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article .research-hypotheses h3{font-size:1.17rem!important}#research-r05-release.iict-journal article .research-hypotheses p{font-size:1rem!important}}\n\n\/* IICT VISUALES FINAL 20261106 *\/\n#research-r05-release.iict-journal article .iict-journal-table thead{display:table-header-group!important;position:static!important;inset:auto!important;width:auto!important;height:auto!important;overflow:visible!important;clip:auto!important;clip-path:none!important;visibility:visible!important;opacity:1!important}\n#research-r05-release.iict-journal article .iict-journal-table table caption{position:sticky!important;left:0!important;width:min(42rem,calc(100vw - 5rem))!important;max-width:100%!important;white-space:normal!important;overflow-wrap:break-word!important;hyphens:auto!important}\n@media(max-width:700px){#research-r05-release.iict-journal article .iict-journal-table tbody th{width:clamp(8rem,42vw,14rem)!important;max-width:14rem!important;white-space:normal!important}}\n\/* \/IICT VISUALES FINAL *\/\n<\/style>\n<nav class=\"research-languages\" aria-label=\"Language \/ Idioma \/ Langue\"><a href=\"#r05-es\">Espa\u00f1ol<\/a><a href=\"#r05-en\">English \u00b7 complete article<\/a><a href=\"#r05-fr\">Fran\u00e7ais \u00b7 article int\u00e9gral<\/a><\/nav><!-- IICT-CITE-CSS --><style>.iict-citation{display:block!important;max-width:780px!important;margin:2.8rem auto!important;padding:1.6rem 1.7rem!important;border-block:1px solid #b6a06b!important;border-left:2px solid #a58a47!important;background:#edf0e7!important;color:#344c53!important;grid-column:1\/-1!important}.iict-citation h2{display:block!important;margin:0 0 1.1rem!important;font:400 1.65rem\/1.25 Georgia,serif!important;color:#264b61!important;text-align:left!important;letter-spacing:0!important}.iict-citation p,.iict-citation blockquote{display:block!important;margin:0 0 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#a58a47;outline-offset:4px}@media(max-width:650px){.iict-citation{padding:1.3rem 1.1rem!important;margin:2rem auto!important}.iict-citation h2{font-size:1.5rem!important}.iict-citation blockquote{font-size:1rem!important}}<\/style><!-- \/IICT-CITE-CSS --><article id=\"r05-es\" lang=\"es\" aria-labelledby=\"r05-es-title\"><header><p class=\"research-version\">INVESTIGACIONES DEL TOTONACAPAN \u00b7 R05 \u00b7 La regi\u00f3n que vive hoy<\/p><h1 id=\"r05-es-title\">La regi\u00f3n en movimiento: migraci\u00f3n interna, internacional y di\u00e1spora<\/h1><p class=\"research-deck\">Salir, llegar, volver y sostener v\u00ednculos son movimientos distintos. Mirarlos por separado permite entender mejor a las familias y al territorio.<\/p><\/header><section class=\"research-abstract\"><h2>Resumen<\/h2><p>La movilidad del Totonacapan re\u00fane trayectorias dentro de M\u00e9xico, v\u00ednculos con Estados Unidos y retornos. No existe un \u00fanico porcentaje que describa todos esos movimientos. Este estudio compara seis municipios de Puebla y Veracruz mediante el Censo 2020 y los \u00edndices de CONAPO: identifica qu\u00e9 mide cada indicador, muestra diferencias locales y explica por qu\u00e9 las remesas no equivalen a un recuento de emigrantes. Una perspectiva hist\u00f3rica y preguntas sobre cuidados, lenguas y oficios conectan los datos con la vida comunitaria.<\/p><h3>C\u00f3mo se ha investigado<\/h3><p class=\"research-method\">Investigaci\u00f3n documental y comparaci\u00f3n descriptiva \u00b7 Revisi\u00f3n: 5 de noviembre de 2026. Se comparan datos del censo de 2020 y cambios de residencia entre 2015\u20132020, no estimaciones de 2026. Los seis municipios se eligieron para contrastarlos: no son una muestra representativa ni una delimitaci\u00f3n oficial del Totonacapan. No se realizaron entrevistas para este art\u00edculo.<\/p><\/section><figure class=\"research-visual\"><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r05-poza-rica-fredy-flores-2004.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r05-poza-rica-fredy-flores-2004.jpg\" alt=\"Poza Rica: ciudad, trabajo y territorio\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1284\"><\/a><figcaption><strong>Poza Rica: ciudad, trabajo y territorio<\/strong>Vista desde el Cerro del Abuelo, 5 de julio de 2004. Contexto urbano; no imagen del censo de 2020 ni identificaci\u00f3n de personas migrantes. Sin edici\u00f3n. <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Vista_Poza_Rica_Centro.jpg\">Fredy Flores Vazquez \u00b7 2004 \u00b7 dominio p\u00fablico \/ public domain \/ domaine public<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Vista_Poza_Rica_Centro.jpg#Licensing\">Licencia \/ Licence<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><details class=\"iict-journal-toc\"><summary>En este art\u00edculo<\/summary><nav class=\"research-internal-nav\" aria-label=\"En este art\u00edculo\"><strong>En este art\u00edculo<\/strong><ol><li><a href=\"#r05-es-b0\">La primera pregunta: \u00bfa qui\u00e9n estamos contando?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r05-es-b1\">Lo que el Censo 2020 permite ver: llegadas y cambios de residencia<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r05-es-b2\">Los motivos: familia, trabajo y otras trayectorias<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r05-es-b3\">Estados Unidos: cuatro se\u00f1ales que no deben confundirse<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r05-es-b4\">Diferencias locales: leer las columnas antes que la etiqueta<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r05-es-b5\">Remesas, emigrantes y retornos: tres preguntas diferentes<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r05-es-b6\">La movilidad tiene historia y transporta conocimientos<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r05-es-b7\">Di\u00e1spora: pertenecer no exige una sola residencia<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r05-es-b8\">Qu\u00e9 sabemos y qu\u00e9 investigaci\u00f3n sigue<\/a><\/li><\/ol><a href=\"#r05-es-comparison\">Fuentes y contraste \u00b7 desplegar investigaci\u00f3n<\/a><\/nav><\/details><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r05-es-b0\"><h2>La primera pregunta: \u00bfa qui\u00e9n estamos contando?<\/h2><p>Salir de la localidad para estudiar, mudarse a otra ciudad mexicana, trabajar despu\u00e9s en Estados Unidos y volver: una persona puede recorrer todas esas etapas. Cada fuente solo ver\u00e1 una parte. El censo cuenta residentes en un momento; un \u00edndice re\u00fane caracter\u00edsticas de viviendas; y una serie de remesas registra dinero durante un periodo. Esa diferencia \u2014qu\u00e9 observa cada fuente\u2014 permite hacer preguntas que los datos s\u00ed pueden responder.<\/p><p>Seleccionamos Cuetzalan del Progreso y Huehuetla, en Puebla, y Espinal, Papantla, Poza Rica de Hidalgo y Tecolutla, en Veracruz, para contrastar espacios serranos, tierras bajas, ciudad industrial y costa. No sumamos sus cifras como si fueran toda la regi\u00f3n. La clave 21072 identifica a Huehuetla, Puebla: confundirla con el municipio hom\u00f3nimo de Hidalgo cambiar\u00eda el estudio.<\/p><div class=\"r-process\"><div><strong>Personas<\/strong>Censo: residencia en dos fechas.<\/div><div><strong>Viviendas<\/strong>CONAPO: experiencias vinculadas con Estados Unidos.<\/div><div><strong>Dinero<\/strong>Banco de M\u00e9xico: flujos trimestrales de remesas.<\/div><\/div><\/section><figure class=\"r-localisation\"><h3>Seis municipios en su posici\u00f3n geogr\u00e1fica<\/h3><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 760 620\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Seis municipios en su posici\u00f3n geogr\u00e1fica\"><rect width=\"760\" height=\"620\" fill=\"#f5f0e4\"\/><g stroke=\"#cdd3cf\" stroke-width=\"1\"><path d=\"M90 469.99999999999915H660\"\/><text x=\"25\" y=\"474.99999999999915\" fill=\"#53676c\" stroke=\"none\" font-size=\"22\">20.0\u00b0N<\/text><path d=\"M90 349.99999999999955H660\"\/><text x=\"25\" y=\"354.99999999999955\" fill=\"#53676c\" stroke=\"none\" font-size=\"22\">20.2\u00b0N<\/text><path d=\"M90 230H660\"\/><text x=\"25\" y=\"235\" fill=\"#53676c\" stroke=\"none\" font-size=\"22\">20.4\u00b0N<\/text><path d=\"M90 109.9999999999983H660\"\/><text x=\"25\" y=\"114.9999999999983\" fill=\"#53676c\" stroke=\"none\" font-size=\"22\">20.6\u00b0N<\/text><path d=\"M90 70V530\"\/><text x=\"90\" y=\"555\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#53676c\" stroke=\"none\" font-size=\"22\">97.8\u00b0W<\/text><path d=\"M202.5466721534293 70V530\"\/><text x=\"202.5466721534293\" y=\"555\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#53676c\" stroke=\"none\" font-size=\"22\">97.6\u00b0W<\/text><path d=\"M315.0933443068506 70V530\"\/><text x=\"315.0933443068506\" y=\"555\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#53676c\" stroke=\"none\" font-size=\"22\">97.4\u00b0W<\/text><path d=\"M427.6400164602799 70V530\"\/><text x=\"427.6400164602799\" y=\"555\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#53676c\" stroke=\"none\" font-size=\"22\">97.2\u00b0W<\/text><path d=\"M540.1866886137093 70V530\"\/><text x=\"540.1866886137093\" y=\"555\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#53676c\" stroke=\"none\" font-size=\"22\">97.0\u00b0W<\/text><\/g><g font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"23\" font-weight=\"bold\" text-anchor=\"middle\"><circle cx=\"247.13169868698674\" cy=\"458.8878199999999\" r=\"18\" fill=\"#9e8240\" stroke=\"#f5f0e4\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"247.13169868698674\" y=\"466.8878199999999\" fill=\"#fffaf0\">1<\/text><circle cx=\"188.53478029033244\" cy=\"407.517499999999\" r=\"18\" fill=\"#9e8240\" stroke=\"#f5f0e4\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"188.53478029033244\" y=\"415.517499999999\" fill=\"#fffaf0\">2<\/text><circle cx=\"315.92934098761157\" cy=\"314.34301999999934\" r=\"18\" fill=\"#294e61\" stroke=\"#f5f0e4\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"315.92934098761157\" y=\"322.34301999999934\" fill=\"#fffaf0\">3<\/text><circle cx=\"358.5649466128016\" cy=\"201.96049999999946\" r=\"18\" fill=\"#294e61\" stroke=\"#f5f0e4\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"358.5649466128016\" y=\"209.96049999999946\" fill=\"#fffaf0\">4<\/text><circle cx=\"290.57679625165173\" cy=\"149.54750000000018\" r=\"18\" fill=\"#294e61\" stroke=\"#f5f0e4\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"290.57679625165173\" y=\"157.54750000000018\" fill=\"#fffaf0\">5<\/text><circle cx=\"535.4311415285351\" cy=\"183.56449999999882\" r=\"18\" fill=\"#294e61\" stroke=\"#f5f0e4\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"535.4311415285351\" y=\"191.56449999999882\" fill=\"#fffaf0\">6<\/text><\/g><g stroke=\"#294e61\" fill=\"#294e61\"><path d=\"M700 140V75M695 88L700 75L705 88\" fill=\"none\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"700\" y=\"60\" text-anchor=\"middle\" stroke=\"none\" font-size=\"26\">N<\/text><\/g><path d=\"M90 590h108\" stroke=\"#294e61\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><path d=\"M90 584v12m108-12v12\" stroke=\"#294e61\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"144\" y=\"613\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#53676c\" font-size=\"22\">\u224820 km<\/text><\/svg><ol class=\"r-map-legend\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/gaia.inegi.org.mx\/wscatgeo\/v2\/localidades\/210430001\">1 \u00b7 Cuetzalan del Progreso<\/a> \u00b7 21043 \u00b7 Puebla<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/gaia.inegi.org.mx\/wscatgeo\/v2\/localidades\/210720001\">2 \u00b7 Huehuetla<\/a> \u00b7 21072 \u00b7 Puebla<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/gaia.inegi.org.mx\/wscatgeo\/v2\/localidades\/300660001\">3 \u00b7 Espinal<\/a> \u00b7 30066 \u00b7 Veracruz<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/gaia.inegi.org.mx\/wscatgeo\/v2\/localidades\/301240001\">4 \u00b7 Papantla<\/a> \u00b7 30124 \u00b7 Veracruz<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/gaia.inegi.org.mx\/wscatgeo\/v2\/localidades\/301310001\">5 \u00b7 Poza Rica de Hidalgo<\/a> \u00b7 30131 \u00b7 Veracruz<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/gaia.inegi.org.mx\/wscatgeo\/v2\/localidades\/301580001\">6 \u00b7 Tecolutla<\/a> \u00b7 30158 \u00b7 Veracruz<\/li><\/ol><figcaption>Mapa de puntos de las cabeceras municipales seleccionadas; los n\u00fameros remiten a la lista. Coordenadas del Cat\u00e1logo \u00danico de INEGI, consultado el 05\/11\/2026. Proyecci\u00f3n equirectangular local, latitud de referencia 20.3\u00b0N. No representa l\u00edmites municipales ni una frontera cultural, ni dibuja flujos migratorios. <a href=\"#r05-es-s8\">Cartograf\u00eda original a partir de INEGI [8].<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r05-es-b1\"><h2>Lo que el Censo 2020 permite ver: llegadas y cambios de residencia<\/h2><p>INEGI pregunta d\u00f3nde viv\u00edan en marzo de 2015 las personas de cinco a\u00f1os y m\u00e1s que residen en el municipio en 2020. El indicador del Panorama re\u00fane a quienes entonces viv\u00edan en otro municipio, entidad o pa\u00eds. Por tanto, muestra movilidad observada desde el destino actual. No mide cu\u00e1ntas personas salieron de ese municipio y siguen fuera.<\/p><p>Entre los seis casos, Tecolutla registra 6.4% y Papantla 2.6%: una diferencia de 3.8 puntos porcentuales en este indicador concreto. No es una comparaci\u00f3n de emigraci\u00f3n ni un saldo migratorio. Las dos fechas tampoco reconstruyen todos los movimientos intermedios: alguien pudo salir y regresar entre ellas y aparecer con la misma residencia municipal al inicio y al final.<sup><a href=\"#r05-es-s1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"#r05-es-s2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"#r05-es-s3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><section class=\"r-table-wrap\"><h3>Residencia en 2015 distinta de la actual \u00b7 Censo 2020<\/h3><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Tabla de datos\" style=\"--journal-table-min:32rem\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Municipio \u00b7 clave<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Poblaci\u00f3n residente de 5 a\u00f1os y m\u00e1s (%)<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Fuente \u00b7 p\u00e1ginas<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Cuetzalan del Progreso \u00b7 21043<\/th><td data-label=\"Poblaci\u00f3n residente de 5 a\u00f1os y m\u00e1s (%)\">3.1%<\/td><td data-label=\"Fuente \u00b7 p\u00e1ginas\">[2] \u00b7 138\u2013139<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Huehuetla \u00b7 21072<\/th><td data-label=\"Poblaci\u00f3n residente de 5 a\u00f1os y m\u00e1s (%)\">2.7%<\/td><td data-label=\"Fuente \u00b7 p\u00e1ginas\">[2] \u00b7 168\u2013169<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Espinal \u00b7 30066<\/th><td data-label=\"Poblaci\u00f3n residente de 5 a\u00f1os y m\u00e1s (%)\">3.4%<\/td><td data-label=\"Fuente \u00b7 p\u00e1ginas\">[3] \u00b7 152\u2013153<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Papantla \u00b7 30124<\/th><td data-label=\"Poblaci\u00f3n residente de 5 a\u00f1os y m\u00e1s (%)\">2.6%<\/td><td data-label=\"Fuente \u00b7 p\u00e1ginas\">[3] \u00b7 280\u2013281<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Poza Rica de Hidalgo \u00b7 30131<\/th><td data-label=\"Poblaci\u00f3n residente de 5 a\u00f1os y m\u00e1s (%)\">3.2%<\/td><td data-label=\"Fuente \u00b7 p\u00e1ginas\">[3] \u00b7 292\u2013293<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Tecolutla \u00b7 30158<\/th><td data-label=\"Poblaci\u00f3n residente de 5 a\u00f1os y m\u00e1s (%)\">6.4%<\/td><td data-label=\"Fuente \u00b7 p\u00e1ginas\">[3] \u00b7 346\u2013347<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r05-es-b2\"><style id=\"iict-visual-essays-20261106\">\n#main figure.iict-viz{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;max-width:100%;margin:2.3rem auto!important;padding:clamp(20px,3vw,34px)!important;border:1px solid #cfc3a9!important;border-top:3px solid #a68b46!important;border-radius:2px!important;background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fffcf4,#f5efdf)!important;color:#254761!important;box-shadow:0 18px 30px -32px #17314480;overflow:visible!important;float:none!important;clear:both;isolation:isolate;break-inside:avoid;}\n#main figure.iict-viz *,#main figure.iict-viz *::before,#main figure.iict-viz *::after{box-sizing:border-box}#main figure.iict-viz>header{display:block!important;width:100%!important;margin:0 0 1.35rem!important;padding:0!important;border:0!important;background:none!important}#main figure.iict-viz .viz-kicker{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:1rem;font:600 11px\/1.5 var(--sans,Arial,sans-serif);letter-spacing:.12em;color:#59654c;text-transform:uppercase;margin:0 0 .7rem}\n#main figure.iict-viz h3{display:block!important;font:400 clamp(25px,2.75vw,34px)\/1.13 var(--serif,Georgia,serif)!important;letter-spacing:-.015em!important;color:#254761!important;margin:0 0 .75rem!important;padding:0!important;border:0!important;text-align:start!important;text-wrap:balance;max-width:100%!important;hyphens:manual!important}#main figure.iict-viz h3::before,#main figure.iict-viz h3::after{display:none!important}#main figure.iict-viz p{font:400 16px\/1.58 var(--sans,Arial,sans-serif)!important;letter-spacing:0!important;word-spacing:normal!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important;color:#344e59!important;text-align:start!important;hyphens:manual!important;max-width:none!important;text-wrap:pretty;}\n#main figure.iict-viz .viz-art{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(var(--viz-cols,3),minmax(0,1fr));gap:20px;position:relative;margin:1.3rem 0 0;padding:0;border:0;min-width:0}#main figure.iict-viz .viz-cell{display:block;position:relative;min-width:0;margin:0!important;padding:0!important;border:0;background:none}#main figure.iict-viz .viz-number{display:block;margin:0 0 .45rem;font:400 27px\/1 var(--serif,Georgia,serif);font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;color:#8b743c;letter-spacing:-.03em}#main figure.iict-viz h4{font:600 17px\/1.3 var(--sans,Arial,sans-serif)!important;color:#254761!important;margin:0 0 .55rem!important;padding:0!important;letter-spacing:0!important;text-align:start!important;hyphens:manual!important;overflow-wrap:normal!important;border:0!important;text-transform:none!important;text-wrap:balance}#main figure.iict-viz .viz-cell p{font-size:15px!important;line-height:1.56!important}\n#main figure.iict-viz 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.viz-number{font:600 11px\/1.5 var(--sans,Arial,sans-serif);letter-spacing:.12em}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-cycle .viz-number{border:1px solid #a68b46;border-radius:50%;width:36px;height:36px;display:grid;place-items:center;font-size:18px}\n#main figure.iict-viz.viz-flow .viz-cell:not(:last-child)::after{content:'\u2192';position:absolute;right:-17px;top:100px;color:#8b743c;font-size:21px}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-timeline .viz-art{border-top:1px solid #ad9453;padding-top:1.3rem}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-timeline .viz-cell::before{content:'';position:absolute;top:-1.63rem;left:0;width:9px;height:9px;background:#a68b46;border-radius:50%;box-shadow:0 0 0 5px #f9f3e8}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-timeline .viz-number{display:none}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-timeline h4{font:400 24px\/1.2 var(--serif,Georgia,serif)!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-timeline svg{height:65px!important}\n#main figure.iict-viz:is(.viz-archive,.viz-fold) .viz-cell{padding:1rem!important;background:#fffcf4;border:1px solid #d4c8af;box-shadow:3px 3px 0 #e8dfc9}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-fold .viz-cell{border-top:0;background:linear-gradient(120deg,#fffcf4,#f0eadb)}#main figure.iict-viz:is(.viz-water,.viz-duet) .viz-art{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:26px}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-water .viz-cell{border-top:1px solid #b8c7c6;padding-top:1rem!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-water svg{height:80px!important;color:#486e7a}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-duet .viz-cell{padding:1rem!important;background:#e9eeec77;border-top:2px solid #a68b46}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla svg{height:125px!