob.mx\/es\/node\/4343\">INAH \u00b7 El Taj\u00edn<\/a><br><span>Ficha: cronolog\u00eda y propuestas sobre el abandono. \/ Chronology and abandonment proposals. \/ Chronologie et hypoth\u00e8ses sur l\u2019abandon.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r04-en-s4\"><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/631\/\">UNESCO \u00b7 El Taj\u00edn, Pre-Hispanic City \u00b7 Lista del Patrimonio Mundial 631<\/a><br><span>S\u00edntesis y declaraci\u00f3n de valor universal excepcional. \/ Brief synthesis and outstanding universal value. \/ Synth\u00e8se et valeur universelle exceptionnelle.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r04-en-s5\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lugares.inah.gob.mx\/es\/node\/4379\">INAH \u00b7 Cempoala<\/a><br><span>Historia del sitio, tributo y 1519. \/ Site history, tribute and 1519. \/ Histoire du site, tribut et 1519.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r04-en-s6\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lugares.inah.gob.mx\/es\/node\/4486\">INAH \u00b7 Yohualichan<\/a><br><span>Ficha del sitio serrano. \/ Highland site record. \/ Notice du site de montagne.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r04-en-s7\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.veracruz.mx\/atractivo.php?idnota=1183\">Gobierno de Veracruz \u00b7 Cuajilote<\/a><br><span>Cuenca del Filobobos, ocupaci\u00f3n y periodo principal. \/ Filobobos basin, occupation and main period. \/ Bassin du Filobobos, occupation et p\u00e9riode principale.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r04-en-s8\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bibliotecadigital.inah.gob.mx\/janium\/Documentos\/TSER\/000F02591.pdf\">Javier Omar Ruiz Gordillo \u00b7 Paxil, la conservaci\u00f3n en una zona arqueol\u00f3gica de la regi\u00f3n de Misantla, Veracruz \u00b7 ENCRyM\u2013INAH, 1996<\/a><br><span>Portada interior, presentaci\u00f3n pp. 10\u201311 y planos de intervenci\u00f3n. \/ Inner title page, introduction pp. 10\u201311 and intervention plans. \/ Page de titre int\u00e9rieure, pr\u00e9sentation p. 10\u201311 et plans d\u2019intervention.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r04-en-s9\"><a href=\"https:\/\/revistas.inah.gob.mx\/index.php\/antropologia\/article\/view\/11185\">Juan Carlos Santander Ontiveros \u00b7 Rebeli\u00f3n y redes en el Totonacapan, del periodo colonial tard\u00edo al M\u00e9xico republicano (1780\u20131830)<\/a><br><span>Secciones sobre 1787, independencia y Olarte (1836\u20131838), y conclusiones. \/ Sections on 1787, independence and Olarte (1836\u20131838), and conclusions. \/ Sections sur 1787, l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance et Olarte (1836\u20131838), et conclusions.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r04-en-s10\"><a href=\"https:\/\/historicas.unam.mx\/publicaciones\/publicadigital\/libros\/276-02\/276-02-05-28-claseobrera.pdf\">Alberto Olvera \u00b7 La formaci\u00f3n de la clase obrera en un nuevo espacio urbano industrial: el caso de Poza Rica, Ver., 1932\u20131938 \u00b7 UNAM, 1999, pp. 823\u2013837; edici\u00f3n digital 2023<\/a><br><span>Introducci\u00f3n y secciones I\u2013III, pp. 823\u2013828: fuentes, tierras, reclutamiento y vivienda. \/ Introduction and sections I\u2013III, pp. 823\u2013828. \/ Introduction et sections I\u2013III, p. 823\u2013828.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><section class=\"iict-reading-source\" id=\"iict-reading-r04-en-source\" lang=\"en\"><h4>When Cempoala travelled to Madrid<\/h4><p>The plan is a primary record; Casanova analyses photographic representation. The date of modern documentation does not date the ancient structures.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/revistas.inah.gob.mx\/index.php\/dimension\/article\/view\/1525\">Rosa Casanova \u00b7 Dimensi\u00f3n Antropol\u00f3gica 42, 2008<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.davidrumsey.com\/luna\/servlet\/detail\/RUMSEY~8~1~307212~90077123%3APlano-de-las-ruinas-de-Cempoala--Sh\">Plano de Cempoala, 1891 \u00b7 David Rumsey Map Collection<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"#iict-reading-r04-en\">Return to the passage<\/a><\/p><\/section>\n<\/details><nav><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1225#research-hub-en\">Back to Totonacapan Research \u2192<\/a><\/nav><p class=\"research-version\">Documentary edition \u00b7 ES \/ EN \/ FR \u00b7 05.11.2026 \u00b7 v1.0<\/p><!-- IICT-CITE R04 en --><aside class=\"iict-citation\" id=\"citar-r04-en\" aria-labelledby=\"citar-r04-en-title\"><h2 id=\"citar-r04-en-title\">How to cite this article<\/h2><p class=\"iict-citation-label\">Suggested bibliographic reference<\/p><blockquote class=\"iict-citation-reference\">Instituto Internacional de Cultura del Totonacapan. \u00abHistory of the Totonacapan: from ancient cities to contemporary transformations\u00bb. <cite>Research notebooks<\/cite>, <strong>R04<\/strong>. The Integral Management Society (IMSV). <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1280#r04-en\">https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1280#r04-en<\/a>.<\/blockquote><p><strong>Internal reference:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1280#r04-en\">R04<\/a>. For a specific passage, add its section title.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1225#normas-citacion-en\">The Institute\u2019s citation guidance \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/aside><!-- \/IICT-CITE R04 en --><\/article><\/details><details class=\"research-lang-version\" id=\"r04-fr-version\"><summary>Fran\u00e7ais \u00b7 article int\u00e9gral<\/summary><article id=\"r04-fr\" lang=\"fr\" aria-labelledby=\"r04-fr-title\"><header><p class=\"research-version\">INVESTIGACIONES DEL TOTONACAPAN \u00b7 R04 \u00b7 Histoire et rencontres<\/p><h1 id=\"r04-fr-title\">Histoire du Totonacapan : des cit\u00e9s anciennes aux transformations contemporaines<\/h1><p class=\"research-deck\">Une r\u00e9gion se comprend mieux lorsque ses villes, ses communaut\u00e9s et ses chemins retrouvent leurs temporalit\u00e9s propres.<\/p><\/header><section class=\"research-abstract\"><h2>R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/h2><p>Le Totonacapan r\u00e9unit des histoires li\u00e9es, mais diff\u00e9rentes. Ses sites arch\u00e9ologiques appartiennent \u00e0 des p\u00e9riodes et \u00e0 des r\u00e9seaux distincts ; les populations autochtones ont n\u00e9goci\u00e9 avec des pouvoirs changeants et leur ont r\u00e9sist\u00e9 ; la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 fonci\u00e8re et l\u2019industrie ont ensuite transform\u00e9 les rapports entre montagne et littoral. Cet article confronte donn\u00e9es arch\u00e9ologiques, synth\u00e8ses patrimoniales et recherches historiques pour expliquer ces transformations sans en faire une continuit\u00e9 uniforme.<\/p><h3>M\u00e9thode de recherche<\/h3><p class=\"research-method\">Recherche documentaire comparative \u00b7 R\u00e9vision : 5 novembre 2026. Les parties consult\u00e9es sont indiqu\u00e9es dans les sources. Aucune fouille, aucun entretien ni aucune consultation d\u2019archives r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par l\u2019Institut ne sont revendiqu\u00e9s.