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla .viz-cell{padding-top:.5rem!important;border-top:1px solid #d7c8a3}\n@media(max-width:620px){#main figure.iict-viz{padding:18px!important;margin:1.8rem auto!important}#main figure.iict-viz .viz-art,#main figure.iict-viz:is(.viz-network,.viz-coordinates,.viz-cycle,.viz-water,.viz-duet) .viz-art{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:17px}#main figure.iict-viz .viz-cell{padding-bottom:1rem!important;border-bottom:1px solid #d9ceb7}#main figure.iict-viz .viz-cell:last-child{border-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0!important}#main figure.iict-viz .viz-cell p{font-size:15px!important}#main figure.iict-viz svg{height:75px!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla svg{height:115px!important}#main figure.iict-viz .viz-kicker{font-size:10px;letter-spacing:.08em}#main figure.iict-viz:is(.viz-network,.viz-coordinates,.viz-cycle) .viz-art{border:0;gap:0}#main figure.iict-viz:is(.viz-network,.viz-coordinates,.viz-cycle) .viz-cell{border:1px solid #cfc3a9;margin-bottom:12px!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-flow .viz-cell:not(:last-child)::after{content:'\u2193';top:auto;bottom:-15px;right:50%;font-size:20px}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-timeline .viz-art{border-top:0;border-left:1px solid #ad9453;padding:0 0 0 20px;gap:24px}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-timeline .viz-cell::before{top:8px;left:-25px}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-layers .viz-cell{padding:.9rem .6rem!important;grid-template-columns:27px 1fr;column-gap:8px}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-layers .viz-art{gap:0}#main figure.iict-viz:is(.viz-water,.viz-duet) .viz-cell{padding:1rem!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-triptych .viz-cell{display:grid;grid-template-columns:65px 1fr;column-gap:14px}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-triptych .viz-cell svg{grid-row:1\/4;height:65px!important;margin:0!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-triptych .viz-number{display:none}}\n@media print{#main figure.iict-viz{box-shadow:none!important;background:#fff!important}#main figure.iict-viz .viz-cell{break-inside:avoid}}\n@media(max-width:620px){#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla .viz-cell{display:grid;grid-template-columns:72px minmax(0,1fr);column-gap:14px;align-content:start}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla .viz-cell svg{grid-row:1\/4;width:72px!important;height:100px!important;margin:0!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla .viz-number{display:none}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla h4{font-size:16px!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla .viz-cell p{font-size:15px!important}}<\/style>\n<figure class=\"iict-viz viz-lenses\" id=\"iict-viz-r05-es\" lang=\"es\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-viz-r05-es-title\"><header><div class=\"viz-kicker\"><span>Cuadernos visuales<\/span><span>R05 \u00b7 01<\/span><\/div><h3 id=\"iict-viz-r05-es-title\">Personas, viviendas y dinero<\/h3><p>Tres unidades de observaci\u00f3n para comprender la movilidad.<\/p><\/header><div class=\"viz-art\" style=\"--viz-cols:3\"><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><circle cx=\"140\" cy=\"31\" r=\"13\"\/><path d=\"M115 84V65q0-17 25-17t25 17v19M95 42a10 10 0 1 1 0-20M185 42a10 10 0 1 0 0-20M77 87V65q0-17 25-17M203 87V65q0-17-25-17M111 95h58\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><h4>Residentes<\/h4><p>El censo permite preguntar por la residencia en un momento y por cambios anteriores.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><path d=\"M80 55l60-40 60 40M92 49v49h96V49M125 98V67h30v31M102 56h15v15h-15M164 56h15v15h-15\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><h4>Viviendas<\/h4><p>Los indicadores de CONAPO describen caracter\u00edsticas de las viviendas.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><ellipse cx=\"128\" cy=\"34\" rx=\"41\" ry=\"15\"\/><path d=\"M87 34v18q41 30 82 0V34M87 50v18q41 30 82 0M110 76v13q41 25 82-2V65M169 50q25 2 23 15-9 18-48 13\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><h4>Remesas<\/h4><p>El dinero recibido durante un periodo no es un recuento de emigrantes.<\/p><\/div><\/div><figcaption>Cambiar de unidad cambia la pregunta; no se suman estas tres medidas.<span class=\"viz-source\">S\u00edntesis visual original del Instituto \u00b7 <a href=\"#r05-es-comparison\">Fuentes y contraste<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<section class=\"iict-reading-addition\" data-kind=\"inline\" id=\"iict-reading-r05-es\" lang=\"es\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-reading-r05-es-title\"><h3 id=\"iict-reading-r05-es-title\">Salir a trabajar y volver a casa<\/h3><p>Hay movimientos importantes que no implican mudarse. En el Censo 2020, INEGI llama movilidad cotidiana a los desplazamientos diarios y c\u00edclicos entre la residencia y el trabajo o la escuela. Su presentaci\u00f3n nacional informa que el 18,6 % de la poblaci\u00f3n ocupada trabajaba fuera de su municipio de residencia. Es una referencia del pa\u00eds, distinta de los porcentajes municipales de cambio de domicilio comparados aqu\u00ed. <a class=\"reading-ref\" href=\"#iict-reading-r05-es-source\" aria-label=\"Ver fuentes y contraste\">\u2197<\/a><\/p><p>Pensemos en dos recorridos posibles: cruzar un l\u00edmite municipal por la ma\u00f1ana y regresar por la tarde, o establecer una nueva residencia. Ambos enlazan territorios; solo el segundo cambia el domicilio. Distinguirlos permite comprender mejor qu\u00e9 historia explica cada cifra.<\/p><p class=\"reading-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/contenidos\/saladeprensa\/boletines\/2021\/EstSociodemo\/ResComplCPV2020_Nal.pdf\">INEGI \u00b7 Resultados complementarios CPV 2020, Movilidad cotidiana<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"#r05-es-comparison\">Fuentes y contraste<\/a><\/p><\/section>\n<figure class=\"iict-plate\" id=\"iict-plate-r05-a-es\" lang=\"es\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r05-a-es-title\" style=\"--plate-cols:2\"><div class=\"plate-top\"><p class=\"plate-kicker\">Cuaderno ilustrado \u00b7 I<\/p><h3 id=\"iict-plate-r05-a-es-title\">Dos viajes, dos maneras de contar<\/h3><\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"plate-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 750 420\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r05-a-es-art-title iict-plate-r05-a-es-art-desc\"><title id=\"iict-plate-r05-a-es-art-title\">Dos viajes, dos maneras de contar<\/title><desc id=\"iict-plate-r05-a-es-art-desc\">1. Ir a trabajar y regresar conserva la residencia habitual. 2. Cambiar la residencia requiere otra pregunta y otro periodo. Trayectos explicativos, no itinerarios de personas entrevistadas. La movilidad cotidiana y la residencial se distinguen en el Censo 2020.<\/desc><defs><pattern id=\"iict-plate-r05-a-es-grain\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" width=\"17\" height=\"19\"><circle cx=\"2\" cy=\"3\" r=\".6\" fill=\"#a9a384\" opacity=\".15\"\/><circle cx=\"11\" cy=\"14\" r=\".5\" fill=\"#b3a98a\" opacity=\".16\"\/><\/pattern><\/defs><rect width=\"750\" height=\"420\" fill=\"url(#iict-plate-r05-a-es-grain)\"\/><g transform=\"translate(150 125) scale(0.65)\"><path d=\"M-66 -12 L0 -68 L66 -12 L48 -12 L48 55 L-48 55 L-48 -12Z\" fill=\"#e6deca\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><rect x=\"-12\" y=\"9\" width=\"24\" height=\"46\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#a5ae91\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"-38\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"23\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><\/g><rect x=\"564\" y=\"86\" width=\"88\" height=\"70\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#dedbc7\" stroke=\"#899276\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M550 86 L574 61 L574 86 L601 61 L601 86 L630 61 L630 86\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#899276\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M211 96 C307 30 466 30 554 95 M550 158 C461 214 314 214 218 158\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#9aab91\" stroke-width=\"4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><circle cx=\"546\" cy=\"91\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#9aab91\" stroke=\"#9aab91\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g transform=\"translate(150 311) scale(0.65)\"><path d=\"M-66 -12 L0 -68 L66 -12 L48 -12 L48 55 L-48 55 L-48 -12Z\" fill=\"#e6deca\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><rect x=\"-12\" y=\"9\" width=\"24\" height=\"46\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#a5ae91\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"-38\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"23\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><\/g><g transform=\"translate(607 311) scale(0.65)\"><path d=\"M-66 -12 L0 -68 L66 -12 L48 -12 L48 55 L-48 55 L-48 -12Z\" fill=\"#e6deca\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><rect x=\"-12\" y=\"9\" width=\"24\" height=\"46\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#a5ae91\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"-38\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"23\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><\/g><path d=\"M215 308 L545 308\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b3975c\" stroke-width=\"4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-dasharray=\"8 7\"\/><circle cx=\"544\" cy=\"308\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#b3975c\" stroke=\"#b3975c\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><circle cx=\"375\" cy=\"105\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"375\" y=\"113\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1<\/text><circle cx=\"375\" cy=\"300\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"375\" y=\"308\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">2<\/text><\/svg><ol class=\"plate-legend\"><li>Ir a trabajar y regresar conserva la residencia habitual.<\/li><li>Cambiar la residencia requiere otra pregunta y otro periodo.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"plate-caption\">Trayectos explicativos, no itinerarios de personas entrevistadas. La movilidad cotidiana y la residencial se distinguen en el Censo 2020. \u00b7 Ilustraci\u00f3n original del Instituto \u00b7 <a href=\"#r05-es-comparison\">Fuentes y contraste<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Los motivos: familia, trabajo y otras trayectorias<\/h2><p>Las causas publicadas corresponden a quienes cambiaron de residencia, no a toda la poblaci\u00f3n. En Cuetzalan, INEGI registra motivo familiar en 53.7% de esos cambios y trabajo en 24.1%; en Huehuetla, 59.9% y 17.6%, respectivamente. Estos datos describen llegadas y cambios observados en los municipios de residencia actual; no los motivos de todas las salidas internacionales del Totonacapan.<\/p><p>La categor\u00eda familiar agrupa reunirse con la familia y casarse o unirse; la laboral agrupa b\u00fasqueda, oferta o cambio de trabajo. Son clasificaciones, no relatos completos de una decisi\u00f3n. Una mudanza puede combinar empleo, cuidados y estudio, aunque la respuesta censal se publique como causa principal. Inseguridad se refiere a la agrupaci\u00f3n definida por INEGI; no equivale por s\u00ed sola a un recuento exhaustivo de desplazamiento forzado. Las peque\u00f1as diferencias respecto de 100% se deben al redondeo.<sup><a href=\"#r05-es-s1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"#r05-es-s2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r05-es-b3\"><h2>Estados Unidos: cuatro se\u00f1ales que no deben confundirse<\/h2><p>CONAPO construye su \u00edndice M\u00e9xico\u2013Estados Unidos con informaci\u00f3n del cuestionario ampliado del censo. Sus cuatro componentes se refieren a viviendas: recepci\u00f3n de remesas; emigrantes hacia Estados Unidos durante 2015\u20132020 que permanec\u00edan all\u00ed; migraci\u00f3n circular durante ese periodo; y retorno de personas que resid\u00edan en Estados Unidos en 2015 y estaban en M\u00e9xico en 2020.<\/p><p>El \u00edndice no cubre por s\u00ed solo la migraci\u00f3n interna ni todos los destinos internacionales. Tampoco divide a las viviendas en cuatro grupos excluyentes: una puede tener m\u00e1s de una de esas experiencias. Por eso las columnas no se suman como partes de un pastel. Un 0.00 es un porcentaje estimado y redondeado, no una prueba de que nadie haya vivido jam\u00e1s esa experiencia.<sup><a href=\"#r05-es-s4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r05-es-b4\"><h2>Diferencias locales: leer las columnas antes que la etiqueta<\/h2><p>Tecolutla tiene el mayor porcentaje de viviendas receptoras de remesas de esta selecci\u00f3n, 7.32%, seguido de Espinal, 5.12%. Cuetzalan presenta 1.16%. Son diferencias entre los seis municipios observados, no un ordenamiento completo de la regi\u00f3n. En la clasificaci\u00f3n de CONAPO, Espinal y Tecolutla quedan en grado bajo; los otros cuatro, en muy bajo.<\/p><p>Esas etiquetas describen una posici\u00f3n en un \u00edndice nacional, no la importancia de la migraci\u00f3n en una familia. Un municipio clasificado como muy bajo puede contener hogares para los que una ausencia, un retorno o un env\u00edo de dinero sean decisivos. Las cifras tampoco identifican autom\u00e1ticamente lenguas, edades, ocupaciones o destinos de cada persona: para responder eso se necesitan cruces adicionales, no deducciones a partir de una etiqueta municipal.<\/p><section class=\"r-bars\"><h3>Viviendas que reciben remesas \u00b7 seis municipios<\/h3><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>Cuetzalan del Progreso<\/span><div class=\"r-track\"><span class=\"r-fill\" style=\"width:14.499999999999998%\"><\/span><\/div><span>1.16%<\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>Huehuetla<\/span><div class=\"r-track\"><span class=\"r-fill\" style=\"width:25.124999999999996%\"><\/span><\/div><span>2.01%<\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>Espinal<\/span><div class=\"r-track\"><span class=\"r-fill\" style=\"width:64%\"><\/span><\/div><span>5.12%<\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>Papantla<\/span><div class=\"r-track\"><span class=\"r-fill\" style=\"width:42.75%\"><\/span><\/div><span>3.42%<\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>Poza Rica de Hidalgo<\/span><div class=\"r-track\"><span class=\"r-fill\" style=\"width:19.25%\"><\/span><\/div><span>1.54%<\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>Tecolutla<\/span><div class=\"r-track\"><span class=\"r-fill\" style=\"width:91.5%\"><\/span><\/div><span>7.32%<\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-axis\"><span>0%<\/span><span>8%<\/span><\/div><p class=\"research-method\">Escala com\u00fan de 0 a 8%. Comparaci\u00f3n municipal 2020; no mide personas ni cantidades de dinero. CONAPO [4].<\/p><\/section><section class=\"r-table-wrap\"><h3>Viviendas y v\u00ednculos con Estados Unidos \u00b7 CONAPO 2020<\/h3><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Tabla de datos\" style=\"--journal-table-min:64rem\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Municipio<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Viviendas estimadas<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Remesas (%)<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Emigraci\u00f3n EE. UU. (%)<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Circular (%)<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Retorno (%)<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Grado<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Cuetzalan del Progreso \u00b7 21043<\/th><td data-label=\"Viviendas estimadas\">12,621<\/td><td data-label=\"Remesas (%)\">1.16<\/td><td data-label=\"Emigraci\u00f3n EE. UU. (%)\">0.36<\/td><td data-label=\"Circular (%)\">0.00<\/td><td data-label=\"Retorno (%)\">0.13<\/td><td data-label=\"Grado\">Muy bajo<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Huehuetla \u00b7 21072<\/th><td data-label=\"Viviendas estimadas\">3,932<\/td><td data-label=\"Remesas (%)\">2.01<\/td><td data-label=\"Emigraci\u00f3n EE. UU. (%)\">0.03<\/td><td data-label=\"Circular (%)\">0.00<\/td><td data-label=\"Retorno (%)\">0.00<\/td><td data-label=\"Grado\">Muy bajo<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Espinal \u00b7 30066<\/th><td data-label=\"Viviendas estimadas\">7,501<\/td><td data-label=\"Remesas (%)\">5.12<\/td><td data-label=\"Emigraci\u00f3n EE. UU. (%)\">1.68<\/td><td data-label=\"Circular (%)\">0.17<\/td><td data-label=\"Retorno (%)\">0.31<\/td><td data-label=\"Grado\">Bajo<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Papantla \u00b7 30124<\/th><td data-label=\"Viviendas estimadas\">46,368<\/td><td data-label=\"Remesas (%)\">3.42<\/td><td data-label=\"Emigraci\u00f3n EE. UU. (%)\">0.42<\/td><td data-label=\"Circular (%)\">0.20<\/td><td data-label=\"Retorno (%)\">0.60<\/td><td data-label=\"Grado\">Muy bajo<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Poza Rica de Hidalgo \u00b7 30131<\/th><td data-label=\"Viviendas estimadas\">57,125<\/td><td data-label=\"Remesas (%)\">1.54<\/td><td data-label=\"Emigraci\u00f3n EE. UU. (%)\">0.27<\/td><td data-label=\"Circular (%)\">0.12<\/td><td data-label=\"Retorno (%)\">0.13<\/td><td data-label=\"Grado\">Muy bajo<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Tecolutla \u00b7 30158<\/th><td data-label=\"Viviendas estimadas\">7,490<\/td><td data-label=\"Remesas (%)\">7.32<\/td><td data-label=\"Emigraci\u00f3n EE. UU. (%)\">1.71<\/td><td data-label=\"Circular (%)\">0.49<\/td><td data-label=\"Retorno (%)\">0.99<\/td><td data-label=\"Grado\">Bajo<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"research-method\">Porcentajes de viviendas estimadas, cuestionario ampliado. Componentes no excluyentes. 0.00 es un valor redondeado. Anexo B, cuadros B.21 y B.30 [4].<\/p><\/section><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r05-es-b5\"><h2>Remesas, emigrantes y retornos: tres preguntas diferentes<\/h2><p>Recibir remesas y contar migrantes son cosas distintas. El porcentaje de viviendas con remesas indica en cu\u00e1ntas de las viviendas estimadas se reciben transferencias. No cuenta personas ni dice cu\u00e1nto dinero recibe cada una. La serie municipal CE166 de Banco de M\u00e9xico mide otra cosa: flujos trimestrales en millones de d\u00f3lares. Una cantidad de dinero y un porcentaje de viviendas se complementan, pero ninguno se convierte directamente en n\u00famero de migrantes.<\/p><p>Tambi\u00e9n importa cu\u00e1ndo ocurri\u00f3 el viaje. CONAPO distingue la circularidad \u2014viajar y regresar dentro de 2015\u20132020\u2014 del retorno de quien resid\u00eda en Estados Unidos en 2015 y estaba de vuelta antes de 2020. Son situaciones diferentes, con periodos de observaci\u00f3n propios. Para estudiar una tendencia 2000\u20132010\u20132020 hacen falta series construidas con m\u00e9todos comparables. CONAPO introduce una t\u00e9cnica estad\u00edstica llamada DP\u2082 y distingue los hogares usados en 2000 de las viviendas empleadas despu\u00e9s. Por eso no se presenta aqu\u00ed una evoluci\u00f3n calculada comparando, sin ajuste, \u00edndices originales diferentes.<sup><a href=\"#r05-es-s4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"#r05-es-s6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r05-es-b6\"><h2>La movilidad tiene historia y transporta conocimientos<\/h2><p>El caso de Poza Rica estudiado por Olvera recuerda que los desplazamientos vinculados al trabajo preceden a las mediciones recientes. En el periodo 1932\u20131938, la llegada de trabajadores con experiencias distintas vincul\u00f3 contrataci\u00f3n industrial, vivienda y aprendizaje. Es una investigaci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica localizada: no identifica las trayectorias personales de quienes aparecen en el censo de 2020.<\/p><p>Para la vida comunitaria, una investigaci\u00f3n m\u00e1s completa puede seguir qui\u00e9n cuida a quienes permanecen, c\u00f3mo se comparte un gasto, d\u00f3nde se aprende un oficio y en qu\u00e9 lengua conversan generaciones separadas por la distancia. La movilidad puede crear canales de aprendizaje y tambi\u00e9n interrumpirlos. Son hip\u00f3tesis que deben contrastarse con familias y comunidades; las tablas municipales aqu\u00ed examinadas no demuestran por s\u00ed solas p\u00e9rdida ling\u00fc\u00edstica, abandono de un oficio ni mejora econ\u00f3mica.<sup><a href=\"#r05-es-s7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><figure class=\"research-visual\"><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-territorio-costa-tecolutla-20261104.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-territorio-costa-tecolutla-20261104.jpg\" alt=\"Tecolutla: el litoral como espacio vivido\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1285\"><\/a><figcaption><strong>Tecolutla: el litoral como espacio vivido<\/strong>Fotograf\u00eda de 2012, contexto territorial de uno de los municipios comparados. No documenta una salida migratoria ni un retorno. Presentaci\u00f3n a escala. <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:TecolutlaBeach01.JPG\">AlejandroLinaresGarcia \u00b7 2012 \u00b7 CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">Licencia \/ Licence<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r05-es-b7\"><figure class=\"iict-plate\" id=\"iict-plate-r05-b-es\" lang=\"es\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r05-b-es-title\" style=\"--plate-cols:3\"><div class=\"plate-top\"><p class=\"plate-kicker\">Cuaderno ilustrado \u00b7 II<\/p><h3 id=\"iict-plate-r05-b-es-title\">Una vivienda, varias se\u00f1ales de relaci\u00f3n<\/h3><\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"plate-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 750 420\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r05-b-es-art-title iict-plate-r05-b-es-art-desc\"><title id=\"iict-plate-r05-b-es-art-title\">Una vivienda, varias se\u00f1ales de relaci\u00f3n<\/title><desc id=\"iict-plate-r05-b-es-art-desc\">1. Remesas: registra recepci\u00f3n de recursos. 2. Salida: pregunta por personas que emigraron. 3. Retorno: sigue otra trayectoria y otra referencia temporal. Las se\u00f1ales de CONAPO no son poblaciones que puedan sumarse sin revisar definiciones y solapamientos.<\/desc><defs><pattern id=\"iict-plate-r05-b-es-grain\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" width=\"17\" height=\"19\"><circle cx=\"2\" cy=\"3\" r=\".6\" fill=\"#a9a384\" opacity=\".15\"\/><circle cx=\"11\" cy=\"14\" r=\".5\" fill=\"#b3a98a\" opacity=\".16\"\/><\/pattern><\/defs><rect width=\"750\" height=\"420\" fill=\"url(#iict-plate-r05-b-es-grain)\"\/><g transform=\"translate(376 218) scale(1.35)\"><path d=\"M-66 -12 L0 -68 L66 -12 L48 -12 L48 55 L-48 55 L-48 -12Z\" fill=\"#e6deca\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><rect x=\"-12\" y=\"9\" width=\"24\" height=\"46\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#a5ae91\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"-38\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"23\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><\/g><rect x=\"96\" y=\"80\" width=\"91\" height=\"63\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#eee5cf\" stroke=\"#9b8960\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M98 83 L141 116 L185 83\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#9b8960\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"200\" y1=\"141\" x2=\"303\" y2=\"186\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 7\"\/><circle cx=\"303\" cy=\"186\" r=\"4\" fill=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><rect x=\"570\" y=\"88\" width=\"104\" height=\"78\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#dde2d2\" stroke=\"#8c9a7c\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M600 88 V70 H644 V88\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#8c9a7c\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"560\" y1=\"168\" x2=\"468\" y2=\"212\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 7\"\/><circle cx=\"468\" cy=\"212\" r=\"4\" fill=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g transform=\"translate(390 333) scale(0.44)\"><path d=\"M0 -67 C-36 -92 -83 -82 -105 -76 L-105 65 C-61 53 -24 57 0 76 C24 57 61 53 105 65 L105 -76 C70 -86 30 -90 0 -67Z\" fill=\"#f6efde\" stroke=\"#9c8e6b\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"-65\" x2=\"0\" y2=\"73\" stroke=\"#9c8e6b\" stroke-width=\"2\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -45 Q-46 -54 -15 -35 M15 -35 Q46 -54 88 -45\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -29 Q-46 -38 -15 -19 M15 -19 Q46 -38 88 -29\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -13 Q-46 -22 -15 -3 M15 -3 Q46 -22 88 -13\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 3 Q-46 -6 -15 13 M15 13 Q46 -6 88 3\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 19 Q-46 10 -15 29 M15 29 Q46 10 88 19\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 35 Q-46 26 -15 45 M15 45 Q46 26 88 35\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><\/g><line x1=\"389\" y1=\"279\" x2=\"389\" y2=\"299\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 7\"\/><circle cx=\"389\" cy=\"299\" r=\"4\" fill=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><circle cx=\"141\" cy=\"177\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"141\" y=\"185\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1<\/text><circle cx=\"623\" cy=\"210\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"623\" y=\"218\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">2<\/text><circle cx=\"472\" cy=\"343\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"472\" y=\"351\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">3<\/text><\/svg><ol class=\"plate-legend\"><li>Remesas: registra recepci\u00f3n de recursos.<\/li><li>Salida: pregunta por personas que emigraron.<\/li><li>Retorno: sigue otra trayectoria y otra referencia temporal.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"plate-caption\">Las se\u00f1ales de CONAPO no son poblaciones que puedan sumarse sin revisar definiciones y solapamientos. \u00b7 Ilustraci\u00f3n original del Instituto \u00b7 <a href=\"#r05-es-comparison\">Fuentes y contraste<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"iict-entre-epocas\" style=\"display:block;float:none;width:100%;max-width:1100px;margin:2rem auto\"><img src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-ferrocarril-teziutlan-recreacion.jpg\" alt=\"Ferrocarril y movilidad: recreaci\u00f3n editorial evocadora de Teziutl\u00e1n y de los intercambios serranos; el paisaje es una composici\u00f3n interpretativa.\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"display:block;width:100%;height:auto;max-height:none;object-fit:contain\"><figcaption style=\"display:block;font:12px\/1.6 var(--sans, sans-serif);text-align:left;margin-top:.65rem;color:#56625b\">Ferrocarril y movilidad: recreaci\u00f3n editorial evocadora de Teziutl\u00e1n y de los intercambios serranos; el paisaje es una composici\u00f3n interpretativa.<\/figcaption><\/figure><h2>Di\u00e1spora: pertenecer no exige una sola residencia<\/h2><p>La di\u00e1spora aparece aqu\u00ed en los v\u00ednculos que contin\u00faan lejos del lugar donde se vive: relaciones familiares, visitas, comunicaciones y participaci\u00f3n cultural. No es una etiqueta estad\u00edstica para toda persona que env\u00eda remesas. Alguien puede mantener su pertenencia sin enviar dinero; otra persona puede recibirlo sin haber emigrado.<\/p><p>Documentar esas relaciones exige otras herramientas: historias de vida con consentimiento, recorridos familiares, archivos de asociaciones y observaci\u00f3n de encuentros. Nombrar organizaciones, redes o colaboraciones concretas requiere comprobar su existencia y su actividad. El siguiente paso investigador es conectar esos testimonios con indicadores bien definidos, preservando las diferencias entre experiencia personal, patr\u00f3n local y comparaci\u00f3n municipal.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r05-es-b8\"><h2>Qu\u00e9 sabemos y qu\u00e9 investigaci\u00f3n sigue<\/h2><p>La comparaci\u00f3n muestra una movilidad heterog\u00e9nea. Los porcentajes de cambio de residencia var\u00edan entre municipios; los v\u00ednculos con Estados Unidos se expresan en varios componentes; dinero, viviendas y personas son unidades distintas. El resultado m\u00e1s \u00fatil no es una cifra \u00fanica del Totonacapan, sino una lectura verificable que evita confundir llegadas, salidas y retornos.<\/p><p>Para seguir la investigaci\u00f3n hacen falta cuadros que crucen origen, destino y edad en el censo, series homog\u00e9neas de CONAPO y estudios comunitarios sobre cuidados, lengua y oficios. Hay que separar la informaci\u00f3n con ese detalle sin identificar a las personas ni atribuirles motivos por su municipio. As\u00ed los datos permiten conocer una regi\u00f3n viva, cuyas relaciones van m\u00e1s all\u00e1 de los caminos y los l\u00edmites administrativos.<\/p><\/section><details class=\"research-comparison\" id=\"r05-es-comparison\"><summary>Fuentes y contraste \u00b7 desplegar investigaci\u00f3n<\/summary><div class=\"research-matrix\"><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Tabla de datos\" style=\"--journal-table-min:40rem\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Pregunta \/ hip\u00f3tesis<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Fuentes y localizaci\u00f3n<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Qu\u00e9 observa cada fuente<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Contraste e interpretaci\u00f3n<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfSalidas o llegadas?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes y localizaci\u00f3n\">INEGI [1\u20133], poblaci\u00f3n residente de 5 a\u00f1os y m\u00e1s en 2020; residencia en marzo de 2015.<\/td><td data-label=\"Qu\u00e9 observa cada fuente\">El lugar de observaci\u00f3n es el municipio de residencia actual. La tabla identifica residencia previa distinta.<\/td><td data-label=\"Contraste e interpretaci\u00f3n\">No contabiliza a todos los que salieron y permanecen fuera. Para destinos y emigraci\u00f3n se requieren matrices de origen\u2013destino; los dos cortes no revelan todas las mudanzas intermedias.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfMisma poblaci\u00f3n y mismo denominador?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes y localizaci\u00f3n\">Panoramas INEGI [2\u20133] y CONAPO [4].<\/td><td data-label=\"Qu\u00e9 observa cada fuente\">INEGI usa personas en el indicador de residencia; CONAPO estima viviendas con experiencias migratorias mediante cuestionario ampliado.<\/td><td data-label=\"Contraste e interpretaci\u00f3n\">Complementariedad, no contradicci\u00f3n. En Papantla CONAPO estima 46,368 viviendas y el Panorama enumera 45,459 viviendas particulares habitadas. No deben combinarse para calcular personas ni multiplicar porcentajes redondeados por otro universo.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfLa familia o el trabajo explican todo?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes y localizaci\u00f3n\">INEGI, gu\u00eda [1] y Puebla [2].<\/td><td data-label=\"Qu\u00e9 observa cada fuente\">Entre quienes cambiaron de residencia, Cuetzalan: familia 53.7%, trabajo 24.1%; Huehuetla: 59.9% y 17.6%.<\/td><td data-label=\"Contraste e interpretaci\u00f3n\">La agrupaci\u00f3n familiar es mayor en estos dos casos y en esta poblaci\u00f3n observada. No demuestra que los mismos motivos dominen todas las salidas internacionales ni elimina causas combinadas. Faltan cruces y relatos para contrastar mecanismos.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfUna baja intensidad significa ausencia?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes y localizaci\u00f3n\">CONAPO [4], anexo B, cuadros B.21 y B.30.<\/td><td data-label=\"Qu\u00e9 observa cada fuente\">Grado bajo en Espinal y Tecolutla; muy bajo en los otros cuatro. Los porcentajes de sus componentes siguen siendo distintos.<\/td><td data-label=\"Contraste e interpretaci\u00f3n\">La clasificaci\u00f3n compara intensidad nacional M\u00e9xico\u2013Estados Unidos. No mide la relevancia subjetiva para una familia ni la movilidad hacia otros destinos; 0.00 refleja estimaci\u00f3n y redondeo.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfRemesas igual a migrantes?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes y localizaci\u00f3n\">CONAPO [4] frente a Banco de M\u00e9xico CE166 [6].<\/td><td data-label=\"Qu\u00e9 observa cada fuente\">El primero publica proporciones de viviendas; el segundo, flujos monetarios trimestrales.<\/td><td data-label=\"Contraste e interpretaci\u00f3n\">No son medidas rivales ni convertibles autom\u00e1ticamente. Para vincularlas hacen falta periodos, universos y mecanismos de recepci\u00f3n compatibles. No se reproducen importes municipales sin comprobaci\u00f3n.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfPodemos unir 2000, 2010 y 2020 sin ajuste?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes y localizaci\u00f3n\">CONAPO [4], metodolog\u00eda y cat\u00e1logo [5].<\/td><td data-label=\"Qu\u00e9 observa cada fuente\">Cambian unidad hist\u00f3rica y tratamiento del \u00edndice; el libro presenta el enfoque DP\u2082.<\/td><td data-label=\"Contraste e interpretaci\u00f3n\">Para una tendencia se requiere una serie armonizada y la misma definici\u00f3n. Aqu\u00ed se ofrece una comparaci\u00f3n transversal 2020. Los CSV no accesibles no se presentan como le\u00eddos: los datos publicados proceden de las tablas del libro.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfLa movilidad modifica lenguas y oficios?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes y localizaci\u00f3n\">Olvera [7], caso hist\u00f3rico 1932\u20131938, frente a tablas 2020 [2\u20134].<\/td><td data-label=\"Qu\u00e9 observa cada fuente\">La investigaci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica estudia trabajo, aprendizaje y vivienda; las tablas modernas miden otras unidades y periodos.<\/td><td data-label=\"Contraste e interpretaci\u00f3n\">Complementariedad de preguntas, no prueba de un efecto actual. Las hip\u00f3tesis sobre transmisi\u00f3n, cuidados y pertenencia necesitan testimonios y dise\u00f1os espec\u00edficos, sin convertir un promedio municipal en una biograf\u00eda individual.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><h2>Fuentes documentales y localizaci\u00f3n de la consulta<\/h2><ol class=\"research-refs\"><li id=\"r05-es-s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/programas\/ccpv\/2020\/tableros\/panorama\/guia\/\">INEGI \u00b7 Censo de Poblaci\u00f3n y Vivienda 2020 \u00b7 Gu\u00eda del Panorama Sociodemogr\u00e1fico<\/a><br><span>Apartado Migraci\u00f3n: poblaci\u00f3n de 5 a\u00f1os y m\u00e1s, residencia en marzo de 2015 y agrupaci\u00f3n de causas. \/ Migration definitions, age 5+, March 2015 residence and grouped reasons. \/ D\u00e9finitions de la migration, 5 ans ou plus, r\u00e9sidence en mars 2015 et motifs regroup\u00e9s.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r05-es-s2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/contenidos\/productos\/prod_serv\/contenidos\/espanol\/bvinegi\/productos\/nueva_estruc\/702825197940.pdf\">INEGI \u00b7 Panorama sociodemogr\u00e1fico de Puebla \u00b7 Censo 2020 \u00b7 2021<\/a><br><span>Cuetzalan, pp. 138\u2013139; Huehuetla, pp. 168\u2013169.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r05-es-s3\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/contenidos\/productos\/prod_serv\/contenidos\/espanol\/bvinegi\/productos\/nueva_estruc\/702825198039.pdf\">INEGI \u00b7 Panorama sociodemogr\u00e1fico de Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave \u00b7 Censo 2020 \u00b7 2021<\/a><br><span>Espinal, pp. 152\u2013153; Papantla, 280\u2013281; Poza Rica, 292\u2013293; Tecolutla, 346\u2013347.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r05-es-s4\"><a href=\"https:\/\/omi.gob.mx\/work\/models\/OMI\/Resource\/2802\/IIMMexEEUU2020.pdf\">CONAPO \u00b7 \u00cdndices de intensidad migratoria M\u00e9xico\u2013Estados Unidos 2020 \u00b7 2022<\/a><br><span>Metodolog\u00eda y anexo B: cuadros B.21 (Puebla), B.30 (Veracruz). Variables de viviendas, porcentajes y grados. \/ Methodology and annex B, tables B.21 and B.30: dwellings, percentages and categories. \/ M\u00e9thodologie et annexe B, tableaux B.21 et B.30 : logements, pourcentages et degr\u00e9s.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r05-es-s5\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.datos.gob.mx\/es\/dataset\/indice_intensidad_migratoria\">CONAPO \u00b7 \u00cdndice de intensidad migratoria \u00b7 Cat\u00e1logo de datos abiertos<\/a><br><span>Cat\u00e1logo y metadatos; los CSV municipales no se utilizaron para los c\u00e1lculos: la transcripci\u00f3n procede del anexo del libro [4]. \/ Catalogue and metadata; figures were transcribed from book annex [4], not the municipal CSV files. \/ Catalogue et m\u00e9tadonn\u00e9es ; chiffres transcrits de l\u2019annexe [4], et non des fichiers CSV municipaux.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r05-es-s6\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.banxico.org.mx\/SieInternet\/consultarDirectorioInternetAction.do?accion=consultarCuadro&#038;idCuadro=CE166\">Banco de M\u00e9xico \u00b7 SIE \u00b7 CE166 \u00b7 Ingresos por remesas, distribuci\u00f3n por municipio<\/a><br><span>Referencia para una serie monetaria trimestral en millones de d\u00f3lares; no se reproducen importes municipales no verificados. \/ Quarterly monetary series in USD millions; no unverified municipal amounts are reproduced. \/ S\u00e9rie mon\u00e9taire trimestrielle en millions de dollars ; aucun montant municipal non v\u00e9rifi\u00e9 n\u2019est reproduit.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r05-es-s7\"><a href=\"https:\/\/historicas.unam.mx\/publicaciones\/publicadigital\/libros\/276-02\/276-02-05-28-claseobrera.pdf\">Alberto Olvera \u00b7 La formaci\u00f3n de la clase obrera en un nuevo espacio urbano industrial: el caso de Poza Rica, Ver., 1932\u20131938 \u00b7 UNAM, 1999, pp. 823\u2013837; edici\u00f3n digital 2023<\/a><br><span>Introducci\u00f3n y secciones I\u2013III, pp. 823\u2013828: fuentes, tierras, reclutamiento y vivienda. \/ Introduction and sections I\u2013III, pp. 823\u2013828. \/ Introduction et sections I\u2013III, p. 823\u2013828.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r05-es-s8\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/servicios\/catalogounico\/\">INEGI \u00b7 Cat\u00e1logo \u00danico de Claves Geoestad\u00edsticas \u00b7 localidades 210430001, 210720001, 300660001, 301240001, 301310001 y 301580001<\/a>. Cartograf\u00eda original a partir de INEGI [8].<\/li><\/ol><section class=\"iict-reading-source\" id=\"iict-reading-r05-es-source\" lang=\"es\"><h4>Salir a trabajar y volver a casa<\/h4><p>El 18,6 % es nacional. Complementa las preguntas sobre residencia y remesas, sin estimar desplazamientos espec\u00edficos del Totonacapan. Los dos recorridos son ejemplos explicativos.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/contenidos\/saladeprensa\/boletines\/2021\/EstSociodemo\/ResComplCPV2020_Nal.pdf\">INEGI \u00b7 Resultados complementarios CPV 2020, Movilidad cotidiana<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"#iict-reading-r05-es\">Volver al pasaje<\/a><\/p><\/section>\n<\/details><nav><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1225\">Volver a Investigaciones del Totonacapan \u2192<\/a><\/nav><p class=\"research-version\">Edici\u00f3n documental \u00b7 ES \/ EN \/ FR \u00b7 05.11.2026 \u00b7 v1.0<\/p><!-- IICT-CITE R05 es --><aside class=\"iict-citation\" id=\"citar-r05-es\" aria-labelledby=\"citar-r05-es-title\"><h2 id=\"citar-r05-es-title\">C\u00f3mo citar este art\u00edculo<\/h2><p class=\"iict-citation-label\">Referencia bibliogr\u00e1fica sugerida<\/p><blockquote class=\"iict-citation-reference\">Instituto Internacional de Cultura del Totonacapan. \u00abLa regi\u00f3n en movimiento: migraci\u00f3n interna, internacional y di\u00e1spora\u00bb. <cite>Cuadernos de investigaci\u00f3n<\/cite>, <strong>R05<\/strong>. The Integral Management Society (IMSV). <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1282#r05-es\">https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1282#r05-es<\/a>.<\/blockquote><p><strong>Referencia interna:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1282#r05-es\">R05<\/a>. Para citar un pasaje concreto, a\u00f1ade el t\u00edtulo de su secci\u00f3n.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1225#normas-citacion-es\">Criterios de citaci\u00f3n del Instituto \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/aside><!-- \/IICT-CITE R05 es --><\/article><details class=\"research-lang-version\" id=\"r05-en-version\"><summary>English \u00b7 complete article<\/summary><article id=\"r05-en\" lang=\"en\" aria-labelledby=\"r05-en-title\"><header><p class=\"research-version\">INVESTIGACIONES DEL TOTONACAPAN \u00b7 R05 \u00b7 The region today<\/p><h1 id=\"r05-en-title\">A region on the move: internal migration, international migration and diaspora<\/h1><p class=\"research-deck\">Leaving, arriving, returning and sustaining ties are different movements. Examining them separately helps us understand families and territory.