<\/p><\/section><figure class=\"research-visual\"><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-territorio-cempoala-panoramica-20261104.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-territorio-cempoala-panoramica-20261104.jpg\" alt=\"Cempoala : une cit\u00e9 de la plaine littorale\" width=\"1920\" height=\"422\"><\/a><figcaption><strong>Cempoala : une cit\u00e9 de la plaine littorale<\/strong>Vue contemporaine du site, et non reconstitution de 1519. Pr\u00e9sentation \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle, sans modification du contenu. <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Panorama_of_Zempoala_Archaeological_Site_-_Veracruz_-_Mexico_(16051268601).jpg\">Adam Jones \u00b7 2014 \u00b7 CC BY-SA 2.0<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0\/\">Licencia \/ Licence<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><details class=\"iict-journal-toc\"><summary>Dans cet article<\/summary><nav class=\"research-internal-nav\" aria-label=\"Dans cet article\"><strong>Dans cet article<\/strong><ol><li><a href=\"#r04-fr-b0\">Un nom r\u00e9gional, plusieurs \u00e9chelles historiques<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r04-fr-b1\">Cinq sites, cinq questions<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r04-fr-b2\">Pourquoi les dates de Taj\u00edn ne co\u00efncident pas enti\u00e8rement<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r04-fr-b3\">Tribut, n\u00e9gociation et tournant de 1519<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r04-fr-b4\">Des chemins coloniaux \u00e0 la politique r\u00e9publicaine<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r04-fr-b5\">Terre et industrie : l\u2019histoire ne s\u2019arr\u00eate pas aux pyramides<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r04-fr-b6\">Conserver fait aussi partie de l\u2019histoire<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r04-fr-b7\">Une histoire de relations toujours ouvertes<\/a><\/li><\/ol><a href=\"#r04-fr-comparison\">Sources et confrontation \u00b7 d\u00e9plier la recherche<\/a><\/nav><\/details><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r04-fr-b0\"><h2>Un nom r\u00e9gional, plusieurs \u00e9chelles historiques<\/h2><p>Une ville de pierre renseigne sur des b\u00e2timents, des s\u00e9quences de construction et des objets. Une langue aide \u00e0 comprendre des communaut\u00e9s et des relations. Un territoire nomm\u00e9 dans un document porte aussi le regard de son auteur. Ces preuves peuvent se croiser, mais aucune ne remplace automatiquement les autres. Appeler Totonacapan une r\u00e9gion historique ne d\u00e9montre ni que tous ses habitants parlaient la m\u00eame langue ni qu\u2019un seul peuple a construit tous ses monuments.<\/p><p>Ram\u00edrez Castilla transforme cette distinction en question de recherche : quelles preuves permettent d\u2019attribuer un site \u00e0 une population ? Une architecture partag\u00e9e admet plusieurs explications : circulation de sp\u00e9cialistes, \u00e9changes d\u2019id\u00e9es, d\u00e9placements de personnes ou liens politiques. Notre lecture conserve ces possibilit\u00e9s et distingue l\u2019appartenance culturelle reconnue aujourd\u2019hui par les communaut\u00e9s de l\u2019identification pr\u00e9cise des b\u00e2tisseurs de chaque \u00e9difice ancien.<sup><a href=\"#r04-fr-s2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r04-fr-b1\"><h2>Cinq sites, cinq questions<\/h2><p>El Taj\u00edn permet d\u2019\u00e9tudier une importante concentration urbaine et c\u00e9r\u00e9monielle. Yohualichan introduit la montagne de Puebla et ses relations architecturales avec les basses terres. Paxil apporte la r\u00e9gion de Misantla et l\u2019histoire de la conservation. Cuajilote ouvre sur le bassin Filobobos\u2013Nautla. Cempoala conduit au Postclassique tardif et aux alliances de 1519. Les r\u00e9unir \u00e9largit la carte ; les traiter comme cinq versions d\u2019une m\u00eame ville l\u2019appauvrit.<\/p><p>Les ressemblances entre les niches de Taj\u00edn et de Yohualichan invitent \u00e0 rechercher des liens. Elles ne prouvent ni une date commune ni, \u00e0 elles seules, une identit\u00e9 ethnique. De m\u00eame, une longue occupation ne signifie pas que tous les b\u00e2timents visibles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 construits ensemble. Le tableau propose une m\u00e9thode de visite et de lecture : localiser, situer la p\u00e9riode, puis interroger les preuves.<sup><a href=\"#r04-fr-s1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"#r04-fr-s6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"#r04-fr-s7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><div class=\"r-table-wrap\"><h3>Lire le territoire \u00e0 travers cinq sites<\/h3><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Tableau de donn\u00e9es\" style=\"--journal-table-min:40rem\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Site<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Espace<\/th><th scope=\"col\">P\u00e9riode \/ preuves<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Question de recherche<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">El Taj\u00edn<\/th><td data-label=\"Espace\">Basses terres autour de Papantla<\/td><td data-label=\"P\u00e9riode \/ preuves\">Chronologies de l\u2019apog\u00e9e d\u00e9battues : voir le graphique.<\/td><td data-label=\"Question de recherche\">Quelle phase et quels mat\u00e9riaux chaque \u00e9tude date-t-elle ?<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Yohualichan<\/th><td data-label=\"Espace\">Montagne de Cuetzalan, Puebla<\/td><td data-label=\"P\u00e9riode \/ preuves\">Relations architecturales avec l\u2019aire du Golfe.<\/td><td data-label=\"Question de recherche\">Ressemblance formelle, \u00e9change ou d\u00e9placement ?<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Paxil<\/th><td data-label=\"Espace\">R\u00e9gion de Misantla<\/td><td data-label=\"P\u00e9riode \/ preuves\">Cit\u00e9 ancienne et conservation document\u00e9e en 1992\u20131993.<\/td><td data-label=\"Question de recherche\">Que doit-on au site et \u00e0 sa restauration ?<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Cuajilote<\/th><td data-label=\"Espace\">Bassin Filobobos\u2013Nautla<\/td><td data-label=\"P\u00e9riode \/ preuves\">P\u00e9riode principale 200\u2013800, selon Veracruz.<\/td><td data-label=\"Question de recherche\">Apog\u00e9e d\u2019un centre ou occupation de tout le bassin ?<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Cempoala<\/th><td data-label=\"Espace\">Plaine littorale du centre de Veracruz<\/td><td data-label=\"P\u00e9riode \/ preuves\">Postclassique tardif et alliance de 1519.<\/td><td data-label=\"Question de recherche\">Quels dirigeants et quels int\u00e9r\u00eats interviennent ?<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><figure class=\"research-visual\"><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-yohualichan-lievanomx-2010-20261104.