<\/p><\/header><section class=\"research-abstract\"><h2>Abstract<\/h2><p>Mobility in the Totonacapan combines journeys within Mexico, connections with the United States and returns. No single percentage describes all these movements. This study compares six municipalities in Puebla and Veracruz through the 2020 Census and CONAPO indices: it identifies what each indicator measures, shows local differences and explains why remittances are not a count of emigrants. Historical perspective and questions about care, languages and trades connect the figures with community life.<\/p><h3>How this research was carried out<\/h3><p class=\"research-method\">Documentary research and descriptive comparison \u00b7 Reviewed 5 November 2026. Census data for 2020 and residence in 2015\u20132020; not estimates for 2026. Six municipalities deliberately selected for comparison, not a representative sample or an official boundary of the Totonacapan. No interviews were conducted for this article.<\/p><\/section><figure class=\"research-visual\"><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r05-poza-rica-fredy-flores-2004.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r05-poza-rica-fredy-flores-2004.jpg\" alt=\"Poza Rica: city, work and territory\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1284\"><\/a><figcaption><strong>Poza Rica: city, work and territory<\/strong>View from Cerro del Abuelo, 5 July 2004. Urban context, not a 2020 census image or identification of migrants. Unedited. <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Vista_Poza_Rica_Centro.jpg\">Fredy Flores Vazquez \u00b7 2004 \u00b7 dominio p\u00fablico \/ public domain \/ domaine public<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Vista_Poza_Rica_Centro.jpg#Licensing\">Licencia \/ Licence<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><details class=\"iict-journal-toc\"><summary>In this article<\/summary><nav class=\"research-internal-nav\" aria-label=\"In this article\"><strong>In this article<\/strong><ol><li><a href=\"#r05-en-b0\">The first question: who are we counting?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r05-en-b1\">What the 2020 Census reveals: arrivals and changes of residence<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r05-en-b2\">Reasons: family, work and other trajectories<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r05-en-b3\">The United States: four signals to keep distinct<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r05-en-b4\">Local differences: read columns before labels<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r05-en-b5\">Remittances, emigrants and returns: three different questions<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r05-en-b6\">Mobility has a history and carries knowledge<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r05-en-b7\">Diaspora: belonging need not have one residence<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r05-en-b8\">What we know and what comes next<\/a><\/li><\/ol><a href=\"#r05-en-comparison\">Sources and comparison \u00b7 open the research<\/a><\/nav><\/details><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r05-en-b0\"><h2>The first question: who are we counting?<\/h2><p>A person may leave their locality to study, move to another Mexican city, later work in the United States and return. Each source will capture a different part of that trajectory. A census observes residents at a point in time; an index brings together dwelling characteristics; a remittance series records money over a period. Knowing exactly what each source observes makes it possible to ask a question the data can answer.<\/p><p>We selected Cuetzalan del Progreso and Huehuetla in Puebla, and Espinal, Papantla, Poza Rica de Hidalgo and Tecolutla in Veracruz, to compare highlands, lowlands, an industrial city and the coast. We do not add their figures as though they constituted the entire region. Code 21072 identifies Huehuetla, Puebla: confusing it with the municipality of the same name in Hidalgo would change the study.<\/p><div class=\"r-process\"><div><strong>People<\/strong>Census: residence on two dates.<\/div><div><strong>Dwellings<\/strong>CONAPO: experiences connected with the United States.<\/div><div><strong>Money<\/strong>Banco de M\u00e9xico: quarterly remittance flows.<\/div><\/div><\/section><figure class=\"r-localisation\"><h3>Six municipalities in their geographical setting<\/h3><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 760 620\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Six municipalities in their geographical setting\"><rect width=\"760\" height=\"620\" fill=\"#f5f0e4\"\/><g stroke=\"#cdd3cf\" stroke-width=\"1\"><path d=\"M90 469.99999999999915H660\"\/><text x=\"25\" y=\"474.99999999999915\" fill=\"#53676c\" stroke=\"none\" font-size=\"22\">20.0\u00b0N<\/text><path d=\"M90 349.99999999999955H660\"\/><text x=\"25\" y=\"354.99999999999955\" fill=\"#53676c\" stroke=\"none\" font-size=\"22\">20.2\u00b0N<\/text><path d=\"M90 230H660\"\/><text x=\"25\" y=\"235\" fill=\"#53676c\" stroke=\"none\" font-size=\"22\">20.4\u00b0N<\/text><path d=\"M90 109.9999999999983H660\"\/><text x=\"25\" y=\"114.9999999999983\" fill=\"#53676c\" stroke=\"none\" font-size=\"22\">20.6\u00b0N<\/text><path d=\"M90 70V530\"\/><text x=\"90\" y=\"555\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#53676c\" stroke=\"none\" font-size=\"22\">97.8\u00b0W<\/text><path d=\"M202.5466721534293 70V530\"\/><text x=\"202.5466721534293\" y=\"555\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#53676c\" stroke=\"none\" font-size=\"22\">97.6\u00b0W<\/text><path d=\"M315.0933443068506 70V530\"\/><text x=\"315.0933443068506\" y=\"555\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#53676c\" stroke=\"none\" font-size=\"22\">97.4\u00b0W<\/text><path d=\"M427.6400164602799 70V530\"\/><text x=\"427.6400164602799\" y=\"555\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#53676c\" stroke=\"none\" font-size=\"22\">97.2\u00b0W<\/text><path d=\"M540.1866886137093 70V530\"\/><text x=\"540.1866886137093\" y=\"555\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#53676c\" stroke=\"none\" font-size=\"22\">97.0\u00b0W<\/text><\/g><g font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"23\" font-weight=\"bold\" text-anchor=\"middle\"><circle cx=\"247.13169868698674\" cy=\"458.8878199999999\" r=\"18\" fill=\"#9e8240\" stroke=\"#f5f0e4\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"247.13169868698674\" y=\"466.8878199999999\" fill=\"#fffaf0\">1<\/text><circle cx=\"188.53478029033244\" cy=\"407.517499999999\" r=\"18\" fill=\"#9e8240\" stroke=\"#f5f0e4\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"188.53478029033244\" y=\"415.517499999999\" fill=\"#fffaf0\">2<\/text><circle cx=\"315.92934098761157\" cy=\"314.34301999999934\" r=\"18\" fill=\"#294e61\" stroke=\"#f5f0e4\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"315.92934098761157\" y=\"322.34301999999934\" fill=\"#fffaf0\">3<\/text><circle cx=\"358.5649466128016\" cy=\"201.96049999999946\" r=\"18\" fill=\"#294e61\" stroke=\"#f5f0e4\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"358.5649466128016\" y=\"209.96049999999946\" fill=\"#fffaf0\">4<\/text><circle cx=\"290.57679625165173\" cy=\"149.54750000000018\" r=\"18\" fill=\"#294e61\" stroke=\"#f5f0e4\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"290.57679625165173\" y=\"157.54750000000018\" fill=\"#fffaf0\">5<\/text><circle cx=\"535.4311415285351\" cy=\"183.56449999999882\" r=\"18\" fill=\"#294e61\" stroke=\"#f5f0e4\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"535.4311415285351\" y=\"191.56449999999882\" fill=\"#fffaf0\">6<\/text><\/g><g stroke=\"#294e61\" fill=\"#294e61\"><path d=\"M700 140V75M695 88L700 75L705 88\" fill=\"none\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"700\" y=\"60\" text-anchor=\"middle\" stroke=\"none\" font-size=\"26\">N<\/text><\/g><path d=\"M90 590h108\" stroke=\"#294e61\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><path d=\"M90 584v12m108-12v12\" stroke=\"#294e61\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"144\" y=\"613\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#53676c\" font-size=\"22\">\u224820 km<\/text><\/svg><ol class=\"r-map-legend\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/gaia.inegi.org.mx\/wscatgeo\/v2\/localidades\/210430001\">1 \u00b7 Cuetzalan del Progreso<\/a> \u00b7 21043 \u00b7 Puebla<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/gaia.inegi.org.mx\/wscatgeo\/v2\/localidades\/210720001\">2 \u00b7 Huehuetla<\/a> \u00b7 21072 \u00b7 Puebla<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/gaia.inegi.org.mx\/wscatgeo\/v2\/localidades\/300660001\">3 \u00b7 Espinal<\/a> \u00b7 30066 \u00b7 Veracruz<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/gaia.inegi.org.mx\/wscatgeo\/v2\/localidades\/301240001\">4 \u00b7 Papantla<\/a> \u00b7 30124 \u00b7 Veracruz<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/gaia.inegi.org.mx\/wscatgeo\/v2\/localidades\/301310001\">5 \u00b7 Poza Rica de Hidalgo<\/a> \u00b7 30131 \u00b7 Veracruz<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/gaia.inegi.org.mx\/wscatgeo\/v2\/localidades\/301580001\">6 \u00b7 Tecolutla<\/a> \u00b7 30158 \u00b7 Veracruz<\/li><\/ol><figcaption>Point map of the selected municipal seats; numbers refer to the list. Coordinates from INEGI\u2019s Unique Catalogue, consulted 5 November 2026. Local equirectangular projection, reference latitude 20.3\u00b0N. It shows neither municipal boundaries nor a cultural frontier, and does not draw migration flows. <a href=\"#r05-en-s8\">Original cartography based on INEGI [8].<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r05-en-b1\"><h2>What the 2020 Census reveals: arrivals and changes of residence<\/h2><p>INEGI asks where people aged five and over, resident in the municipality in 2020, lived in March 2015. The Panorama indicator includes those then living in a different municipality, state or country. It therefore shows mobility observed from the current destination. It does not measure how many people left that municipality and remain elsewhere.<\/p><p>Among these six cases, Tecolutla records 6.4% and Papantla 2.6%: a difference of 3.8 percentage points in this particular indicator. This is not a comparison of emigration or net migration. Nor do two dates reconstruct all intermediate moves: someone could have left and returned between them, with the same municipal residence at the beginning and end.<sup><a href=\"#r05-en-s1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"#r05-en-s2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"#r05-en-s3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><section class=\"r-table-wrap\"><h3>Residence in 2015 different from current residence \u00b7 2020 Census<\/h3><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Data table\" style=\"--journal-table-min:32rem\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Municipality \u00b7 code<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Residents aged 5 and over (%)<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source \u00b7 pages<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Cuetzalan del Progreso \u00b7 21043<\/th><td data-label=\"Residents aged 5 and over (%)\">3.1%<\/td><td data-label=\"Source \u00b7 pages\">[2] \u00b7 138\u2013139<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Huehuetla \u00b7 21072<\/th><td data-label=\"Residents aged 5 and over (%)\">2.7%<\/td><td data-label=\"Source \u00b7 pages\">[2] \u00b7 168\u2013169<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Espinal \u00b7 30066<\/th><td data-label=\"Residents aged 5 and over (%)\">3.4%<\/td><td data-label=\"Source \u00b7 pages\">[3] \u00b7 152\u2013153<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Papantla \u00b7 30124<\/th><td data-label=\"Residents aged 5 and over (%)\">2.6%<\/td><td data-label=\"Source \u00b7 pages\">[3] \u00b7 280\u2013281<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Poza Rica de Hidalgo \u00b7 30131<\/th><td data-label=\"Residents aged 5 and over (%)\">3.2%<\/td><td data-label=\"Source \u00b7 pages\">[3] \u00b7 292\u2013293<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Tecolutla \u00b7 30158<\/th><td data-label=\"Residents aged 5 and over (%)\">6.4%<\/td><td data-label=\"Source \u00b7 pages\">[3] \u00b7 346\u2013347<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r05-en-b2\"><figure class=\"iict-viz viz-lenses\" id=\"iict-viz-r05-en\" lang=\"en\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-viz-r05-en-title\"><header><div class=\"viz-kicker\"><span>Visual notebooks<\/span><span>R05 \u00b7 01<\/span><\/div><h3 id=\"iict-viz-r05-en-title\">People, households and money<\/h3><p>Three units of observation for understanding mobility.<\/p><\/header><div class=\"viz-art\" style=\"--viz-cols:3\"><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><circle cx=\"140\" cy=\"31\" r=\"13\"\/><path d=\"M115 84V65q0-17 25-17t25 17v19M95 42a10 10 0 1 1 0-20M185 42a10 10 0 1 0 0-20M77 87V65q0-17 25-17M203 87V65q0-17-25-17M111 95h58\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><h4>Residents<\/h4><p>The census allows questions about residence at a particular time and earlier moves.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><path d=\"M80 55l60-40 60 40M92 49v49h96V49M125 98V67h30v31M102 56h15v15h-15M164 56h15v15h-15\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><h4>Households<\/h4><p>CONAPO indicators describe household characteristics.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><ellipse cx=\"128\" cy=\"34\" rx=\"41\" ry=\"15\"\/><path d=\"M87 34v18q41 30 82 0V34M87 50v18q41 30 82 0M110 76v13q41 25 82-2V65M169 50q25 2 23 15-9 18-48 13\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><h4>Remittances<\/h4><p>Money received over a period is not a count of emigrants.<\/p><\/div><\/div><figcaption>Changing the unit changes the question; these three measures are not added together.<span class=\"viz-source\">Original visual synthesis by the Institute \u00b7 <a href=\"#r05-en-comparison\">Sources and comparison<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<section class=\"iict-reading-addition\" data-kind=\"inline\" id=\"iict-reading-r05-en\" lang=\"en\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-reading-r05-en-title\"><h3 id=\"iict-reading-r05-en-title\">Leaving for work and returning home<\/h3><p>Important movements do not always involve moving home. In the 2020 Census, INEGI defines everyday mobility as daily, cyclical travel between home and work or school. Its national presentation reports that 18.6% of the employed population worked outside their municipality of residence. This country-level reference differs from the municipal percentages of residential change compared here. <a class=\"reading-ref\" href=\"#iict-reading-r05-en-source\" aria-label=\"See sources and comparison\">\u2197<\/a><\/p><p>Consider two possible journeys: crossing a municipal boundary in the morning and returning in the afternoon, or establishing a new residence. Both connect territories; only the second changes the home address. Distinguishing them makes the story behind each figure clearer.<\/p><p class=\"reading-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/contenidos\/saladeprensa\/boletines\/2021\/EstSociodemo\/ResComplCPV2020_Nal.pdf\">INEGI \u00b7 Resultados complementarios CPV 2020, Movilidad cotidiana<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"#r05-en-comparison\">Sources and comparison<\/a><\/p><\/section>\n<figure class=\"iict-plate\" id=\"iict-plate-r05-a-en\" lang=\"en\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r05-a-en-title\" style=\"--plate-cols:2\"><div class=\"plate-top\"><p class=\"plate-kicker\">Illustrated notebook \u00b7 I<\/p><h3 id=\"iict-plate-r05-a-en-title\">Two journeys, two ways of counting<\/h3><\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"plate-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 750 420\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r05-a-en-art-title iict-plate-r05-a-en-art-desc\"><title id=\"iict-plate-r05-a-en-art-title\">Two journeys, two ways of counting<\/title><desc id=\"iict-plate-r05-a-en-art-desc\">1. Going to work and returning retains the usual residence. 2. Changing residence requires another question and time period. Explanatory journeys, not interviewees\u2019 itineraries. The 2020 Census distinguishes daily and residential mobility.<\/desc><defs><pattern id=\"iict-plate-r05-a-en-grain\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" width=\"17\" height=\"19\"><circle cx=\"2\" cy=\"3\" r=\".6\" fill=\"#a9a384\" opacity=\".15\"\/><circle cx=\"11\" cy=\"14\" r=\".5\" fill=\"#b3a98a\" opacity=\".16\"\/><\/pattern><\/defs><rect width=\"750\" height=\"420\" fill=\"url(#iict-plate-r05-a-en-grain)\"\/><g transform=\"translate(150 125) scale(0.65)\"><path d=\"M-66 -12 L0 -68 L66 -12 L48 -12 L48 55 L-48 55 L-48 -12Z\" fill=\"#e6deca\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><rect x=\"-12\" y=\"9\" width=\"24\" height=\"46\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#a5ae91\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"-38\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"23\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><\/g><rect x=\"564\" y=\"86\" width=\"88\" height=\"70\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#dedbc7\" stroke=\"#899276\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M550 86 L574 61 L574 86 L601 61 L601 86 L630 61 L630 86\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#899276\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M211 96 C307 30 466 30 554 95 M550 158 C461 214 314 214 218 158\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#9aab91\" stroke-width=\"4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><circle cx=\"546\" cy=\"91\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#9aab91\" stroke=\"#9aab91\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g transform=\"translate(150 311) scale(0.65)\"><path d=\"M-66 -12 L0 -68 L66 -12 L48 -12 L48 55 L-48 55 L-48 -12Z\" fill=\"#e6deca\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><rect x=\"-12\" y=\"9\" width=\"24\" height=\"46\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#a5ae91\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"-38\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"23\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><\/g><g transform=\"translate(607 311) scale(0.65)\"><path d=\"M-66 -12 L0 -68 L66 -12 L48 -12 L48 55 L-48 55 L-48 -12Z\" fill=\"#e6deca\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><rect x=\"-12\" y=\"9\" width=\"24\" height=\"46\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#a5ae91\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"-38\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"23\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><\/g><path d=\"M215 308 L545 308\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b3975c\" stroke-width=\"4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-dasharray=\"8 7\"\/><circle cx=\"544\" cy=\"308\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#b3975c\" stroke=\"#b3975c\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><circle cx=\"375\" cy=\"105\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"375\" y=\"113\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1<\/text><circle cx=\"375\" cy=\"300\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"375\" y=\"308\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">2<\/text><\/svg><ol class=\"plate-legend\"><li>Going to work and returning retains the usual residence.<\/li><li>Changing residence requires another question and time period.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"plate-caption\">Explanatory journeys, not interviewees\u2019 itineraries. The 2020 Census distinguishes daily and residential mobility. \u00b7 Original illustration by the Institute \u00b7 <a href=\"#r05-en-comparison\">Sources and comparison<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Reasons: family, work and other trajectories<\/h2><p>Published reasons refer to people who changed residence, not the whole population. In Cuetzalan, INEGI records family reasons for 53.7% of those changes and work for 24.1%; in Huehuetla the corresponding figures are 59.9% and 17.6%. They describe arrivals and changes observed in current municipalities of residence, rather than the reasons for all international departures from the Totonacapan.<\/p><p>Family groups together reunification and marriage or union; work groups together job searches, offers or changes. These are classifications, rather than complete accounts of a decision. One move can combine employment, care and education even when the census publishes a main reason. Insecurity refers to INEGI\u2019s defined grouping; it is not in itself a comprehensive count of forced displacement. Small deviations from 100% reflect rounding.<sup><a href=\"#r05-en-s1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"#r05-en-s2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r05-en-b3\"><h2>The United States: four signals to keep distinct<\/h2><p>CONAPO constructs its Mexico\u2013United States index using information from the expanded census questionnaire. Its four components refer to dwellings: receiving remittances; emigrants to the United States in 2015\u20132020 who remained there; circular migration during that period; and return of people who lived in the United States in 2015 and were in Mexico in 2020.<\/p><p>The index does not, on its own, cover internal migration or every international destination. Nor does it divide dwellings into four exclusive groups: one dwelling may have several experiences. Columns therefore cannot be added like slices of a pie. A value of 0.00 is an estimated, rounded percentage, not proof that no one has ever had that experience.<sup><a href=\"#r05-en-s4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r05-en-b4\"><h2>Local differences: read columns before labels<\/h2><p>Tecolutla has the highest share of remittance-receiving dwellings in this selection, 7.32%, followed by Espinal at 5.12%. Cuetzalan records 1.16%. These are differences among the six municipalities observed, not a ranking of the entire region. CONAPO classifies Espinal and Tecolutla as low intensity and the remaining four as very low.<\/p><p>Those labels describe a position in a national index, not the importance of migration to a family. A very-low municipality may contain households for whom an absence, a return or a transfer is decisive. Nor do the figures automatically identify each person\u2019s language, age, occupation or destination: those questions require additional cross-tabulations, rather than deductions from a municipal label.<\/p><section class=\"r-bars\"><h3>Dwellings receiving remittances \u00b7 six municipalities<\/h3><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>Cuetzalan del Progreso<\/span><div class=\"r-track\"><span class=\"r-fill\" style=\"width:14.499999999999998%\"><\/span><\/div><span>1.16%<\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>Huehuetla<\/span><div class=\"r-track\"><span class=\"r-fill\" style=\"width:25.124999999999996%\"><\/span><\/div><span>2.01%<\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>Espinal<\/span><div class=\"r-track\"><span class=\"r-fill\" style=\"width:64%\"><\/span><\/div><span>5.12%<\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>Papantla<\/span><div class=\"r-track\"><span class=\"r-fill\" style=\"width:42.75%\"><\/span><\/div><span>3.42%<\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>Poza Rica de Hidalgo<\/span><div class=\"r-track\"><span class=\"r-fill\" style=\"width:19.25%\"><\/span><\/div><span>1.54%<\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>Tecolutla<\/span><div class=\"r-track\"><span class=\"r-fill\" style=\"width:91.5%\"><\/span><\/div><span>7.32%<\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-axis\"><span>0%<\/span><span>8%<\/span><\/div><p class=\"research-method\">Common scale from 0 to 8%. Municipal comparison for 2020; not people or monetary amounts. CONAPO [4].<\/p><\/section><section class=\"r-table-wrap\"><h3>Dwellings and US connections \u00b7 CONAPO 2020<\/h3><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Data table\" style=\"--journal-table-min:64rem\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Municipality<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Estimated dwellings<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Remittances (%)<\/th><th scope=\"col\">US emigration (%)<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Circular (%)<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Return (%)<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Category<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Cuetzalan del Progreso \u00b7 21043<\/th><td data-label=\"Estimated dwellings\">12,621<\/td><td data-label=\"Remittances (%)\">1.16<\/td><td data-label=\"US emigration (%)\">0.36<\/td><td data-label=\"Circular (%)\">0.00<\/td><td data-label=\"Return (%)\">0.13<\/td><td data-label=\"Category\">Very low<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Huehuetla \u00b7 21072<\/th><td data-label=\"Estimated dwellings\">3,932<\/td><td data-label=\"Remittances (%)\">2.01<\/td><td data-label=\"US emigration (%)\">0.03<\/td><td data-label=\"Circular (%)\">0.00<\/td><td data-label=\"Return (%)\">0.00<\/td><td data-label=\"Category\">Very low<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Espinal \u00b7 30066<\/th><td data-label=\"Estimated dwellings\">7,501<\/td><td data-label=\"Remittances (%)\">5.12<\/td><td data-label=\"US emigration (%)\">1.68<\/td><td data-label=\"Circular (%)\">0.17<\/td><td data-label=\"Return (%)\">0.31<\/td><td data-label=\"Category\">Low<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Papantla \u00b7 30124<\/th><td data-label=\"Estimated dwellings\">46,368<\/td><td data-label=\"Remittances (%)\">3.42<\/td><td data-label=\"US emigration (%)\">0.42<\/td><td data-label=\"Circular (%)\">0.20<\/td><td data-label=\"Return (%)\">0.60<\/td><td data-label=\"Category\">Very low<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Poza Rica de Hidalgo \u00b7 30131<\/th><td data-label=\"Estimated dwellings\">57,125<\/td><td data-label=\"Remittances (%)\">1.54<\/td><td data-label=\"US emigration (%)\">0.27<\/td><td data-label=\"Circular (%)\">0.12<\/td><td data-label=\"Return (%)\">0.13<\/td><td data-label=\"Category\">Very low<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Tecolutla \u00b7 30158<\/th><td data-label=\"Estimated dwellings\">7,490<\/td><td data-label=\"Remittances (%)\">7.32<\/td><td data-label=\"US emigration (%)\">1.71<\/td><td data-label=\"Circular (%)\">0.49<\/td><td data-label=\"Return (%)\">0.99<\/td><td data-label=\"Category\">Low<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"research-method\">Percentages of estimated dwellings, expanded questionnaire. Components are not exclusive. 0.00 is rounded. Annex B, tables B.21 and B.30 [4].<\/p><\/section><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r05-en-b5\"><h2>Remittances, emigrants and returns: three different questions<\/h2><p>The percentage of dwellings receiving remittances shows how many of the dwellings estimated in the study receive transfers. It does not count people or say how much each dwelling receives. Banco de M\u00e9xico\u2019s municipal CE166 series instead measures quarterly flows in USD millions. A monetary amount and a dwelling percentage can complement each other, but neither converts directly into a migrant count.<\/p><p>CONAPO\u2019s circular migration and return components also use different observation periods. Someone may have travelled and returned within 2015\u20132020; someone else lived in the United States in 2015 and returned before 2020. Both situations matter, but they are not interchangeable. A trend across 2000\u20132010\u20132020 requires methodologically comparable series: CONAPO introduces a statistical technique called DP\u2082 and distinguishes households used in 2000 from dwellings used later. We do not present an evolution produced by comparing different original indices without adjustment.<sup><a href=\"#r05-en-s4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"#r05-en-s6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r05-en-b6\"><h2>Mobility has a history and carries knowledge<\/h2><p>Olvera\u2019s study of Poza Rica reminds us that work-related movements predate recent measurements. In 1932\u20131938, arriving workers with varied experience linked industrial recruitment, housing and learning. It is a local historical investigation, rather than an identification of the personal trajectories of people in the 2020 Census.<\/p><p>More complete research into community life can follow who cares for those who stay, how expenses are shared, where a trade is learned and which languages connect generations across distance. Mobility may create channels for learning and may interrupt them. These hypotheses need testing with families and communities; the municipal tables examined here do not, on their own, demonstrate language loss, the abandonment of a trade or economic improvement.<sup><a href=\"#r05-en-s7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><figure class=\"research-visual\"><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-territorio-costa-tecolutla-20261104.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-territorio-costa-tecolutla-20261104.jpg\" alt=\"Tecolutla: a coast where people live\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1285\"><\/a><figcaption><strong>Tecolutla: a coast where people live<\/strong>Photograph from 2012, territorial context for one of the municipalities compared. It does not document a departure or return. Scaled presentation. <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:TecolutlaBeach01.JPG\">AlejandroLinaresGarcia \u00b7 2012 \u00b7 CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">Licencia \/ Licence<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r05-en-b7\"><figure class=\"iict-plate\" id=\"iict-plate-r05-b-en\" lang=\"en\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r05-b-en-title\" style=\"--plate-cols:3\"><div class=\"plate-top\"><p class=\"plate-kicker\">Illustrated notebook \u00b7 II<\/p><h3 id=\"iict-plate-r05-b-en-title\">One household, several signs of connection<\/h3><\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"plate-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 750 420\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r05-b-en-art-title iict-plate-r05-b-en-art-desc\"><title id=\"iict-plate-r05-b-en-art-title\">One household, several signs of connection<\/title><desc id=\"iict-plate-r05-b-en-art-desc\">1. Remittances: records receipt of resources. 2. Departure: asks about people who emigrated. 3. Return: follows another trajectory and time reference. CONAPO indicators are not populations to add without checking definitions and overlaps.<\/desc><defs><pattern id=\"iict-plate-r05-b-en-grain\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" width=\"17\" height=\"19\"><circle cx=\"2\" cy=\"3\" r=\".6\" fill=\"#a9a384\" opacity=\".15\"\/><circle cx=\"11\" cy=\"14\" r=\".5\" fill=\"#b3a98a\" opacity=\".16\"\/><\/pattern><\/defs><rect width=\"750\" height=\"420\" fill=\"url(#iict-plate-r05-b-en-grain)\"\/><g transform=\"translate(376 218) scale(1.35)\"><path d=\"M-66 -12 L0 -68 L66 -12 L48 -12 L48 55 L-48 55 L-48 -12Z\" fill=\"#e6deca\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><rect x=\"-12\" y=\"9\" width=\"24\" height=\"46\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#a5ae91\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"-38\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"23\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><\/g><rect x=\"96\" y=\"80\" width=\"91\" height=\"63\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#eee5cf\" stroke=\"#9b8960\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M98 83 L141 116 L185 83\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#9b8960\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"200\" y1=\"141\" x2=\"303\" y2=\"186\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 7\"\/><circle cx=\"303\" cy=\"186\" r=\"4\" fill=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><rect x=\"570\" y=\"88\" width=\"104\" height=\"78\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#dde2d2\" stroke=\"#8c9a7c\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M600 88 V70 H644 V88\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#8c9a7c\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"560\" y1=\"168\" x2=\"468\" y2=\"212\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 7\"\/><circle cx=\"468\" cy=\"212\" r=\"4\" fill=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g transform=\"translate(390 333) scale(0.44)\"><path d=\"M0 -67 C-36 -92 -83 -82 -105 -76 L-105 65 C-61 53 -24 57 0 76 C24 57 61 53 105 65 L105 -76 C70 -86 30 -90 0 -67Z\" fill=\"#f6efde\" stroke=\"#9c8e6b\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"-65\" x2=\"0\" y2=\"73\" stroke=\"#9c8e6b\" stroke-width=\"2\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -45 Q-46 -54 -15 -35 M15 -35 Q46 -54 88 -45\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -29 Q-46 -38 -15 -19 M15 -19 Q46 -38 88 -29\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -13 Q-46 -22 -15 -3 M15 -3 Q46 -22 88 -13\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 3 Q-46 -6 -15 13 M15 13 Q46 -6 88 3\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 19 Q-46 10 -15 29 M15 29 Q46 10 88 19\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 35 Q-46 26 -15 45 M15 45 Q46 26 88 35\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><\/g><line x1=\"389\" y1=\"279\" x2=\"389\" y2=\"299\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 7\"\/><circle cx=\"389\" cy=\"299\" r=\"4\" fill=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><circle cx=\"141\" cy=\"177\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"141\" y=\"185\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1<\/text><circle cx=\"623\" cy=\"210\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"623\" y=\"218\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">2<\/text><circle cx=\"472\" cy=\"343\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"472\" y=\"351\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">3<\/text><\/svg><ol class=\"plate-legend\"><li>Remittances: records receipt of resources.<\/li><li>Departure: asks about people who emigrated.<\/li><li>Return: follows another trajectory and time reference.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"plate-caption\">CONAPO indicators are not populations to add without checking definitions and overlaps. \u00b7 Original illustration by the Institute \u00b7 <a href=\"#r05-en-comparison\">Sources and comparison<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Diaspora: belonging need not have one residence<\/h2><p>Here diaspora refers to sustained ties beyond a place of residence: family relationships, visits, communications and cultural participation. It is not a statistical synonym for everyone who sends remittances. Someone can maintain belonging without transferring money; someone else can receive money without ever emigrating.<\/p><p>Documenting such relationships requires other tools: consent-based life histories, family trajectories, association archives and observation of gatherings. Naming particular organisations, networks or collaborations requires verifying their existence and activity. The next research step is to connect these testimonies with clearly defined indicators while preserving differences between personal experience, local patterns and municipal comparison.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r05-en-b8\"><h2>What we know and what comes next<\/h2><p>The comparison reveals heterogeneous mobility. Rates of previous residence elsewhere vary between municipalities; US connections appear in several components; money, dwellings and people are different units. The most useful result is not one Totonacapan figure, but a verifiable reading that distinguishes arrivals, departures and returns.<\/p><p>Further research should build census tables linking origin, destination and age, follow consistent CONAPO series and compare community studies of care, language and trades. Information must be broken down in this detail without identifying people or assigning motives based on their municipality. Data can then help us understand a living region whose relationships extend beyond its roads and administrative boundaries.<\/p><\/section><details class=\"research-comparison\" id=\"r05-en-comparison\"><summary>Sources and comparison \u00b7 open the research<\/summary><div class=\"research-matrix\"><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Data table\" style=\"--journal-table-min:40rem\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Question \/ hypothesis<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Sources and location<\/th><th scope=\"col\">What each source observes<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Comparison and interpretation<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Departures or arrivals?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources and location\">INEGI [1\u20133]: residents aged 5+ in 2020, and residence in March 2015.<\/td><td data-label=\"What each source observes\">Observation takes place in the current municipality of residence. The table identifies a different previous residence.<\/td><td data-label=\"Comparison and interpretation\">It does not count everyone who left and remains elsewhere. Origin\u2013destination matrices are needed for destinations and emigration; two observations do not reveal every intermediate move.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">The same population and denominator?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources and location\">INEGI panoramas [2\u20133] and CONAPO [4].<\/td><td data-label=\"What each source observes\">INEGI uses people in its residence indicator; CONAPO estimates dwellings with migration experiences through the expanded questionnaire.<\/td><td data-label=\"Comparison and interpretation\">Complementarity, not contradiction. CONAPO estimates 46,368 dwellings in Papantla; the Panorama enumerates 45,459 inhabited private dwellings. These universes must not be mixed to calculate people or multiply rounded percentages by a different denominator.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Do family or work explain everything?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources and location\">INEGI guide [1] and Puebla [2].<\/td><td data-label=\"What each source observes\">Among people who changed residence: Cuetzalan, family 53.7%, work 24.1%; Huehuetla, 59.9% and 17.6%.<\/td><td data-label=\"Comparison and interpretation\">The family grouping is larger in these two cases and this observed population. This does not establish identical motives for all international departures or exclude combined reasons. Cross-tabulations and accounts are needed to test mechanisms.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Does low intensity mean absence?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources and location\">CONAPO [4], annex B, tables B.21 and B.30.<\/td><td data-label=\"What each source observes\">Low in Espinal and Tecolutla; very low in the other four. Component percentages still differ.<\/td><td data-label=\"Comparison and interpretation\">The classification compares national Mexico\u2013US intensity. It does not measure a family\u2019s subjective experience or mobility towards other destinations; 0.00 reflects estimation and rounding.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Do remittances equal migrants?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources and location\">CONAPO [4] compared with Banco de M\u00e9xico CE166 [6].<\/td><td data-label=\"What each source observes\">The former publishes dwelling proportions; the latter quarterly monetary flows.<\/td><td data-label=\"Comparison and interpretation\">Neither competing measures nor automatically convertible ones. Linking them requires compatible periods, universes and receiving mechanisms. Unverified municipal amounts are not reproduced.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Can 2000, 2010 and 2020 be joined without adjustment?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources and location\">CONAPO [4], methodology and catalogue [5].<\/td><td data-label=\"What each source observes\">The historical unit and index treatment change; the book presents the DP\u2082 approach.<\/td><td data-label=\"Comparison and interpretation\">A trend requires a harmonised series and consistent definitions. This is a cross-sectional 2020 comparison. Inaccessible CSV files are not claimed as read: published figures come from the book\u2019s tables.