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-yohualichan-lievanomx-2010-20261104.jpg\" alt=\"Yohualichan : la montagne dans l\u2019histoire r\u00e9gionale\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\"><\/a><figcaption><strong>Yohualichan : la montagne dans l\u2019histoire r\u00e9gionale<\/strong>Photographie de 2010. Les niches invitent \u00e0 comparer les architectures ; l\u2019image n\u2019\u00e9tablit ni la date ni l\u2019identit\u00e9 des b\u00e2tisseurs. <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Panor%C3%A1mica_Yohualichan.JPG\">Lievanomx \u00b7 2010 \u00b7 CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">Licencia \/ Licence<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r04-fr-b2\"><figure class=\"iict-viz viz-lenses\" id=\"iict-viz-r04-fr\" lang=\"fr\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-viz-r04-fr-title\"><header><div class=\"viz-kicker\"><span>Carnets visuels<\/span><span>R04 \u00b7 01<\/span><\/div><h3 id=\"iict-viz-r04-fr-title\">Trois traces, trois questions d\u2019histoire<\/h3><p>Les preuves se croisent ; leurs r\u00e9ponses ne sont pas interchangeables.<\/p><\/header><div class=\"viz-art\" style=\"--viz-cols:3\"><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><path d=\"M40 93l61-63 40 36 35-48 64 75H40zM85 48l16-18 18 17M159 42l17-24 20 26M40 101h200\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><h4>B\u00e2timents et objets<\/h4><p>Quelles s\u00e9quences et relations mat\u00e9rielles peut-on \u00e9tudier ?<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><path d=\"M80 22h120v56h-67l-24 20V78H80zM98 42h84M98 57h62\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><h4>Langues<\/h4><p>Quelles communaut\u00e9s et relations chaque source documente-t-elle ?<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><path d=\"M90 14h82l22 22v60H90z\"\/><path d=\"M172 14v22h22M106 47h64M106 59h56M106 71h65M106 83h38\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><h4>Documents<\/h4><p>Qui a d\u00e9crit le territoire, quand et dans quel but ?<\/p><\/div><\/div><figcaption>Une ressemblance architecturale ne suffit pas \u00e0 \u00e9tablir une attribution ethnique.<span class=\"viz-source\">Synth\u00e8se visuelle originale de l\u2019Institut \u00b7 <a href=\"#r04-fr-comparison\">Sources et confrontation<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"iict-plate\" id=\"iict-plate-r04-a-fr\" lang=\"fr\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r04-a-fr-title\" style=\"--plate-cols:3\"><div class=\"plate-top\"><p class=\"plate-kicker\">Carnet illustr\u00e9 \u00b7 I<\/p><h3 id=\"iict-plate-r04-a-fr-title\">Cinq sites pour lire une histoire r\u00e9gionale<\/h3><\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"plate-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 750 420\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r04-a-fr-art-title iict-plate-r04-a-fr-art-desc\"><title id=\"iict-plate-r04-a-fr-art-title\">Cinq sites pour lire une histoire r\u00e9gionale<\/title><desc id=\"iict-plate-r04-a-fr-art-desc\">1. Un site conserve b\u00e2timents, mati\u00e8res et couches d\u2019occupation. 2. Comparer les sites \u00e9largit l\u2019\u00e9chelle de la question. 3. Chaque chronologie demande ses propres preuves. Silhouettes architecturales \u00e9vocatrices accompagnant les cinq cas ; ce ne sont ni des restitutions ni des plans arch\u00e9ologiques.<\/desc><defs><pattern id=\"iict-plate-r04-a-fr-grain\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" width=\"17\" height=\"19\"><circle cx=\"2\" cy=\"3\" r=\".6\" fill=\"#a9a384\" opacity=\".15\"\/><circle cx=\"11\" cy=\"14\" r=\".5\" fill=\"#b3a98a\" opacity=\".16\"\/><\/pattern><\/defs><rect width=\"750\" height=\"420\" fill=\"url(#iict-plate-r04-a-fr-grain)\"\/><path d=\"M20 309 Q164 250 290 301 Q425 254 565 300 T730 309\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#bac1a6\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><g transform=\"translate(100 247) scale(0.6)\"><path d=\"M-112 30 L-112 7 L-85 7 L-85 -18 L-56 -18 L-56 -42 L-27 -42 L-27 -67 L27 -67 L27 -42 L56 -42 L56 -18 L85 -18 L85 7 L112 7 L112 30Z\" fill=\"#d8c7a5\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-17 30 L-17 -67 M17 -67 L17 30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#f5eddb\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"20\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"4\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"4\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-12\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-28\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-28\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-44\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-44\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-60\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-60\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><\/g><g transform=\"translate(243 175) scale(0.75)\"><path d=\"M-112 30 L-112 7 L-85 7 L-85 -18 L-56 -18 L-56 -42 L-27 -42 L-27 -67 L27 -67 L27 -42 L56 -42 L56 -18 L85 -18 L85 7 L112 7 L112 30Z\" fill=\"#d8c7a5\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-17 30 L-17 -67 M17 -67 L17 30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#f5eddb\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"20\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"4\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"4\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-12\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-28\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-28\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-44\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-44\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-60\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-60\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><\/g><g transform=\"translate(394 261) scale(0.85)\"><path d=\"M-112 30 L-112 7 L-85 7 L-85 -18 L-56 -18 L-56 -42 L-27 -42 L-27 -67 L27 -67 L27 -42 L56 -42 L56 -18 L85 -18 L85 7 L112 7 L112 30Z\" fill=\"#d8c7a5\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-17 30 L-17 -67 M17 -67 L17 30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#f5eddb\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"20\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"4\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"4\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-12\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-28\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-28\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-44\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-44\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-60\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-60\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><\/g><g transform=\"translate(544 165) scale(0.55)\"><path d=\"M-112 30 L-112 7 L-85 7 L-85 -18 L-56 -18 L-56 -42 L-27 -42 L-27 -67 L27 -67 L27 -42 L56 -42 L56 -18 L85 -18 L85 7 L112 7 L112 