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Does mobility alter languages and trades?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources and location\">Olvera [7], historical case 1932\u20131938, alongside 2020 tables [2\u20134].<\/td><td data-label=\"What each source observes\">Historical research examines work, learning and housing; modern tables measure other units and periods.<\/td><td data-label=\"Comparison and interpretation\">Complementary questions, not proof of a present-day effect. Hypotheses about transmission, care and belonging require testimonies and specific designs, without turning a municipal average into an individual biography.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><h2>Documentary sources and sections consulted<\/h2><ol class=\"research-refs\"><li id=\"r05-en-s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/programas\/ccpv\/2020\/tableros\/panorama\/guia\/\">INEGI \u00b7 Censo de Poblaci\u00f3n y Vivienda 2020 \u00b7 Gu\u00eda del Panorama Sociodemogr\u00e1fico<\/a><br><span>Apartado Migraci\u00f3n: poblaci\u00f3n de 5 a\u00f1os y m\u00e1s, residencia en marzo de 2015 y agrupaci\u00f3n de causas. \/ Migration definitions, age 5+, March 2015 residence and grouped reasons. \/ D\u00e9finitions de la migration, 5 ans ou plus, r\u00e9sidence en mars 2015 et motifs regroup\u00e9s.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r05-en-s2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/contenidos\/productos\/prod_serv\/contenidos\/espanol\/bvinegi\/productos\/nueva_estruc\/702825197940.pdf\">INEGI \u00b7 Panorama sociodemogr\u00e1fico de Puebla \u00b7 Censo 2020 \u00b7 2021<\/a><br><span>Cuetzalan, pp. 138\u2013139; Huehuetla, pp. 168\u2013169.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r05-en-s3\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/contenidos\/productos\/prod_serv\/contenidos\/espanol\/bvinegi\/productos\/nueva_estruc\/702825198039.pdf\">INEGI \u00b7 Panorama sociodemogr\u00e1fico de Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave \u00b7 Censo 2020 \u00b7 2021<\/a><br><span>Espinal, pp. 152\u2013153; Papantla, 280\u2013281; Poza Rica, 292\u2013293; Tecolutla, 346\u2013347.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r05-en-s4\"><a href=\"https:\/\/omi.gob.mx\/work\/models\/OMI\/Resource\/2802\/IIMMexEEUU2020.pdf\">CONAPO \u00b7 \u00cdndices de intensidad migratoria M\u00e9xico\u2013Estados Unidos 2020 \u00b7 2022<\/a><br><span>Metodolog\u00eda y anexo B: cuadros B.21 (Puebla), B.30 (Veracruz). Variables de viviendas, porcentajes y grados. \/ Methodology and annex B, tables B.21 and B.30: dwellings, percentages and categories. \/ M\u00e9thodologie et annexe B, tableaux B.21 et B.30 : logements, pourcentages et degr\u00e9s.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r05-en-s5\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.datos.gob.mx\/es\/dataset\/indice_intensidad_migratoria\">CONAPO \u00b7 \u00cdndice de intensidad migratoria \u00b7 Cat\u00e1logo de datos abiertos<\/a><br><span>Cat\u00e1logo y metadatos; los CSV municipales no se utilizaron para los c\u00e1lculos: la transcripci\u00f3n procede del anexo del libro [4]. \/ Catalogue and metadata; figures were transcribed from book annex [4], not the municipal CSV files. \/ Catalogue et m\u00e9tadonn\u00e9es ; chiffres transcrits de l\u2019annexe [4], et non des fichiers CSV municipaux.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r05-en-s6\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.banxico.org.mx\/SieInternet\/consultarDirectorioInternetAction.do?accion=consultarCuadro&#038;idCuadro=CE166\">Banco de M\u00e9xico \u00b7 SIE \u00b7 CE166 \u00b7 Ingresos por remesas, distribuci\u00f3n por municipio<\/a><br><span>Referencia para una serie monetaria trimestral en millones de d\u00f3lares; no se reproducen importes municipales no verificados. \/ Quarterly monetary series in USD millions; no unverified municipal amounts are reproduced. \/ S\u00e9rie mon\u00e9taire trimestrielle en millions de dollars ; aucun montant municipal non v\u00e9rifi\u00e9 n\u2019est reproduit.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r05-en-s7\"><a href=\"https:\/\/historicas.unam.mx\/publicaciones\/publicadigital\/libros\/276-02\/276-02-05-28-claseobrera.pdf\">Alberto Olvera \u00b7 La formaci\u00f3n de la clase obrera en un nuevo espacio urbano industrial: el caso de Poza Rica, Ver., 1932\u20131938 \u00b7 UNAM, 1999, pp. 823\u2013837; edici\u00f3n digital 2023<\/a><br><span>Introducci\u00f3n y secciones I\u2013III, pp. 823\u2013828: fuentes, tierras, reclutamiento y vivienda. \/ Introduction and sections I\u2013III, pp. 823\u2013828. \/ Introduction et sections I\u2013III, p. 823\u2013828.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r05-en-s8\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/servicios\/catalogounico\/\">INEGI \u00b7 Cat\u00e1logo \u00danico de Claves Geoestad\u00edsticas \u00b7 localidades 210430001, 210720001, 300660001, 301240001, 301310001 y 301580001<\/a>. Original cartography based on INEGI [8].<\/li><\/ol><section class=\"iict-reading-source\" id=\"iict-reading-r05-en-source\" lang=\"en\"><h4>Leaving for work and returning home<\/h4><p>The 18.6% figure is national. It complements residence and remittance questions without estimating specific Totonacapan journeys. The two journeys are explanatory examples.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/contenidos\/saladeprensa\/boletines\/2021\/EstSociodemo\/ResComplCPV2020_Nal.pdf\">INEGI \u00b7 Resultados complementarios CPV 2020, Movilidad cotidiana<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"#iict-reading-r05-en\">Return to the passage<\/a><\/p><\/section>\n<\/details><nav><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1225#research-hub-en\">Back to Totonacapan Research \u2192<\/a><\/nav><p class=\"research-version\">Documentary edition \u00b7 ES \/ EN \/ FR \u00b7 05.11.2026 \u00b7 v1.0<\/p><!-- IICT-CITE R05 en --><aside class=\"iict-citation\" id=\"citar-r05-en\" aria-labelledby=\"citar-r05-en-title\"><h2 id=\"citar-r05-en-title\">How to cite this article<\/h2><p class=\"iict-citation-label\">Suggested bibliographic reference<\/p><blockquote class=\"iict-citation-reference\">Instituto Internacional de Cultura del Totonacapan. \u00abA region on the move: internal migration, international migration and diaspora\u00bb. <cite>Research notebooks<\/cite>, <strong>R05<\/strong>. The Integral Management Society (IMSV). <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1282#r05-en\">https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1282#r05-en<\/a>.<\/blockquote><p><strong>Internal reference:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1282#r05-en\">R05<\/a>. For a specific passage, add its section title.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1225#normas-citacion-en\">The Institute\u2019s citation guidance \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/aside><!-- \/IICT-CITE R05 en --><\/article><\/details><details class=\"research-lang-version\" id=\"r05-fr-version\"><summary>Fran\u00e7ais \u00b7 article int\u00e9gral<\/summary><article id=\"r05-fr\" lang=\"fr\" aria-labelledby=\"r05-fr-title\"><header><p class=\"research-version\">INVESTIGACIONES DEL TOTONACAPAN \u00b7 R05 \u00b7 La r\u00e9gion aujourd\u2019hui<\/p><h1 id=\"r05-fr-title\">Une r\u00e9gion en mouvement : migrations internes, internationales et diaspora<\/h1><p class=\"research-deck\">Partir, arriver, revenir et maintenir des liens sont des mouvements distincts. Les examiner s\u00e9par\u00e9ment aide \u00e0 comprendre les familles et le territoire.<\/p><\/header><section class=\"research-abstract\"><h2>R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/h2><p>La mobilit\u00e9 du Totonacapan associe des parcours au Mexique, des liens avec les \u00c9tats-Unis et des retours. Aucun pourcentage unique ne d\u00e9crit tous ces mouvements. Cette \u00e9tude compare six communes de Puebla et de Veracruz \u00e0 partir du recensement de 2020 et des indices du CONAPO : elle pr\u00e9cise ce que mesure chaque indicateur, montre des diff\u00e9rences locales et explique pourquoi les transferts de fonds ne comptent pas les \u00e9migrants. Une perspective historique et des questions sur les soins, les langues et les m\u00e9tiers relient les donn\u00e9es \u00e0 la vie communautaire.<\/p><h3>M\u00e9thode de recherche<\/h3><p class=\"research-method\">Recherche documentaire et comparaison descriptive \u00b7 R\u00e9vision : 5 novembre 2026. Donn\u00e9es du recensement de 2020 et r\u00e9sidence en 2015\u20132020 ; aucune estimation pour 2026. Six communes choisies pour les comparer, sans repr\u00e9sentativit\u00e9 statistique ni d\u00e9limitation officielle du Totonacapan. Aucun entretien r\u00e9alis\u00e9 pour cet article.<\/p><\/section><figure class=\"research-visual\"><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r05-poza-rica-fredy-flores-2004.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r05-poza-rica-fredy-flores-2004.jpg\" alt=\"Poza Rica : ville, travail et territoire\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1284\"><\/a><figcaption><strong>Poza Rica : ville, travail et territoire<\/strong>Vue depuis le Cerro del Abuelo, 5 juillet 2004. Contexte urbain, ni image du recensement de 2020 ni identification de migrants. Sans retouche. <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Vista_Poza_Rica_Centro.jpg\">Fredy Flores Vazquez \u00b7 2004 \u00b7 dominio p\u00fablico \/ public domain \/ domaine public<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Vista_Poza_Rica_Centro.jpg#Licensing\">Licencia \/ Licence<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><details class=\"iict-journal-toc\"><summary>Dans cet article<\/summary><nav class=\"research-internal-nav\" aria-label=\"Dans cet article\"><strong>Dans cet article<\/strong><ol><li><a href=\"#r05-fr-b0\">Premi\u00e8re question : qui compte-t-on ?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r05-fr-b1\">Ce que montre le recensement de 2020 : arriv\u00e9es et changements de r\u00e9sidence<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r05-fr-b2\">Les motifs : famille, travail et autres parcours<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r05-fr-b3\">\u00c9tats-Unis : quatre signaux \u00e0 distinguer<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r05-fr-b4\">Diff\u00e9rences locales : lire les colonnes avant les \u00e9tiquettes<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r05-fr-b5\">Transferts, \u00e9migrants et retours : trois questions diff\u00e9rentes<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r05-fr-b6\">La mobilit\u00e9 a une histoire et transporte des savoirs<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r05-fr-b7\">Diaspora : appartenir ne suppose pas une seule r\u00e9sidence<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#r05-fr-b8\">Ce que nous savons et les recherches \u00e0 poursuivre<\/a><\/li><\/ol><a href=\"#r05-fr-comparison\">Sources et confrontation \u00b7 d\u00e9plier la recherche<\/a><\/nav><\/details><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r05-fr-b0\"><h2>Premi\u00e8re question : qui compte-t-on ?<\/h2><p>Une personne peut quitter sa localit\u00e9 pour \u00e9tudier, rejoindre une autre ville mexicaine, travailler ensuite aux \u00c9tats-Unis et revenir. Chaque source saisira une partie diff\u00e9rente du parcours. Un recensement observe les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 une date ; un indice r\u00e9unit des caract\u00e9ristiques de logements ; une s\u00e9rie de transferts enregistre de l\u2019argent pendant une p\u00e9riode. Savoir pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment ce qu\u2019observe chaque source permet de poser une question \u00e0 laquelle les donn\u00e9es r\u00e9pondent.<\/p><p>Nous avons choisi Cuetzalan del Progreso et Huehuetla, \u00e0 Puebla, ainsi qu\u2019Espinal, Papantla, Poza Rica de Hidalgo et Tecolutla, \u00e0 Veracruz, pour confronter montagne, basses terres, ville industrielle et littoral. Nous n\u2019additionnons pas leurs chiffres comme s\u2019ils formaient toute la r\u00e9gion. Le code 21072 d\u00e9signe Huehuetla, Puebla : la confondre avec la commune homonyme d\u2019Hidalgo changerait l\u2019\u00e9tude.<\/p><div class=\"r-process\"><div><strong>Personnes<\/strong>Recensement : r\u00e9sidence \u00e0 deux dates.<\/div><div><strong>Logements<\/strong>CONAPO : exp\u00e9riences li\u00e9es aux \u00c9tats-Unis.<\/div><div><strong>Argent<\/strong>Banque du Mexique : flux trimestriels de transferts.<\/div><\/div><\/section><figure class=\"r-localisation\"><h3>Six communes dans leur situation g\u00e9ographique<\/h3><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 760 620\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Six communes dans leur situation g\u00e9ographique\"><rect width=\"760\" height=\"620\" fill=\"#f5f0e4\"\/><g stroke=\"#cdd3cf\" stroke-width=\"1\"><path d=\"M90 469.99999999999915H660\"\/><text x=\"25\" y=\"474.99999999999915\" fill=\"#53676c\" stroke=\"none\" font-size=\"22\">20.0\u00b0N<\/text><path d=\"M90 349.99999999999955H660\"\/><text x=\"25\" y=\"354.99999999999955\" fill=\"#53676c\" stroke=\"none\" font-size=\"22\">20.2\u00b0N<\/text><path d=\"M90 230H660\"\/><text x=\"25\" y=\"235\" fill=\"#53676c\" stroke=\"none\" font-size=\"22\">20.4\u00b0N<\/text><path d=\"M90 109.9999999999983H660\"\/><text x=\"25\" y=\"114.9999999999983\" fill=\"#53676c\" stroke=\"none\" font-size=\"22\">20.6\u00b0N<\/text><path d=\"M90 70V530\"\/><text x=\"90\" y=\"555\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#53676c\" stroke=\"none\" font-size=\"22\">97.8\u00b0W<\/text><path d=\"M202.5466721534293 70V530\"\/><text x=\"202.5466721534293\" y=\"555\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#53676c\" stroke=\"none\" font-size=\"22\">97.6\u00b0W<\/text><path d=\"M315.0933443068506 70V530\"\/><text x=\"315.0933443068506\" y=\"555\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#53676c\" stroke=\"none\" font-size=\"22\">97.4\u00b0W<\/text><path d=\"M427.6400164602799 70V530\"\/><text x=\"427.6400164602799\" y=\"555\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#53676c\" stroke=\"none\" font-size=\"22\">97.2\u00b0W<\/text><path d=\"M540.1866886137093 70V530\"\/><text x=\"540.1866886137093\" y=\"555\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#53676c\" stroke=\"none\" font-size=\"22\">97.0\u00b0W<\/text><\/g><g font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"23\" font-weight=\"bold\" text-anchor=\"middle\"><circle cx=\"247.13169868698674\" cy=\"458.8878199999999\" r=\"18\" fill=\"#9e8240\" stroke=\"#f5f0e4\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"247.13169868698674\" y=\"466.8878199999999\" fill=\"#fffaf0\">1<\/text><circle cx=\"188.53478029033244\" cy=\"407.517499999999\" r=\"18\" fill=\"#9e8240\" stroke=\"#f5f0e4\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"188.53478029033244\" y=\"415.517499999999\" fill=\"#fffaf0\">2<\/text><circle cx=\"315.92934098761157\" cy=\"314.34301999999934\" r=\"18\" fill=\"#294e61\" stroke=\"#f5f0e4\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"315.92934098761157\" y=\"322.34301999999934\" fill=\"#fffaf0\">3<\/text><circle cx=\"358.5649466128016\" cy=\"201.96049999999946\" r=\"18\" fill=\"#294e61\" stroke=\"#f5f0e4\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"358.5649466128016\" y=\"209.96049999999946\" fill=\"#fffaf0\">4<\/text><circle cx=\"290.57679625165173\" cy=\"149.54750000000018\" r=\"18\" fill=\"#294e61\" stroke=\"#f5f0e4\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"290.57679625165173\" y=\"157.54750000000018\" fill=\"#fffaf0\">5<\/text><circle cx=\"535.4311415285351\" cy=\"183.56449999999882\" r=\"18\" fill=\"#294e61\" stroke=\"#f5f0e4\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"535.4311415285351\" y=\"191.56449999999882\" fill=\"#fffaf0\">6<\/text><\/g><g stroke=\"#294e61\" fill=\"#294e61\"><path d=\"M700 140V75M695 88L700 75L705 88\" fill=\"none\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"700\" y=\"60\" text-anchor=\"middle\" stroke=\"none\" font-size=\"26\">N<\/text><\/g><path d=\"M90 590h108\" stroke=\"#294e61\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><path d=\"M90 584v12m108-12v12\" stroke=\"#294e61\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"144\" y=\"613\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#53676c\" font-size=\"22\">\u224820 km<\/text><\/svg><ol class=\"r-map-legend\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/gaia.inegi.org.mx\/wscatgeo\/v2\/localidades\/210430001\">1 \u00b7 Cuetzalan del Progreso<\/a> \u00b7 21043 \u00b7 Puebla<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/gaia.inegi.org.mx\/wscatgeo\/v2\/localidades\/210720001\">2 \u00b7 Huehuetla<\/a> \u00b7 21072 \u00b7 Puebla<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/gaia.inegi.org.mx\/wscatgeo\/v2\/localidades\/300660001\">3 \u00b7 Espinal<\/a> \u00b7 30066 \u00b7 Veracruz<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/gaia.inegi.org.mx\/wscatgeo\/v2\/localidades\/301240001\">4 \u00b7 Papantla<\/a> \u00b7 30124 \u00b7 Veracruz<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/gaia.inegi.org.mx\/wscatgeo\/v2\/localidades\/301310001\">5 \u00b7 Poza Rica de Hidalgo<\/a> \u00b7 30131 \u00b7 Veracruz<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/gaia.inegi.org.mx\/wscatgeo\/v2\/localidades\/301580001\">6 \u00b7 Tecolutla<\/a> \u00b7 30158 \u00b7 Veracruz<\/li><\/ol><figcaption>Carte ponctuelle des chefs-lieux s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9s ; les num\u00e9ros renvoient \u00e0 la liste. Coordonn\u00e9es du Catalogue unique de l\u2019INEGI, consult\u00e9 le 05\/11\/2026. Projection \u00e9quirectangulaire locale, latitude de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence 20,3\u00b0N. Ni limites communales, ni fronti\u00e8re culturelle, ni flux migratoires ne sont repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s. <a href=\"#r05-fr-s8\">Cartographie originale \u00e0 partir de l\u2019INEGI [8].<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r05-fr-b1\"><h2>Ce que montre le recensement de 2020 : arriv\u00e9es et changements de r\u00e9sidence<\/h2><p>L\u2019INEGI demande o\u00f9 vivaient en mars 2015 les personnes de cinq ans ou plus r\u00e9sidant dans la commune en 2020. L\u2019indicateur du Panorama regroupe celles qui habitaient alors une autre commune, un autre \u00c9tat ou un autre pays. Il d\u00e9crit donc une mobilit\u00e9 observ\u00e9e depuis le lieu actuel de r\u00e9sidence. Il ne mesure pas combien de personnes ont quitt\u00e9 cette commune et vivent toujours ailleurs.<\/p><p>Parmi ces six cas, Tecolutla affiche 6,4 % et Papantla 2,6 %, soit 3,8 points de pourcentage d\u2019\u00e9cart pour cet indicateur pr\u00e9cis. Il ne s\u2019agit ni d\u2019une comparaison de l\u2019\u00e9migration ni d\u2019un solde migratoire. Deux dates ne reconstituent pas tous les mouvements interm\u00e9diaires : quelqu\u2019un peut \u00eatre parti puis revenu entre elles et pr\u00e9senter la m\u00eame r\u00e9sidence communale au d\u00e9but et \u00e0 la fin.<sup><a href=\"#r05-fr-s1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"#r05-fr-s2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"#r05-fr-s3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><section class=\"r-table-wrap\"><h3>R\u00e9sidence en 2015 diff\u00e9rente de l\u2019actuelle \u00b7 Recensement 2020<\/h3><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Tableau de donn\u00e9es\" style=\"--journal-table-min:32rem\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Commune \u00b7 code<\/th><th scope=\"col\">R\u00e9sidents de 5 ans ou plus (%)<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Source \u00b7 pages<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Cuetzalan del Progreso \u00b7 21043<\/th><td data-label=\"R\u00e9sidents de 5 ans ou plus (%)\">3,1%<\/td><td data-label=\"Source \u00b7 pages\">[2] \u00b7 138\u2013139<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Huehuetla \u00b7 21072<\/th><td data-label=\"R\u00e9sidents de 5 ans ou plus (%)\">2,7%<\/td><td data-label=\"Source \u00b7 pages\">[2] \u00b7 168\u2013169<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Espinal \u00b7 30066<\/th><td data-label=\"R\u00e9sidents de 5 ans ou plus (%)\">3,4%<\/td><td data-label=\"Source \u00b7 pages\">[3] \u00b7 152\u2013153<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Papantla \u00b7 30124<\/th><td data-label=\"R\u00e9sidents de 5 ans ou plus (%)\">2,6%<\/td><td data-label=\"Source \u00b7 pages\">[3] \u00b7 280\u2013281<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Poza Rica de Hidalgo \u00b7 30131<\/th><td data-label=\"R\u00e9sidents de 5 ans ou plus (%)\">3,2%<\/td><td data-label=\"Source \u00b7 pages\">[3] \u00b7 292\u2013293<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Tecolutla \u00b7 30158<\/th><td data-label=\"R\u00e9sidents de 5 ans ou plus (%)\">6,4%<\/td><td data-label=\"Source \u00b7 pages\">[3] \u00b7 346\u2013347<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r05-fr-b2\"><figure class=\"iict-viz viz-lenses\" id=\"iict-viz-r05-fr\" lang=\"fr\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-viz-r05-fr-title\"><header><div class=\"viz-kicker\"><span>Carnets visuels<\/span><span>R05 \u00b7 01<\/span><\/div><h3 id=\"iict-viz-r05-fr-title\">Personnes, logements et argent<\/h3><p>Trois unit\u00e9s d\u2019observation pour comprendre la mobilit\u00e9.