30Z\" fill=\"#d8c7a5\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-17 30 L-17 -67 M17 -67 L17 30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#f5eddb\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"20\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"4\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"4\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-12\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-28\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-28\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-44\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-44\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-60\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-60\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><\/g><g transform=\"translate(655 272) scale(0.55)\"><path d=\"M-112 30 L-112 7 L-85 7 L-85 -18 L-56 -18 L-56 -42 L-27 -42 L-27 -67 L27 -67 L27 -42 L56 -42 L56 -18 L85 -18 L85 7 L112 7 L112 30Z\" fill=\"#d8c7a5\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-17 30 L-17 -67 M17 -67 L17 30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#f5eddb\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"20\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"4\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"4\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-12\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-28\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-28\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-44\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-44\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-60\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-60\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><\/g><path d=\"M91 292 Q119 95 249 121 T510 91 Q659 87 683 236\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#baa679\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-dasharray=\"3 8\"\/><circle cx=\"157\" cy=\"354\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"157\" y=\"362\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1<\/text><circle cx=\"374\" cy=\"354\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"374\" y=\"362\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">2<\/text><circle cx=\"593\" cy=\"354\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"593\" y=\"362\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">3<\/text><\/svg><ol class=\"plate-legend\"><li>Un site conserve b\u00e2timents, mati\u00e8res et couches d\u2019occupation.<\/li><li>Comparer les sites \u00e9largit l\u2019\u00e9chelle de la question.<\/li><li>Chaque chronologie demande ses propres preuves.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"plate-caption\">Silhouettes architecturales \u00e9vocatrices accompagnant les cinq cas ; ce ne sont ni des restitutions ni des plans arch\u00e9ologiques. \u00b7 Illustration originale de l\u2019Institut \u00b7 <a href=\"#r04-fr-comparison\">Sources et confrontation<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Pourquoi les dates de Taj\u00edn ne co\u00efncident pas enti\u00e8rement<\/h2><p>La notice actuelle de l\u2019INAH situe l\u2019apog\u00e9e entre 800 et 1100 de notre \u00e8re ; la synth\u00e8se de l\u2019UNESCO d\u00e9crit une expansion entre 800 et 1200. Ram\u00edrez examine notamment la proposition de Br\u00fcggemann, 900\u20131200. Calculer une moyenne de ces intervalles fabriquerait une date d\u00e9finitive : occupation, apog\u00e9e et abandon ne d\u00e9signent pas toujours le m\u00eame ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne.<\/p><p>Pour dater un site, il faut conna\u00eetre la m\u00e9thode utilis\u00e9e, les mat\u00e9riaux \u00e9tudi\u00e9s et les phases \u00e0 expliquer. Les divergences ne rendent pas toutes les sources \u00e9quivalentes. Une notice de visite pr\u00e9sente une synth\u00e8se ; une d\u00e9claration patrimoniale justifie une valeur ; un article arch\u00e9ologique discute des interpr\u00e9tations. R\u00e9soudre l\u2019\u00e9cart exige les s\u00e9quences et les datations de chaque recherche. Les intervalles sont donc pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s avec leur attribution, sans transf\u00e9rer une date d\u2019une source \u00e0 l\u2019autre.<sup><a href=\"#r04-fr-s2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"#r04-fr-s3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"#r04-fr-s4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><section class=\"r-bars\" aria-label=\"Taj\u00edn : trois intervalles publi\u00e9s\"><h3>Taj\u00edn : trois intervalles publi\u00e9s<\/h3><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>INAH \u00b7 800\u20131100<\/span><div class=\"r-track\"><span class=\"r-fill\" style=\"margin-left:0%;width:75%\"><\/span><\/div><span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>UNESCO \u00b7 800\u20131200<\/span><div class=\"r-track\"><span class=\"r-fill\" style=\"margin-left:0%;width:100%\"><\/span><\/div><span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>Ram\u00edrez \/ Br\u00fcggemann \u00b7 900\u20131200<\/span><div class=\"r-track\"><span class=\"r-fill\" style=\"margin-left:25%;width:75%\"><\/span><\/div><span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-axis\"><span>800<\/span><span>1200<\/span><\/div><p class=\"research-method\">Ann\u00e9es de notre \u00e8re. L\u2019\u00e9chelle compare les intervalles sans assimiler occupation, apog\u00e9e et abandon. Sources [2\u20134].<\/p><\/section><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r04-fr-b3\"><h2>Tribut, n\u00e9gociation et tournant de 1519<\/h2><p>L\u2019expansion mexica a introduit des obligations de verser un tribut et des rapports de pouvoir variables selon les localit\u00e9s. La synth\u00e8se r\u00e9gionale de l\u2019INAH et la discussion de Ram\u00edrez situent ces pressions \u00e0 diff\u00e9rents moments du XVe si\u00e8cle. Cette diversit\u00e9 invite \u00e0 \u00e9tudier des campagnes et des acteurs pr\u00e9cis plut\u00f4t qu\u2019une conqu\u00eate simultan\u00e9e de toute la r\u00e9gion.<\/p><p>\u00c0 Cempoala, l\u2019alliance avec Cort\u00e9s en 1519 s\u2019inscrit dans un contexte politique et tributaire local. Elle explique une d\u00e9cision de certains dirigeants, pas un consentement unanime de tous les peuples ni une \u00e9galit\u00e9 durable avec les conquistadors. Des institutions coloniales, de nouvelles obligations et des crises d\u00e9mographiques ont suivi. Mesurer les \u00e9pid\u00e9mies et les d\u00e9peuplements localit\u00e9 par localit\u00e9 exige des registres et des s\u00e9ries sp\u00e9cifiques : cet article n\u2019attribue aucun chiffre r\u00e9gional sans ces donn\u00e9es.<sup><a href=\"#r04-fr-s5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r04-fr-b4\"><h2>Des chemins coloniaux \u00e0 la politique r\u00e9publicaine<\/h2><p>Montagnes et rivi\u00e8res n\u2019isolaient pas compl\u00e8tement leurs habitants. Santander montre comment marchands, muletiers et autorit\u00e9s reliaient les lieux et transportaient les nouvelles. Ces relations pr\u00e9existantes pouvaient soutenir aussi bien les \u00e9changes quotidiens que l\u2019organisation d\u2019une protestation.<\/p><p>Sa recherche distingue l\u2019\u00e9meute de Papantla de 1787, l\u2019insurrection de 1812\u20131820 et la r\u00e9bellion de Mariano Olarte de 1836\u20131838. Il ne s\u2019agit ni d\u2019un soul\u00e8vement continu ni de r\u00e9ponses \u00e0 une cause immuable. Autorit\u00e9s, alliances, conflits et possibilit\u00e9s changent. Les documents judiciaires et militaires analys\u00e9s portent aussi les int\u00e9r\u00eats de ceux qui enqu\u00eataient ou r\u00e9primaient : leurs cat\u00e9gories font partie du conflit et ne d\u00e9crivent pas de fa\u00e7on neutre toute la soci\u00e9t\u00e9.<sup><a href=\"#r04-fr-s9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><section class=\"research-visual\"><h3>Une chronologie de processus, sans continuit\u00e9 unique<\/h3><ol class=\"r-timeline\"><li><span>200\u2013800<\/span><strong>Cuajilote<\/strong>P\u00e9riode principale de la notice de Veracruz, pas la date de tous les sites.<\/li><li><span>800\u20131200<\/span><strong>Taj\u00edn et ses chronologies<\/strong>Intervalle large de l\u2019UNESCO ; d\u2019autres sources d\u00e9limitent autrement l\u2019apog\u00e9e.<\/li><li><span>XVe si\u00e8cle \/ 1519<\/span><strong>Tributs et alliances<\/strong>Pressions mexicas et d\u00e9cisions locales \u00e0 l\u2019arriv\u00e9e de Cort\u00e9s.<\/li><li><span>1787 \/ 1812\u20131820 \/ 1836\u20131838<\/span><strong>Protestations et conflits<\/strong>\u00c9pisodes distincts \u00e9tudi\u00e9s par Santander.<\/li><li><span>1876 \/ 1932\u20131938<\/span><strong>Terre et p\u00e9trole<\/strong>Morcellement et formation de l\u2019espace industriel \u00e9tudi\u00e9s par Olvera.<\/li><li><span>1992\u20131993 \/ aujourd\u2019hui<\/span><strong>Conservation et lecture<\/strong>Interventions \u00e0 Paxil et nouvelles questions patrimoniales.<\/li><\/ol><\/section><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r04-fr-b5\"><h2>Terre et industrie : l\u2019histoire ne s\u2019arr\u00eate pas aux pyramides<\/h2><p>Poza Rica impose d\u2019int\u00e9grer l\u2019histoire industrielle \u00e0 celle du territoire. Olvera \u00e9tudie la formation de l\u2019espace ouvrier entre 1932 et 1938 \u00e0 partir d\u2019histoire orale, de t\u00e9moignages et d\u2019archives syndicales et personnelles. Sa reconstruction relie les parcelles issues du morcellement de 1876 aux baux p\u00e9troliers ult\u00e9rieurs. La ville industrielle ne peut donc \u00eatre racont\u00e9e comme une apparition sur une terre sans propri\u00e9taires ni histoire.<\/p><p>Le transfert du camp de Palma Sola en 1932 a r\u00e9uni des travailleurs aux parcours et aux savoirs diff\u00e9rents. Le logement, les acc\u00e8s et les possibilit\u00e9s d\u2019apprendre un m\u00e9tier distribuaient in\u00e9galement les chances. Le changement r\u00e9gional r\u00e9sidait aussi dans ces rapports entre terre, travail et r\u00e9sidence. Ce cas ouvre des questions sur les voies de communication et l\u2019industrie ; il ne permet pas de projeter automatiquement les conditions des ann\u00e9es 1930 sur les habitants actuels.<sup><a href=\"#r04-fr-s10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r04-fr-b6\"><aside class=\"iict-reading-addition\" data-kind=\"aside\" id=\"iict-reading-r04-fr\" lang=\"fr\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-reading-r04-fr-title\"><span class=\"reading-kicker\">Une histoire concr\u00e8te<\/span><h3 id=\"iict-reading-r04-fr-title\">Quand Cempoala voyagea \u00e0 Madrid<\/h3><p>Le pass\u00e9 r\u00e9gional a aussi circul\u00e9 dans des photographies et des plans. L\u2019exp\u00e9dition dirig\u00e9e par Francisco del Paso y Troncoso a r\u00e9uni des documents sur Cempoala pour l\u2019Exposition historique am\u00e9ricaine de Madrid de 1892. Un plan de 1891 conserve les noms des ing\u00e9nieurs Pedro Pablo Romero et Fernando del Castillo, ainsi que du lithographe Genaro L\u00f3pez. Rosa Casanova \u00e9tudie le r\u00f4le de ces images dans la pr\u00e9sentation publique de l\u2019arch\u00e9ologie. <a class=\"reading-ref\" href=\"#iict-reading-r04-fr-source\" aria-label=\"Voir sources et comparaison\">\u2197<\/a><\/p><p>Entre le monument et son image se trouvent du travail de terrain, des choix de cadrage et une conception de ce qui m\u00e9rite d\u2019\u00eatre montr\u00e9. Cette m\u00e9diation poss\u00e8de aussi son histoire : conserver un b\u00e2timent et les documents de ses interventions permet de le relire autrement.<\/p><p class=\"reading-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/revistas.inah.gob.mx\/index.php\/dimension\/article\/view\/1525\">Rosa Casanova \u00b7 Dimensi\u00f3n Antropol\u00f3gica 42, 2008<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.davidrumsey.com\/luna\/servlet\/detail\/RUMSEY~8~1~307212~90077123%3APlano-de-las-ruinas-de-Cempoala--Sh\">Plano de Cempoala, 1891 \u00b7 David Rumsey Map Collection<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"#r04-fr-comparison\">Sources et confrontation<\/a><\/p><\/aside>\n<h2>Conserver fait aussi partie de l\u2019histoire<\/h2><p>Le travail de Ruiz Gordillo sur Paxil documente des interventions r\u00e9alis\u00e9es en 1992\u20131993 et des plans de conservation ult\u00e9rieurs. La date d\u2019un plan moderne identifie une action sur le site ; elle ne date pas la construction ancienne repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e. Cette distinction simple pr\u00e9vient des erreurs fr\u00e9quentes lors de la r\u00e9utilisation de documents et d\u2019images.<\/p><p>Entre une cit\u00e9 ancienne et une visite contemporaine se trouvent des fouilles, des choix de restauration, des communaut\u00e9s voisines et des fa\u00e7ons de raconter le pass\u00e9. \u00c9tudier comment ces interventions fa\u00e7onnent ce que nous voyons permet de reconna\u00eetre le patrimoine comme responsabilit\u00e9 partag\u00e9e et processus historique. La conservation ne constitue pas une annexe d\u00e9corative : elle modifie ce que nous pouvons voir, \u00e9tudier et transmettre.<sup><a href=\"#r04-fr-s8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><figure class=\"research-visual\"><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r04-cuajilote-jesus-alejandro-2008.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r04-cuajilote-jesus-alejandro-2008.jpg\" alt=\"Cuajilote et le paysage du Filobobos\" width=\"2304\" height=\"1728\"><\/a><figcaption><strong>Cuajilote et le paysage du Filobobos<\/strong>Bassin Filobobos\u2013Nautla, secteur d\u2019Atzalan. Notice originale intitul\u00e9e FiLoBoBoS ; date EXIF. Photographie int\u00e9grale, non retouch\u00e9e. <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:FiLoBoBoS_-_panoramio.jpg\">Jesus Alejandro Guer\u2026 \u00b7 2008 (EXIF) \u00b7 CC BY 3.0<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/\">Licencia \/ Licence<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r04-fr-b7\"><figure class=\"iict-plate\" id=\"iict-plate-r04-b-fr\" lang=\"fr\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r04-b-fr-title\" style=\"--plate-cols:3\"><div class=\"plate-top\"><p class=\"plate-kicker\">Carnet illustr\u00e9 \u00b7 II<\/p><h3 id=\"iict-plate-r04-b-fr-title\">Du terrain aux archives, des archives \u00e0 un autre regard<\/h3><\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"plate-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 750 420\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r04-b-fr-art-title iict-plate-r04-b-fr-art-desc\"><title id=\"iict-plate-r04-b-fr-art-title\">Du terrain aux archives, des archives \u00e0 un autre regard<\/title><desc id=\"iict-plate-r04-b-fr-art-desc\">1. 