<\/p><\/header><div class=\"viz-art\" style=\"--viz-cols:3\"><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><circle cx=\"140\" cy=\"31\" r=\"13\"\/><path d=\"M115 84V65q0-17 25-17t25 17v19M95 42a10 10 0 1 1 0-20M185 42a10 10 0 1 0 0-20M77 87V65q0-17 25-17M203 87V65q0-17-25-17M111 95h58\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><h4>R\u00e9sidents<\/h4><p>Le recensement permet d\u2019interroger la r\u00e9sidence \u00e0 une date donn\u00e9e et les changements ant\u00e9rieurs.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><path d=\"M80 55l60-40 60 40M92 49v49h96V49M125 98V67h30v31M102 56h15v15h-15M164 56h15v15h-15\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><h4>Logements<\/h4><p>Les indicateurs du CONAPO d\u00e9crivent des caract\u00e9ristiques des logements.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><ellipse cx=\"128\" cy=\"34\" rx=\"41\" ry=\"15\"\/><path d=\"M87 34v18q41 30 82 0V34M87 50v18q41 30 82 0M110 76v13q41 25 82-2V65M169 50q25 2 23 15-9 18-48 13\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><h4>Transferts d\u2019argent<\/h4><p>L\u2019argent re\u00e7u pendant une p\u00e9riode ne constitue pas un d\u00e9compte des \u00e9migrants.<\/p><\/div><\/div><figcaption>Changer d\u2019unit\u00e9 change la question ; ces trois mesures ne s\u2019additionnent pas.<span class=\"viz-source\">Synth\u00e8se visuelle originale de l\u2019Institut \u00b7 <a href=\"#r05-fr-comparison\">Sources et confrontation<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<section class=\"iict-reading-addition\" data-kind=\"inline\" id=\"iict-reading-r05-fr\" lang=\"fr\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-reading-r05-fr-title\"><h3 id=\"iict-reading-r05-fr-title\">Partir travailler et rentrer chez soi<\/h3><p>Des d\u00e9placements importants n\u2019impliquent pas toujours un d\u00e9m\u00e9nagement. Dans le Recensement de 2020, l\u2019INEGI appelle mobilit\u00e9 quotidienne les trajets journaliers et cycliques entre le domicile et le travail ou l\u2019\u00e9cole. Sa pr\u00e9sentation nationale indique que 18,6 % de la population occup\u00e9e travaillait hors de sa municipalit\u00e9 de r\u00e9sidence. Cette r\u00e9f\u00e9rence nationale diff\u00e8re des pourcentages municipaux de changement de domicile compar\u00e9s ici. <a class=\"reading-ref\" href=\"#iict-reading-r05-fr-source\" aria-label=\"Voir sources et comparaison\">\u2197<\/a><\/p><p>Consid\u00e9rons deux parcours possibles : franchir une limite municipale le matin et rentrer le soir, ou s\u2019installer dans un nouveau domicile. Tous deux relient des territoires ; seul le second modifie la r\u00e9sidence. Les distinguer rend plus lisible l\u2019histoire que raconte chaque chiffre.<\/p><p class=\"reading-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/contenidos\/saladeprensa\/boletines\/2021\/EstSociodemo\/ResComplCPV2020_Nal.pdf\">INEGI \u00b7 Resultados complementarios CPV 2020, Movilidad cotidiana<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"#r05-fr-comparison\">Sources et confrontation<\/a><\/p><\/section>\n<figure class=\"iict-plate\" id=\"iict-plate-r05-a-fr\" lang=\"fr\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r05-a-fr-title\" style=\"--plate-cols:2\"><div class=\"plate-top\"><p class=\"plate-kicker\">Carnet illustr\u00e9 \u00b7 I<\/p><h3 id=\"iict-plate-r05-a-fr-title\">Deux trajets, deux fa\u00e7ons de compter<\/h3><\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"plate-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 750 420\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r05-a-fr-art-title iict-plate-r05-a-fr-art-desc\"><title id=\"iict-plate-r05-a-fr-art-title\">Deux trajets, deux fa\u00e7ons de compter<\/title><desc id=\"iict-plate-r05-a-fr-art-desc\">1. Aller travailler puis rentrer conserve la r\u00e9sidence habituelle. 2. Changer de r\u00e9sidence suppose une autre question et une autre p\u00e9riode. Trajets explicatifs, non itin\u00e9raires de personnes interrog\u00e9es. Le recensement de 2020 distingue mobilit\u00e9 quotidienne et r\u00e9sidentielle.<\/desc><defs><pattern id=\"iict-plate-r05-a-fr-grain\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" width=\"17\" height=\"19\"><circle cx=\"2\" cy=\"3\" r=\".6\" fill=\"#a9a384\" opacity=\".15\"\/><circle cx=\"11\" cy=\"14\" r=\".5\" fill=\"#b3a98a\" opacity=\".16\"\/><\/pattern><\/defs><rect width=\"750\" height=\"420\" fill=\"url(#iict-plate-r05-a-fr-grain)\"\/><g transform=\"translate(150 125) scale(0.65)\"><path d=\"M-66 -12 L0 -68 L66 -12 L48 -12 L48 55 L-48 55 L-48 -12Z\" fill=\"#e6deca\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><rect x=\"-12\" y=\"9\" width=\"24\" height=\"46\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#a5ae91\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"-38\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"23\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><\/g><rect x=\"564\" y=\"86\" width=\"88\" height=\"70\" rx=\"2\" fill=\"#dedbc7\" stroke=\"#899276\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M550 86 L574 61 L574 86 L601 61 L601 86 L630 61 L630 86\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#899276\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M211 96 C307 30 466 30 554 95 M550 158 C461 214 314 214 218 158\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#9aab91\" stroke-width=\"4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><circle cx=\"546\" cy=\"91\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#9aab91\" stroke=\"#9aab91\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g transform=\"translate(150 311) scale(0.65)\"><path d=\"M-66 -12 L0 -68 L66 -12 L48 -12 L48 55 L-48 55 L-48 -12Z\" fill=\"#e6deca\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><rect x=\"-12\" y=\"9\" width=\"24\" height=\"46\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#a5ae91\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"-38\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"23\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><\/g><g transform=\"translate(607 311) scale(0.65)\"><path d=\"M-66 -12 L0 -68 L66 -12 L48 -12 L48 55 L-48 55 L-48 -12Z\" fill=\"#e6deca\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><rect x=\"-12\" y=\"9\" width=\"24\" height=\"46\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#a5ae91\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"-38\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"23\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><\/g><path d=\"M215 308 L545 308\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b3975c\" stroke-width=\"4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-dasharray=\"8 7\"\/><circle cx=\"544\" cy=\"308\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#b3975c\" stroke=\"#b3975c\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><circle cx=\"375\" cy=\"105\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"375\" y=\"113\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1<\/text><circle cx=\"375\" cy=\"300\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"375\" y=\"308\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">2<\/text><\/svg><ol class=\"plate-legend\"><li>Aller travailler puis rentrer conserve la r\u00e9sidence habituelle.<\/li><li>Changer de r\u00e9sidence suppose une autre question et une autre p\u00e9riode.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"plate-caption\">Trajets explicatifs, non itin\u00e9raires de personnes interrog\u00e9es. Le recensement de 2020 distingue mobilit\u00e9 quotidienne et r\u00e9sidentielle. \u00b7 Illustration originale de l\u2019Institut \u00b7 <a href=\"#r05-fr-comparison\">Sources et confrontation<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Les motifs : famille, travail et autres parcours<\/h2><p>Les motifs publi\u00e9s concernent les personnes ayant chang\u00e9 de r\u00e9sidence, pas toute la population. \u00c0 Cuetzalan, l\u2019INEGI indique un motif familial pour 53,7 % de ces changements et professionnel pour 24,1 % ; \u00e0 Huehuetla, les valeurs sont respectivement 59,9 % et 17,6 %. Ces donn\u00e9es d\u00e9crivent des arriv\u00e9es et des changements observ\u00e9s dans les communes de r\u00e9sidence actuelle, et non les motifs de tous les d\u00e9parts internationaux du Totonacapan.<\/p><p>La cat\u00e9gorie familiale regroupe le rapprochement familial et le mariage ou l\u2019union ; la cat\u00e9gorie professionnelle r\u00e9unit recherche, offre ou changement d\u2019emploi. Ce sont des classifications, pas des r\u00e9cits complets. Un d\u00e9placement peut combiner emploi, soins et \u00e9tudes, m\u00eame si le recensement publie un motif principal. L\u2019ins\u00e9curit\u00e9 correspond au regroupement d\u00e9fini par l\u2019INEGI ; elle ne constitue pas \u00e0 elle seule un d\u00e9compte exhaustif des d\u00e9placements forc\u00e9s. Les petits \u00e9carts par rapport \u00e0 100 % r\u00e9sultent des arrondis.<sup><a href=\"#r05-fr-s1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"#r05-fr-s2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r05-fr-b3\"><h2>\u00c9tats-Unis : quatre signaux \u00e0 distinguer<\/h2><p>Le CONAPO construit son indice Mexique\u2013\u00c9tats-Unis \u00e0 partir du questionnaire d\u00e9taill\u00e9 du recensement. Ses quatre composantes concernent les logements : r\u00e9ception de transferts de fonds ; \u00e9migrants partis aux \u00c9tats-Unis en 2015\u20132020 et y demeurant ; migration circulaire pendant cette p\u00e9riode ; retour de personnes r\u00e9sidant aux \u00c9tats-Unis en 2015 et au Mexique en 2020.<\/p><p>Cet indice ne couvre \u00e0 lui seul ni les migrations internes ni toutes les destinations internationales. Il ne r\u00e9partit pas non plus les logements en quatre groupes exclusifs : un logement peut cumuler plusieurs exp\u00e9riences. Les colonnes ne s\u2019additionnent donc pas comme les parts d\u2019un g\u00e2teau. Une valeur de 0,00 est un pourcentage estim\u00e9 et arrondi, et non la preuve que personne n\u2019a jamais connu cette exp\u00e9rience.<sup><a href=\"#r05-fr-s4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r05-fr-b4\"><h2>Diff\u00e9rences locales : lire les colonnes avant les \u00e9tiquettes<\/h2><p>Tecolutla pr\u00e9sente la plus forte proportion de logements recevant des transferts dans cette s\u00e9lection, 7,32 %, suivie d\u2019Espinal, 5,12 %. Cuetzalan affiche 1,16 %. Ces \u00e9carts concernent les six communes observ\u00e9es et ne constituent pas un classement de toute la r\u00e9gion. Le CONAPO place Espinal et Tecolutla au degr\u00e9 faible, les quatre autres au degr\u00e9 tr\u00e8s faible.<\/p><p>Ces \u00e9tiquettes d\u00e9crivent une position dans un indice national, pas l\u2019importance de la migration pour une famille. Une commune class\u00e9e tr\u00e8s faible peut accueillir des m\u00e9nages pour lesquels une absence, un retour ou un envoi d\u2019argent est d\u00e9cisif. Les chiffres n\u2019identifient pas automatiquement les langues, \u00e2ges, m\u00e9tiers ou destinations de chacun : il faut d\u2019autres croisements pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 ces questions, plut\u00f4t que d\u00e9duire des profils d\u2019une \u00e9tiquette communale.<\/p><section class=\"r-bars\"><h3>Logements recevant des transferts \u00b7 six communes<\/h3><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>Cuetzalan del Progreso<\/span><div class=\"r-track\"><span class=\"r-fill\" style=\"width:14.499999999999998%\"><\/span><\/div><span>1,16%<\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>Huehuetla<\/span><div class=\"r-track\"><span class=\"r-fill\" style=\"width:25.124999999999996%\"><\/span><\/div><span>2,01%<\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>Espinal<\/span><div class=\"r-track\"><span class=\"r-fill\" style=\"width:64%\"><\/span><\/div><span>5,12%<\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>Papantla<\/span><div class=\"r-track\"><span class=\"r-fill\" style=\"width:42.75%\"><\/span><\/div><span>3,42%<\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>Poza Rica de Hidalgo<\/span><div class=\"r-track\"><span class=\"r-fill\" style=\"width:19.25%\"><\/span><\/div><span>1,54%<\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>Tecolutla<\/span><div class=\"r-track\"><span class=\"r-fill\" style=\"width:91.5%\"><\/span><\/div><span>7,32%<\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-axis\"><span>0%<\/span><span>8%<\/span><\/div><p class=\"research-method\">\u00c9chelle commune de 0 \u00e0 8 %. Comparaison communale 2020 ; ne mesure ni personnes ni montants. CONAPO [4].<\/p><\/section><section class=\"r-table-wrap\"><h3>Logements et liens avec les \u00c9tats-Unis \u00b7 CONAPO 2020<\/h3><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Tableau de donn\u00e9es\" style=\"--journal-table-min:64rem\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Commune<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Logements estim\u00e9s<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Transferts (%)<\/th><th scope=\"col\">\u00c9migration \u00c9.-U. (%)<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Circulaire (%)<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Retour (%)<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Degr\u00e9<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Cuetzalan del Progreso \u00b7 21043<\/th><td data-label=\"Logements estim\u00e9s\">12\u202f621<\/td><td data-label=\"Transferts (%)\">1,16<\/td><td data-label=\"\u00c9migration \u00c9.-U. (%)\">0,36<\/td><td data-label=\"Circulaire (%)\">0,00<\/td><td data-label=\"Retour (%)\">0,13<\/td><td data-label=\"Degr\u00e9\">Tr\u00e8s faible<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Huehuetla \u00b7 21072<\/th><td data-label=\"Logements estim\u00e9s\">3\u202f932<\/td><td data-label=\"Transferts (%)\">2,01<\/td><td data-label=\"\u00c9migration \u00c9.-U. (%)\">0,03<\/td><td data-label=\"Circulaire (%)\">0,00<\/td><td data-label=\"Retour (%)\">0,00<\/td><td data-label=\"Degr\u00e9\">Tr\u00e8s faible<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Espinal \u00b7 30066<\/th><td data-label=\"Logements estim\u00e9s\">7\u202f501<\/td><td data-label=\"Transferts (%)\">5,12<\/td><td data-label=\"\u00c9migration \u00c9.-U. (%)\">1,68<\/td><td data-label=\"Circulaire (%)\">0,17<\/td><td data-label=\"Retour (%)\">0,31<\/td><td data-label=\"Degr\u00e9\">Faible<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Papantla \u00b7 30124<\/th><td data-label=\"Logements estim\u00e9s\">46\u202f368<\/td><td data-label=\"Transferts (%)\">3,42<\/td><td data-label=\"\u00c9migration \u00c9.-U. (%)\">0,42<\/td><td data-label=\"Circulaire (%)\">0,20<\/td><td data-label=\"Retour (%)\">0,60<\/td><td data-label=\"Degr\u00e9\">Tr\u00e8s faible<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Poza Rica de Hidalgo \u00b7 30131<\/th><td data-label=\"Logements estim\u00e9s\">57\u202f125<\/td><td data-label=\"Transferts (%)\">1,54<\/td><td data-label=\"\u00c9migration \u00c9.-U. (%)\">0,27<\/td><td data-label=\"Circulaire (%)\">0,12<\/td><td data-label=\"Retour (%)\">0,13<\/td><td data-label=\"Degr\u00e9\">Tr\u00e8s faible<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Tecolutla \u00b7 30158<\/th><td data-label=\"Logements estim\u00e9s\">7\u202f490<\/td><td data-label=\"Transferts (%)\">7,32<\/td><td data-label=\"\u00c9migration \u00c9.-U. (%)\">1,71<\/td><td data-label=\"Circulaire (%)\">0,49<\/td><td data-label=\"Retour (%)\">0,99<\/td><td data-label=\"Degr\u00e9\">Faible<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><p class=\"research-method\">Pourcentages de logements estim\u00e9s, questionnaire d\u00e9taill\u00e9. Composantes non exclusives. 0,00 est arrondi. Annexe B, tableaux B.21 et B.30 [4].<\/p><\/section><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r05-fr-b5\"><h2>Transferts, \u00e9migrants et retours : trois questions diff\u00e9rentes<\/h2><p>La proportion de logements recevant des transferts indique combien de logements, dans l\u2019ensemble estim\u00e9 par l\u2019\u00e9tude, re\u00e7oivent ces transferts. Elle ne compte pas les personnes et ne dit pas combien re\u00e7oit chaque logement. La s\u00e9rie communale CE166 de la Banque du Mexique mesure des flux trimestriels en millions de dollars. Une somme mon\u00e9taire et un pourcentage de logements peuvent se compl\u00e9ter ; aucun ne se transforme directement en nombre de migrants.<\/p><p>Les composantes de circularit\u00e9 et de retour du CONAPO correspondent aussi \u00e0 des p\u00e9riodes d\u2019observation distinctes. Une personne peut avoir voyag\u00e9 et \u00eatre revenue en 2015\u20132020 ; une autre habitait les \u00c9tats-Unis en 2015 et est rentr\u00e9e avant 2020. Ces deux situations comptent sans \u00eatre interchangeables. Une tendance 2000\u20132010\u20132020 exige des s\u00e9ries comparables : le CONAPO introduit une technique statistique appel\u00e9e DP\u2082 et distingue les m\u00e9nages de 2000 des logements utilis\u00e9s ensuite. Nous ne pr\u00e9sentons pas une \u00e9volution obtenue en comparant sans ajustement des indices originaux diff\u00e9rents.<sup><a href=\"#r05-fr-s4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"#r05-fr-s6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r05-fr-b6\"><h2>La mobilit\u00e9 a une histoire et transporte des savoirs<\/h2><p>Le cas de Poza Rica \u00e9tudi\u00e9 par Olvera rappelle que les d\u00e9placements professionnels pr\u00e9c\u00e8dent les mesures r\u00e9centes. En 1932\u20131938, l\u2019arriv\u00e9e de travailleurs aux exp\u00e9riences vari\u00e9es reliait recrutement industriel, logement et apprentissage. Cette recherche historique localis\u00e9e n\u2019identifie pas les parcours des personnes pr\u00e9sentes dans le recensement de 2020.<\/p><p>Une \u00e9tude plus compl\u00e8te de la vie communautaire peut suivre qui prend soin de ceux qui restent, comment une d\u00e9pense est partag\u00e9e, o\u00f9 s\u2019apprend un m\u00e9tier et dans quelle langue communiquent les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations s\u00e9par\u00e9es par la distance. La mobilit\u00e9 peut cr\u00e9er des voies d\u2019apprentissage et les interrompre. Ces hypoth\u00e8ses doivent \u00eatre confront\u00e9es aux exp\u00e9riences des familles et des communaut\u00e9s ; les tableaux communaux examin\u00e9s ne d\u00e9montrent \u00e0 eux seuls ni perte linguistique, ni abandon d\u2019un m\u00e9tier, ni am\u00e9lioration \u00e9conomique.<sup><a href=\"#r05-fr-s7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><figure class=\"research-visual\"><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-territorio-costa-tecolutla-20261104.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-territorio-costa-tecolutla-20261104.jpg\" alt=\"Tecolutla : un littoral habit\u00e9\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1285\"><\/a><figcaption><strong>Tecolutla : un littoral habit\u00e9<\/strong>Photographie de 2012, contexte territorial d\u2019une des communes compar\u00e9es. Elle ne documente ni d\u00e9part ni retour. Pr\u00e9sentation \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle. <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:TecolutlaBeach01.JPG\">AlejandroLinaresGarcia \u00b7 2012 \u00b7 CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">Licencia \/ Licence<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r05-fr-b7\"><figure class=\"iict-plate\" id=\"iict-plate-r05-b-fr\" lang=\"fr\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r05-b-fr-title\" style=\"--plate-cols:3\"><div class=\"plate-top\"><p class=\"plate-kicker\">Carnet illustr\u00e9 \u00b7 II<\/p><h3 id=\"iict-plate-r05-b-fr-title\">Un foyer, plusieurs signes de relation<\/h3><\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"plate-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 750 420\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r05-b-fr-art-title iict-plate-r05-b-fr-art-desc\"><title id=\"iict-plate-r05-b-fr-art-title\">Un foyer, plusieurs signes de relation<\/title><desc id=\"iict-plate-r05-b-fr-art-desc\">1. Transferts : enregistre la r\u00e9ception de ressources. 2. D\u00e9part : interroge les personnes ayant \u00e9migr\u00e9. 3. Retour : suit une autre trajectoire et une autre r\u00e9f\u00e9rence temporelle. Les indicateurs de la CONAPO ne sont pas des populations \u00e0 additionner sans examiner d\u00e9finitions et recoupements.<\/desc><defs><pattern id=\"iict-plate-r05-b-fr-grain\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" width=\"17\" height=\"19\"><circle cx=\"2\" cy=\"3\" r=\".6\" fill=\"#a9a384\" opacity=\".15\"\/><circle cx=\"11\" cy=\"14\" r=\".5\" fill=\"#b3a98a\" opacity=\".16\"\/><\/pattern><\/defs><rect width=\"750\" height=\"420\" fill=\"url(#iict-plate-r05-b-fr-grain)\"\/><g transform=\"translate(376 218) scale(1.35)\"><path d=\"M-66 -12 L0 -68 L66 -12 L48 -12 L48 55 L-48 55 L-48 -12Z\" fill=\"#e6deca\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><rect x=\"-12\" y=\"9\" width=\"24\" height=\"46\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#a5ae91\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"-38\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><rect x=\"23\" y=\"-4\" width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><\/g><rect x=\"96\" y=\"80\" width=\"91\" height=\"63\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#eee5cf\" stroke=\"#9b8960\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M98 83 L141 116 L185 83\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#9b8960\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"200\" y1=\"141\" x2=\"303\" y2=\"186\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 7\"\/><circle cx=\"303\" cy=\"186\" r=\"4\" fill=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><rect x=\"570\" y=\"88\" width=\"104\" height=\"78\" rx=\"8\" fill=\"#dde2d2\" stroke=\"#8c9a7c\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M600 88 V70 H644 V88\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#8c9a7c\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"560\" y1=\"168\" x2=\"468\" y2=\"212\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 7\"\/><circle cx=\"468\" cy=\"212\" r=\"4\" fill=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g transform=\"translate(390 333) scale(0.44)\"><path d=\"M0 -67 C-36 -92 -83 -82 -105 -76 L-105 65 C-61 53 -24 57 0 76 C24 57 61 53 105 65 L105 -76 C70 -86 30 -90 0 -67Z\" fill=\"#f6efde\" stroke=\"#9c8e6b\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"0\" y1=\"-65\" x2=\"0\" y2=\"73\" stroke=\"#9c8e6b\" stroke-width=\"2\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -45 Q-46 -54 -15 -35 M15 -35 Q46 -54 88 -45\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -29 Q-46 -38 -15 -19 M15 -19 Q46 -38 88 -29\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 -13 Q-46 -22 -15 -3 M15 -3 Q46 -22 88 -13\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 3 Q-46 -6 -15 13 M15 13 Q46 -6 88 3\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 19 Q-46 10 -15 29 M15 29 Q46 10 88 19\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-88 35 Q-46 26 -15 45 M15 45 Q46 26 88 35\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b8af94\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><\/g><line x1=\"389\" y1=\"279\" x2=\"389\" y2=\"299\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 7\"\/><circle cx=\"389\" cy=\"299\" r=\"4\" fill=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><circle cx=\"141\" cy=\"177\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"141\" y=\"185\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1<\/text><circle cx=\"623\" cy=\"210\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"623\" y=\"218\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">2<\/text><circle cx=\"472\" cy=\"343\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"472\" y=\"351\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">3<\/text><\/svg><ol class=\"plate-legend\"><li>Transferts : enregistre la r\u00e9ception de ressources.<\/li><li>D\u00e9part : interroge les personnes ayant \u00e9migr\u00e9.<\/li><li>Retour : suit une autre trajectoire et une autre r\u00e9f\u00e9rence temporelle.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"plate-caption\">Les indicateurs de la CONAPO ne sont pas des populations \u00e0 additionner sans examiner d\u00e9finitions et recoupements. \u00b7 Illustration originale de l\u2019Institut \u00b7 <a href=\"#r05-fr-comparison\">Sources et confrontation<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Diaspora : appartenir ne suppose pas une seule r\u00e9sidence<\/h2><p>La diaspora d\u00e9signe ici des liens durables au-del\u00e0 du lieu de r\u00e9sidence : relations familiales, visites, communications et participation culturelle. Le terme n\u2019est pas un synonyme statistique de toute personne envoyant de l\u2019argent. On peut maintenir une appartenance sans effectuer de transfert ; on peut en recevoir sans avoir \u00e9migr\u00e9.<\/p><p>Documenter ces relations exige d\u2019autres outils : r\u00e9cits de vie consentis, parcours familiaux, archives associatives et observation de rencontres. Nommer des organisations, r\u00e9seaux ou collaborations pr\u00e9cis exige d\u2019en v\u00e9rifier l\u2019existence et l\u2019activit\u00e9. La prochaine \u00e9tape consiste \u00e0 relier ces t\u00e9moignages \u00e0 des indicateurs d\u00e9finis, tout en distinguant exp\u00e9rience individuelle, configuration locale et comparaison communale.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"r-section\" id=\"r05-fr-b8\"><h2>Ce que nous savons et les recherches \u00e0 poursuivre<\/h2><p>La comparaison r\u00e9v\u00e8le une mobilit\u00e9 h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8ne. Les proportions de changements de r\u00e9sidence varient ; les liens avec les \u00c9tats-Unis apparaissent dans plusieurs composantes ; argent, logements et personnes sont des unit\u00e9s distinctes. Le r\u00e9sultat le plus utile est une lecture v\u00e9rifiable distinguant arriv\u00e9es, d\u00e9parts et retours, plut\u00f4t qu\u2019un chiffre unique du Totonacapan.<\/p><p>Il convient ensuite de construire des tableaux croisant origine, destination et \u00e2ge \u00e0 partir du recensement, de suivre des s\u00e9ries homog\u00e8nes du CONAPO et de confronter des \u00e9tudes communautaires sur les soins, les langues et les m\u00e9tiers. Les donn\u00e9es doivent \u00eatre d\u00e9taill\u00e9es de cette mani\u00e8re sans identifier les personnes ni leur attribuer des motifs selon leur commune. Elles aideront ainsi \u00e0 conna\u00eetre une r\u00e9gion vivante dont les relations d\u00e9passent routes et fronti\u00e8res administratives.<\/p><\/section><details class=\"research-comparison\" id=\"r05-fr-comparison\"><summary>Sources et confrontation \u00b7 d\u00e9plier la recherche<\/summary><div class=\"research-matrix\"><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Tableau de donn\u00e9es\" style=\"--journal-table-min:40rem\"><table><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Question \/ hypoth\u00e8se<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Sources et localisation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Ce que chaque source observe<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Confrontation et interpr\u00e9tation<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">D\u00e9parts ou arriv\u00e9es ?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources et localisation\">INEGI [1\u20133] : r\u00e9sidents de 5 ans ou plus en 2020 et r\u00e9sidence en mars 2015.<\/td><td data-label=\"Ce que chaque source observe\">L\u2019observation porte sur la commune de r\u00e9sidence actuelle. Le tableau identifie une r\u00e9sidence ant\u00e9rieure diff\u00e9rente.<\/td><td data-label=\"Confrontation et interpr\u00e9tation\">Il ne compte pas tous ceux qui sont partis et vivent ailleurs. Des matrices origine\u2013destination sont n\u00e9cessaires ; les deux observations ne montrent pas chaque d\u00e9placement interm\u00e9diaire.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">M\u00eame population et m\u00eame d\u00e9nominateur ?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources et localisation\">Panoramas INEGI [2\u20133] et CONAPO [4].<\/td><td data-label=\"Ce que chaque source observe\">L\u2019INEGI utilise des personnes pour la r\u00e9sidence ; le CONAPO estime des logements ayant une exp\u00e9rience migratoire \u00e0 partir du questionnaire d\u00e9taill\u00e9.<\/td><td data-label=\"Confrontation et interpr\u00e9tation\">Compl\u00e9mentarit\u00e9, pas contradiction. \u00c0 Papantla, le CONAPO estime 46 368 logements ; le Panorama d\u00e9nombre 45 459 logements priv\u00e9s habit\u00e9s. Il ne faut pas m\u00e9langer ces univers pour calculer des personnes ni multiplier des pourcentages arrondis par un autre d\u00e9nominateur.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">La famille ou le travail expliquent-ils tout ?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources et localisation\">Guide INEGI [1] et Puebla [2].<\/td><td data-label=\"Ce que chaque source observe\">Parmi les personnes ayant chang\u00e9 de r\u00e9sidence : Cuetzalan, famille 53,7 %, travail 24,1 % ; Huehuetla, 59,9 % et 17,6 %.<\/td><td data-label=\"Confrontation et interpr\u00e9tation\">La cat\u00e9gorie familiale domine dans ces deux cas et cette population observ\u00e9e. Cela ne prouve pas les m\u00eames motifs pour tous les d\u00e9parts internationaux et n\u2019exclut pas les combinaisons de causes. Il faut des croisements et des r\u00e9cits pour tester les m\u00e9canismes.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Faible intensit\u00e9 signifie-t-elle absence ?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources et localisation\">CONAPO [4], annexe B, tableaux B.21 et B.30.<\/td><td data-label=\"Ce que chaque source observe\">Faible \u00e0 Espinal et Tecolutla, tr\u00e8s faible dans les quatre autres communes. Les composantes restent diff\u00e9rentes.<\/td><td data-label=\"Confrontation et interpr\u00e9tation\">Le classement compare l\u2019intensit\u00e9 nationale Mexique\u2013\u00c9tats-Unis. Il ne mesure ni l\u2019importance subjective pour une famille ni la mobilit\u00e9 vers d\u2019autres pays ; 0,00 rel\u00e8ve de l\u2019estimation et de l\u2019arrondi.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Transferts de fonds \u00e9gale migrants ?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources et localisation\">CONAPO [4] et Banque du Mexique CE166 [6].<\/td><td data-label=\"Ce que chaque source observe\">Le premier publie des proportions de logements ; la seconde des flux mon\u00e9taires trimestriels.<\/td><td data-label=\"Confrontation et interpr\u00e9tation\">Mesures compl\u00e9mentaires, sans conversion automatique. Leur mise en relation exige des p\u00e9riodes, univers et m\u00e9canismes de r\u00e9ception compatibles. Aucun montant communal non v\u00e9rifi\u00e9 n\u2019est reproduit.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Peut-on relier 2000, 2010 et 2020 sans ajustement ?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources et localisation\">CONAPO [4], m\u00e9thodologie et catalogue [5].<\/td><td data-label=\"Ce que chaque source observe\">L\u2019unit\u00e9 historique et le traitement de l\u2019indice changent ; le livre pr\u00e9sente l\u2019approche DP\u2082.<\/td><td data-label=\"Confrontation et interpr\u00e9tation\">Une tendance exige une s\u00e9rie harmonis\u00e9e et une d\u00e9finition identique. Nous pr\u00e9sentons une comparaison transversale 2020. Les CSV inaccessibles ne sont pas donn\u00e9s comme lus : les chiffres proviennent des tableaux du livre.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">La mobilit\u00e9 transforme-t-elle langues et m\u00e9tiers ?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources et localisation\">Olvera [7], cas historique 1932\u20131938, et tableaux 2020 [2\u20134].<\/td><td data-label=\"Ce que chaque source observe\">La recherche historique \u00e9tudie travail, apprentissage et logement ; les tableaux modernes mesurent d\u2019autres unit\u00e9s et p\u00e9riodes.<\/td><td data-label=\"Confrontation et interpr\u00e9tation\">Compl\u00e9mentarit\u00e9 des questions, sans preuve d\u2019un effet actuel. Transmission, soins et appartenance exigent des t\u00e9moignages et des protocoles pr\u00e9cis, sans transformer une moyenne communale en biographie individuelle.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><h2>Sources documentaires et parties consult\u00e9es<\/h2><ol class=\"research-refs\"><li id=\"r05-fr-s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/programas\/ccpv\/2020\/tableros\/panorama\/guia\/\">INEGI \u00b7 Censo de Poblaci\u00f3n y Vivienda 2020 \u00b7 Gu\u00eda del Panorama Sociodemogr\u00e1fico<\/a><br><span>Apartado Migraci\u00f3n: poblaci\u00f3n de 5 a\u00f1os y m\u00e1s, residencia en marzo de 2015 y agrupaci\u00f3n de causas. \/ Migration definitions, age 5+, March 2015 residence and grouped reasons. \/ D\u00e9finitions de la migration, 5 ans ou plus, r\u00e9sidence en mars 2015 et motifs regroup\u00e9s.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r05-fr-s2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/contenidos\/productos\/prod_serv\/contenidos\/espanol\/bvinegi\/productos\/nueva_estruc\/702825197940.pdf\">INEGI \u00b7 Panorama sociodemogr\u00e1fico de Puebla \u00b7 Censo 2020 \u00b7 2021<\/a><br><span>Cuetzalan, pp. 138\u2013139; Huehuetla, pp. 168\u2013169.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r05-fr-s3\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/contenidos\/productos\/prod_serv\/contenidos\/espanol\/bvinegi\/productos\/nueva_estruc\/702825198039.pdf\">INEGI \u00b7 Panorama sociodemogr\u00e1fico de Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave \u00b7 Censo 2020 \u00b7 2021<\/a><br><span>Espinal, pp. 152\u2013153; Papantla, 280\u2013281; Poza Rica, 292\u2013293; Tecolutla, 346\u2013347.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r05-fr-s4\"><a href=\"https:\/\/omi.gob.mx\/work\/models\/OMI\/Resource\/2802\/IIMMexEEUU2020.pdf\">CONAPO \u00b7 \u00cdndices de intensidad migratoria M\u00e9xico\u2013Estados Unidos 2020 \u00b7 2022<\/a><br><span>Metodolog\u00eda y anexo B: cuadros B.21 (Puebla), B.30 (Veracruz). Variables de viviendas, porcentajes y grados. \/ Methodology and annex B, tables B.21 and B.30: dwellings, percentages and categories. \/ M\u00e9thodologie et annexe B, tableaux B.21 et B.30 : logements, pourcentages et degr\u00e9s.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r05-fr-s5\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.datos.gob.mx\/es\/dataset\/indice_intensidad_migratoria\">CONAPO \u00b7 \u00cdndice de intensidad migratoria \u00b7 Cat\u00e1logo de datos abiertos<\/a><br><span>Cat\u00e1logo y metadatos; los CSV municipales no se utilizaron para los c\u00e1lculos: la transcripci\u00f3n procede del anexo del libro [4]. \/ Catalogue and metadata; figures were transcribed from book annex [4], not the municipal CSV files. \/ Catalogue et m\u00e9tadonn\u00e9es ; chiffres transcrits de l\u2019annexe [4], et non des fichiers CSV municipaux.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r05-fr-s6\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.banxico.org.mx\/SieInternet\/consultarDirectorioInternetAction.do?accion=consultarCuadro&#038;idCuadro=CE166\">Banco de M\u00e9xico \u00b7 SIE \u00b7 CE166 \u00b7 Ingresos por remesas, distribuci\u00f3n por municipio<\/a><br><span>Referencia para una serie monetaria trimestral en millones de d\u00f3lares; no se reproducen importes municipales no verificados. \/ Quarterly monetary series in USD millions; no unverified municipal amounts are reproduced. \/ S\u00e9rie mon\u00e9taire trimestrielle en millions de dollars ; aucun montant municipal non v\u00e9rifi\u00e9 n\u2019est reproduit.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r05-fr-s7\"><a href=\"https:\/\/historicas.unam.mx\/publicaciones\/publicadigital\/libros\/276-02\/276-02-05-28-claseobrera.pdf\">Alberto Olvera \u00b7 La formaci\u00f3n de la clase obrera en un nuevo espacio urbano industrial: el caso de Poza Rica, Ver., 1932\u20131938 \u00b7 UNAM, 1999, pp. 823\u2013837; edici\u00f3n digital 2023<\/a><br><span>Introducci\u00f3n y secciones I\u2013III, pp. 823\u2013828: fuentes, tierras, reclutamiento y vivienda. \/ Introduction and sections I\u2013III, pp. 823\u2013828. \/ Introduction et sections I\u2013III, p. 823\u2013828.<\/span><\/li><li id=\"r05-fr-s8\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/servicios\/catalogounico\/\">INEGI \u00b7 Cat\u00e1logo \u00danico de Claves Geoestad\u00edsticas \u00b7 localidades 210430001, 210720001, 300660001, 301240001, 301310001 y 301580001<\/a>. Cartographie originale \u00e0 partir de l\u2019INEGI [8].<\/li><\/ol><section class=\"iict-reading-source\" id=\"iict-reading-r05-fr-source\" lang=\"fr\"><h4>Partir travailler et rentrer chez soi<\/h4><p>Le chiffre de 18,6 % est national. Il compl\u00e8te les questions sur r\u00e9sidence et transferts sans estimer les trajets du Totonacapan. Les deux parcours sont des exemples explicatifs.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/contenidos\/saladeprensa\/boletines\/2021\/EstSociodemo\/ResComplCPV2020_Nal.pdf\">INEGI \u00b7 Resultados complementarios CPV 2020, Movilidad cotidiana<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"#iict-reading-r05-fr\">Revenir au passage<\/a><\/p><\/section>\n<\/details><nav><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1225#research-hub-fr\">Retour aux Recherches sur le Totonacapan \u2192<\/a><\/nav><p class=\"research-version\">\u00c9dition documentaire \u00b7 ES \/ EN \/ FR \u00b7 05.11.2026 \u00b7 v1.0<\/p><!-- IICT-CITE R05 fr --><aside class=\"iict-citation\" id=\"citar-r05-fr\" aria-labelledby=\"citar-r05-fr-title\"><h2 id=\"citar-r05-fr-title\">Comment citer cet article<\/h2><p class=\"iict-citation-label\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence bibliographique propos\u00e9e<\/p><blockquote class=\"iict-citation-reference\">Instituto Internacional de Cultura del Totonacapan. \u00abUne r\u00e9gion en mouvement : migrations internes, internationales et diaspora\u00bb. <cite>Cahiers de recherche<\/cite>, <strong>R05<\/strong>. The Integral Management Society (IMSV). <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1282#r05-fr\">https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1282#r05-fr<\/a>.<\/blockquote><p><strong>R\u00e9f\u00e9rence interne:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1282#r05-fr\">R05<\/a>. Pour un passage pr\u00e9cis, ajoutez le titre de sa section.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1225#normas-citacion-fr\">R\u00e8gles de citation de l\u2019Institut \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/aside><!-- \/IICT-CITE R05 fr --><\/article><\/details><\/div><script>(function(){function openTarget(){var h=decodeURIComponent(location.hash.slice(1));if(!h)return;var t=document.getElementById(h);if(!t)return;var p=t;while(p){if(p.tagName===\"DETAILS\")p.open=true;p=p.parentElement;}requestAnimationFrame(function(){t.scrollIntoView({block:\"start\"});});}window.addEventListener(\"hashchange\",openTarget);openTarget();})();<\/script>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Espa\u00f1olEnglish \u00b7 complete articleFran\u00e7ais \u00b7 article int\u00e9gral INVESTIGACIONES DEL TOTONACAPAN \u00b7 R05 \u00b7 La regi\u00f3n que vive hoy La regi\u00f3n en movimiento: migraci\u00f3n interna, internacional y di\u00e1spora Salir, llegar, volver y sostener v\u00ednculos son movimientos distintos. Mirarlos por separado permite entender mejor a las familias y al territorio. Resumen La movilidad del Totonacapan re\u00fane trayectorias [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":1225,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1282","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1282","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1282"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1282\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1908,"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1282\/revisions\/1908"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1225"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1282"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}