1891 : le plan conserve des noms et des choix de relev\u00e9. 2. 1892 : photographies et plans circulent vers l\u2019exposition de Madrid. 3. La recherche ult\u00e9rieure r\u00e9interroge la pr\u00e9sentation de l\u2019arch\u00e9ologie. Cha\u00eene documentaire d\u2019apr\u00e8s le plan et l\u2019\u00e9tude de Rosa Casanova ; dates de relev\u00e9 et de circulation, non de construction antique.<\/desc><defs><pattern id=\"iict-plate-r04-b-fr-grain\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" width=\"17\" height=\"19\"><circle cx=\"2\" cy=\"3\" r=\".6\" fill=\"#a9a384\" opacity=\".15\"\/><circle cx=\"11\" cy=\"14\" r=\".5\" fill=\"#b3a98a\" opacity=\".16\"\/><\/pattern><\/defs><rect width=\"750\" height=\"420\" fill=\"url(#iict-plate-r04-b-fr-grain)\"\/><path d=\"M62 117 L211 88 L240 257 L89 288Z\" fill=\"#e6dec9\" stroke=\"#9c906d\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M80 134 Q143 140 205 114 M89 163 L213 142 M95 188 L217 169 M99 217 L222 197\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b4aa8d\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><g transform=\"translate(156 214) scale(0.3)\"><path d=\"M-112 30 L-112 7 L-85 7 L-85 -18 L-56 -18 L-56 -42 L-27 -42 L-27 -67 L27 -67 L27 -42 L56 -42 L56 -18 L85 -18 L85 7 L112 7 L112 30Z\" fill=\"#d8c7a5\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-17 30 L-17 -67 M17 -67 L17 30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#f5eddb\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"20\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"4\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"4\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-12\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-28\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-28\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-44\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-44\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-60\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-60\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><\/g><line x1=\"258\" y1=\"180\" x2=\"315\" y2=\"180\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 7\"\/><circle cx=\"315\" cy=\"180\" r=\"4\" fill=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><rect x=\"336\" y=\"102\" width=\"148\" height=\"190\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#ede5d2\" stroke=\"#a39166\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"351\" y=\"118\" width=\"118\" height=\"124\" rx=\"1\" fill=\"#a6b7a3\" stroke=\"#8d9a82\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><g transform=\"translate(409 219) scale(0.45)\"><path d=\"M-112 30 L-112 7 L-85 7 L-85 -18 L-56 -18 L-56 -42 L-27 -42 L-27 -67 L27 -67 L27 -42 L56 -42 L56 -18 L85 -18 L85 7 L112 7 L112 30Z\" fill=\"#d8c7a5\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-17 30 L-17 -67 M17 -67 L17 30\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#f5eddb\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"20\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"4\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"4\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-12\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-12\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-28\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-28\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-44\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-44\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><line x1=\"-17\" y1=\"-60\" x2=\"17\" y2=\"-60\" stroke=\"#9e8a5c\" stroke-width=\"1\" \/><\/g><text x=\"410\" y=\"275\" fill=\"#9b7c3f\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"25\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1892<\/text><line x1=\"504\" y1=\"180\" x2=\"555\" y2=\"180\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 7\"\/><circle cx=\"555\" cy=\"180\" r=\"4\" fill=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g transform=\"translate(628 201) scale(0.62)\"><path d=\"M0 -67 C-36 -92 -83 -82 -105 -76 L-105 65 C-61 53 -24 57 0 76 C24 57 61 53 105 65 L105 -76 C70 -86 30 -90 0 -67Z\" fill=\"#f6efde\" stroke=\"#9c8e6b\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"-65\" x2=\"0\" y2=\"73\" stroke=\"#9c8e6b\" stroke-width=\"2\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -45 Q-46 -54 -15 -35 M15 -35 Q46 -54 88 -45\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -29 Q-46 -38 -15 -19 M15 -19 Q46 -38 88 -29\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -13 Q-46 -22 -15 -3 M15 -3 Q46 -22 88 -13\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 3 Q-46 -6 -15 13 M15 13 Q46 -6 88 3\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 19 Q-46 10 -15 29 M15 29 Q46 10 88 19\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 35 Q-46 26 -15 45 M15 45 Q46 26 88 35\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><\/g><circle cx=\"157\" cy=\"337\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"157\" y=\"345\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1<\/text><circle cx=\"410\" cy=\"337\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"410\" y=\"345\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">2<\/text><circle cx=\"628\" cy=\"337\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"628\" y=\"345\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">3<\/text><text x=\"147\" y=\"72\" fill=\"#9b7c3f\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"26\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1891<\/text><\/svg><ol class=\"plate-legend\"><li>1891 : le plan conserve des noms et des choix de relev\u00e9.<\/li><li>1892 : photographies et plans circulent vers l\u2019exposition de Madrid.<\/li><li>La recherche ult\u00e9rieure r\u00e9interroge la pr\u00e9sentation de l\u2019arch\u00e9ologie.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"plate-caption\">Cha\u00eene documentaire d\u2019apr\u00e8s le plan et l\u2019\u00e9tude de Rosa Casanova ; dates de relev\u00e9 et de circulation, non de construction antique. \u00b7 Illustration originale de l\u2019Institut \u00b7 <a href=\"#r04-fr-comparison\">Sources et confrontation<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Une histoire de relations toujours ouvertes<\/h2><p>La comparaison soutient une conclusion pr\u00e9cise : le Totonacapan ne s\u2019explique ni par un seul site, ni par une seule \u00e9poque, ni par une identit\u00e9 attribu\u00e9e sans preuve \u00e0 tous les mat\u00e9riaux. Il se comprend mieux en suivant les relations entre villes, champs, march\u00e9s, communaut\u00e9s et espaces industriels, et les transformations de ceux qui les habitent et les gouvernent.<\/p><p>Des recherches pr\u00e9cises restent \u00e0 mener : confronter les datations de Taj\u00edn ; reconstituer les trajectoires entre montagne et littoral ; \u00e9tudier les \u00e9pid\u00e9mies par des s\u00e9ries locales ; relier propri\u00e9t\u00e9, infrastructures et travail dans des p\u00e9riodes d\u00e9finies. Ces questions enrichissent l\u2019histoire sans combler ses lacunes par des certitudes invent\u00e9es. Les communaut\u00e9s actuelles participent \u00e0 cette histoire et \u00e0 son interpr\u00e9tation ; elles ne sont pas l\u2019illustration immobile d\u2019un pass\u00e9 arch\u00e9ologique.<\/p><\/section><details class=\"research-comparison\" id=\"r04-fr-comparison\"><summary>Sources et confrontation \u00b7 d\u00e9plier la recherche<\/summary><div class=\"research-matrix\"><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Tableau de donn\u00e9es\" style=\"--journal-table-min:40rem\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Question \/ hypoth\u00e8se<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Sources et localisation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Ce que chaque source observe<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Confrontation et interpr\u00e9tation<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">L\u2019architecture identifie-t-elle un peuple ?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources et localisation\">Synth\u00e8se r\u00e9gionale INAH [1] et Ram\u00edrez [2].<\/td><td data-label=\"Ce que chaque source observe\">La premi\u00e8re classe les sites sous une cat\u00e9gorie culturelle ; le second questionne les attributions ethniques \u00e0 partir de mat\u00e9riaux h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8nes.<\/td><td data-label=\"Confrontation et interpr\u00e9tation\">Diff\u00e9rence de fonction et de certitude, plut\u00f4t que deux fouilles aux r\u00e9sultats oppos\u00e9s. Les niches invitent \u00e0 \u00e9tudier les liens ; identifier les populations exige des contextes dat\u00e9s et des preuves suppl\u00e9mentaires.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Quand Taj\u00edn conna\u00eet-il son apog\u00e9e ?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources et localisation\">INAH [3] : 800\u20131100 ; UNESCO [4] : 800\u20131200 ; discussion Ram\u00edrez\/Br\u00fcggemann [2] : 900\u20131200.<\/td><td data-label=\"Ce que chaque source observe\">Les intervalles se recouvrent en partie, mais leurs limites et leurs termes diff\u00e8rent.<\/td><td data-label=\"Confrontation et interpr\u00e9tation\">Les trois attributions sont conserv\u00e9es. Il faut comparer s\u00e9quences, \u00e9chantillons et d\u00e9finitions des phases, plut\u00f4t que choisir une date selon le prestige institutionnel ou en faire la moyenne.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">1519 explique-t-il toute la r\u00e9gion ?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources et localisation\">Cempoala [5], synth\u00e8se r\u00e9gionale [1] et discussion [2].<\/td><td data-label=\"Ce que chaque source observe\">Une notice locale documente une alliance ; l\u2019\u00e9chelle r\u00e9gionale r\u00e9unit plusieurs processus tributaires.<\/td><td data-label=\"Confrontation et interpr\u00e9tation\">\u00c9chelles compl\u00e9mentaires. La d\u00e9cision de Cempoala ne d\u00e9montre pas une unanimit\u00e9 r\u00e9gionale. Des dossiers et des chronologies locales permettraient de reconstruire obligations et r\u00e9ponses.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Les r\u00e9bellions forment-elles un mouvement unique ?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources et localisation\">Santander [9], \u00e9pisodes et conclusions.<\/td><td data-label=\"Ce que chaque source observe\">Les r\u00e9seaux ant\u00e9rieurs facilitent circulation et mobilisation ; acteurs et conjonctures changent entre 1787, l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance et Olarte.<\/td><td data-label=\"Confrontation et interpr\u00e9tation\">Aucune cause unique n\u2019est impos\u00e9e. Nous utilisons l\u2019analyse publi\u00e9e des archives, sans attribuer \u00e0 l\u2019Institut leur consultation directe. Le titre s\u2019arr\u00eate en 1830, mais l\u2019analyse comprend 1836\u20131838.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">L\u2019industrie signifie-t-elle repartir de z\u00e9ro ?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources et localisation\">Olvera [10], p. 823\u2013828, confront\u00e9 \u00e0 une lecture de \u00ab territoire vide \u00bb.<\/td><td data-label=\"Ce que chaque source observe\">Propri\u00e9t\u00e9 ant\u00e9rieure, baux, arriv\u00e9e de travailleurs et logement relient agriculture et industrie.<\/td><td data-label=\"Confrontation et interpr\u00e9tation\">Une fondation sans histoire pr\u00e9alable constitue une explication insuffisante. Les m\u00e9moires et archives de l\u2019\u00e9tude \u00e9clairent un cas et une p\u00e9riode, pas toute la r\u00e9gion ni ses conditions pr\u00e9sentes.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00c0 quoi correspond la date d\u2019un document ?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources et localisation\">Ruiz Gordillo [8], pr\u00e9sentation et plans, avec les notices [3,6,7].<\/td><td data-label=\"Ce que chaque source observe\">Un rapport d\u2019intervention date des travaux modernes ; une synth\u00e8se arch\u00e9ologique peut dater occupation ou apog\u00e9e.<\/td><td data-label=\"Confrontation et interpr\u00e9tation\">Preuves compl\u00e9mentaires portant sur des objets distincts. S\u00e9parer la date du document, du travail et du b\u00e2timent \u00e9vite de transformer une restauration en chronologie ancienne.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><h2>Sources documentaires et parties consult\u00e9es<\/h2><ol class=\"research-refs\"><li id=\"r04-fr-s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lugares.inah.gob.mx\/es\/taxonomy\/term\/56106\">INAH \u00b7 Cultura Totonaca<\/a><br><span>S\u00edntesis territorial de J. Omar Ruiz Gordillo; secci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica y sitios enlazados. \/ Territorial synthesis; historical section and linked sites. \/ Synth\u00e8se territoriale et sites associ\u00e9s.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r04-fr-s2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.revistas.inah.gob.mx\/index.php\/ollin\/article\/view\/18287\">Gustavo A. Ram\u00edrez Castilla \u00b7 El Totonacapan y la cuesti\u00f3n totonaca \u00b7 Ollin 17 (2016), pp. 23\u201330; edici\u00f3n electr\u00f3nica 2022<\/a><br><span>Art\u00edculo: territorio, etnicidad y atribuciones arqueol\u00f3gicas. \/ Territory, ethnicity and archaeological attribution. \/ Territoire, ethnicit\u00e9 et attributions arch\u00e9ologiques.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r04-fr-s3\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lugares.inah.gob.mx\/es\/node\/4343\">INAH \u00b7 El Taj\u00edn<\/a><br><span>Ficha: cronolog\u00eda y propuestas sobre el abandono. \/ Chronology and abandonment proposals. \/ Chronologie et hypoth\u00e8ses sur l\u2019abandon.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r04-fr-s4\"><a href=\"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/631\/\">UNESCO \u00b7 El Taj\u00edn, Pre-Hispanic City \u00b7 Lista del Patrimonio Mundial 631<\/a><br><span>S\u00edntesis y declaraci\u00f3n de valor universal excepcional. \/ Brief synthesis and outstanding universal value. \/ Synth\u00e8se et valeur universelle exceptionnelle.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r04-fr-s5\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lugares.inah.gob.mx\/es\/node\/4379\">INAH \u00b7 Cempoala<\/a><br><span>Historia del sitio, tributo y 1519. \/ Site history, tribute and 1519. \/ Histoire du site, tribut et 1519.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r04-fr-s6\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lugares.inah.gob.mx\/es\/node\/4486\">INAH \u00b7 Yohualichan<\/a><br><span>Ficha del sitio serrano. \/ Highland site record. \/ Notice du site de montagne.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r04-fr-s7\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.veracruz.mx\/atractivo.php?idnota=1183\">Gobierno de Veracruz \u00b7 Cuajilote<\/a><br><span>Cuenca del Filobobos, ocupaci\u00f3n y periodo principal. \/ Filobobos basin, occupation and main period. \/ Bassin du Filobobos, occupation et p\u00e9riode principale.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r04-fr-s8\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bibliotecadigital.inah.gob.mx\/janium\/Documentos\/TSER\/000F02591.pdf\">Javier Omar Ruiz Gordillo \u00b7 Paxil, la conservaci\u00f3n en una zona arqueol\u00f3gica de la regi\u00f3n de Misantla, Veracruz \u00b7 ENCRyM\u2013INAH, 1996<\/a><br><span>Portada interior, presentaci\u00f3n pp. 10\u201311 y planos de intervenci\u00f3n. \/ Inner title page, introduction pp. 10\u201311 and intervention plans. \/ Page de titre int\u00e9rieure, pr\u00e9sentation p. 10\u201311 et plans d\u2019intervention.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r04-fr-s9\"><a href=\"https:\/\/revistas.inah.gob.mx\/index.php\/antropologia\/article\/view\/11185\">Juan Carlos Santander Ontiveros \u00b7 Rebeli\u00f3n y redes en el Totonacapan, del periodo colonial tard\u00edo al M\u00e9xico republicano (1780\u20131830)<\/a><br><span>Secciones sobre 1787, independencia y Olarte (1836\u20131838), y conclusiones. \/ Sections on 1787, independence and Olarte (1836\u20131838), and conclusions. \/ Sections sur 1787, l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance et Olarte (1836\u20131838), et conclusions.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r04-fr-s10\"><a href=\"https:\/\/historicas.unam.mx\/publicaciones\/publicadigital\/libros\/276-02\/276-02-05-28-claseobrera.pdf\">Alberto Olvera \u00b7 La formaci\u00f3n de la clase obrera en un nuevo espacio urbano industrial: el caso de Poza Rica, Ver., 1932\u20131938 \u00b7 UNAM, 1999, pp. 823\u2013837; edici\u00f3n digital 2023<\/a><br><span>Introducci\u00f3n y secciones I\u2013III, pp. 823\u2013828: fuentes, tierras, reclutamiento y vivienda. \/ Introduction and sections I\u2013III, pp. 823\u2013828. \/ Introduction et sections I\u2013III, p. 823\u2013828.<\/span><\/li><\/ol><section class=\"iict-reading-source\" id=\"iict-reading-r04-fr-source\" lang=\"fr\"><h4>Quand Cempoala voyagea \u00e0 Madrid<\/h4><p>Le plan constitue une trace primaire ; Casanova analyse la repr\u00e9sentation photographique. La date du relev\u00e9 moderne ne date pas les constructions anciennes.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/revistas.inah.gob.mx\/index.php\/dimension\/article\/view\/1525\">Rosa Casanova \u00b7 Dimensi\u00f3n Antropol\u00f3gica 42, 2008<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.davidrumsey.com\/luna\/servlet\/detail\/RUMSEY~8~1~307212~90077123%3APlano-de-las-ruinas-de-Cempoala--Sh\">Plano de Cempoala, 1891 \u00b7 David Rumsey Map Collection<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"#iict-reading-r04-fr\">Revenir au passage<\/a><\/p><\/section>\n<\/details><nav><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1225#research-hub-fr\">Retour aux Recherches sur le Totonacapan \u2192<\/a><\/nav><p class=\"research-version\">\u00c9dition documentaire \u00b7 ES \/ EN \/ FR \u00b7 05.11.2026 \u00b7 v1.0<\/p><!-- IICT-CITE R04 fr --><aside class=\"iict-citation\" id=\"citar-r04-fr\" aria-labelledby=\"citar-r04-fr-title\"><h2 id=\"citar-r04-fr-title\">Comment citer cet article<\/h2><p class=\"iict-citation-label\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence bibliographique propos\u00e9e<\/p><blockquote class=\"iict-citation-reference\">Instituto Internacional de Cultura del Totonacapan. \u00abHistoire du Totonacapan : des cit\u00e9s anciennes aux transformations contemporaines\u00bb. <cite>Cahiers de recherche<\/cite>, <strong>R04<\/strong>. The Integral Management Society (IMSV). <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1280#r04-fr\">https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1280#r04-fr<\/a>.<\/blockquote><p><strong>R\u00e9f\u00e9rence interne:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1280#r04-fr\">R04<\/a>. Pour un passage pr\u00e9cis, ajoutez le titre de sa section.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1225#normas-citacion-fr\">R\u00e8gles de citation de l\u2019Institut \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/aside><!-- \/IICT-CITE R04 fr --><\/article><\/details><\/div><script>(function(){function openTarget(){var h=decodeURIComponent(location.hash.slice(1));if(!h)return;var t=document.getElementById(h);if(!t)return;var p=t;while(p){if(p.tagName===\"DETAILS\")p.open=true;p=p.parentElement;}requestAnimationFrame(function(){t.scrollIntoView({block:\"start\"});});}window.addEventListener(\"hashchange\",openTarget);openTarget();})();<\/script>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Espa\u00f1olEnglish \u00b7 complete articleFran\u00e7ais \u00b7 article int\u00e9gral INVESTIGACIONES DEL TOTONACAPAN \u00b7 R04 \u00b7 Historia y encuentros Historia del Totonacapan: de las ciudades antiguas a las transformaciones contempor\u00e1neas Una regi\u00f3n se entiende mejor cuando sus ciudades, sus pueblos y sus caminos recuperan sus tiempos propios. Resumen El Totonacapan re\u00fane historias conectadas, pero no id\u00e9nticas. Sus sitios [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":1225,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1280","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1280","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1280"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1280\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1907,"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1280\/revisions\/1907"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1225"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1280"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}