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article .research-hypotheses h3{font-size:1.17rem!important}#research-r06-release.iict-journal article .research-hypotheses p{font-size:1rem!important}}\n\n\/* IICT VISUALES FINAL 20261106 *\/\n#research-r06-release.iict-journal article .iict-journal-table thead{display:table-header-group!important;position:static!important;inset:auto!important;width:auto!important;height:auto!important;overflow:visible!important;clip:auto!important;clip-path:none!important;visibility:visible!important;opacity:1!important}\n#research-r06-release.iict-journal article .iict-journal-table table caption{position:sticky!important;left:0!important;width:min(42rem,calc(100vw - 5rem))!important;max-width:100%!important;white-space:normal!important;overflow-wrap:break-word!important;hyphens:auto!important}\n@media(max-width:700px){#research-r06-release.iict-journal article .iict-journal-table tbody th{width:clamp(8rem,42vw,14rem)!important;max-width:14rem!important;white-space:normal!important}}\n\/* \/IICT VISUALES FINAL *\/\n<\/style>\n<nav class=\"research-languages\" aria-label=\"Language\"><a href=\"#r06-es\">Espa\u00f1ol<\/a><a href=\"#r06-en\">English \u00b7 full article<\/a><a href=\"#r06-fr\">Fran\u00e7ais \u00b7 article int\u00e9gral<\/a><\/nav><!-- IICT-CITE-CSS --><style>.iict-citation{display:block!important;max-width:780px!important;margin:2.8rem auto!important;padding:1.6rem 1.7rem!important;border-block:1px solid #b6a06b!important;border-left:2px solid #a58a47!important;background:#edf0e7!important;color:#344c53!important;grid-column:1\/-1!important}.iict-citation h2{display:block!important;margin:0 0 1.1rem!important;font:400 1.65rem\/1.25 Georgia,serif!important;color:#264b61!important;text-align:left!important;letter-spacing:0!important}.iict-citation p,.iict-citation blockquote{display:block!important;margin:0 0 1rem!important;padding:0!important;border:0!important;background:none!important;text-align:left!important;text-indent:0!important;letter-spacing:normal!important;hyphens:none!important}.iict-citation p{font:400 .93rem\/1.7 var(--sans,system-ui,sans-serif)!important}.iict-citation blockquote{font:400 1.08rem\/1.8 Georgia,serif!important;overflow-wrap:anywhere!important}.iict-citation a{display:inline!important;overflow-wrap:anywhere!important;color:#264b61!important}.iict-citation .iict-citation-label{font:400 .72rem\/1.6 var(--sans,system-ui,sans-serif)!important;letter-spacing:.08em!important;text-transform:uppercase!important;color:#596b58!important}.iict-citation-policy li{margin-block:.7rem!important;font:400 1rem\/1.75 Georgia,serif!important}.iict-citation-policy ol{padding-left:1.3rem!important}.iict-citation-policy .iict-citation-format{font:400 1.02rem\/1.8 Georgia,serif!important}.iict-citation a:focus-visible{outline:2px solid #a58a47;outline-offset:4px}@media(max-width:650px){.iict-citation{padding:1.3rem 1.1rem!important;margin:2rem auto!important}.iict-citation h2{font-size:1.5rem!important}.iict-citation blockquote{font-size:1rem!important}}<\/style><!-- \/IICT-CITE-CSS --><article id=\"r06-es\" lang=\"es\"><p class=\"eyebrow\">Investigaciones del Totonacapan \u00b7 La regi\u00f3n que vive hoy<\/p><h1>Econom\u00edas del Totonacapan: del campo y los oficios a los servicios<\/h1><p class=\"research-deck\">Seis municipios, varios calendarios y una misma pregunta: \u00bfc\u00f3mo se relacionan el trabajo de la tierra, los talleres, los mercados y las ciudades?<\/p><div class=\"research-abstract\"><h2>En pocas palabras<\/h2><p>La vainilla es un emblema del Totonacapan. Seguir la vida econ\u00f3mica de la regi\u00f3n lleva, sin embargo, a muchos m\u00e1s trabajos. Los datos de establecimientos muestran perfiles distintos en la sierra, el corredor urbano y la costa. Para entenderlos hay que sumar fuentes del campo y seguir las cadenas de valor: el recorrido de un producto entre quienes lo producen, transforman y venden. Tambi\u00e9n distinguir una actividad visible del conjunto de ingresos de una familia.<\/p><p>Esta investigaci\u00f3n cruza los Censos Econ\u00f3micos 2024 \u2014referidos a 2023\u2014 con estudios de vainilla y caf\u00e9 y con la metodolog\u00eda de las estad\u00edsticas agr\u00edcolas. Las cifras proceden de seis municipios seleccionados para comparar contextos; no representan una delimitaci\u00f3n oficial del Totonacapan ni una muestra estad\u00edstica de toda la regi\u00f3n.<\/p><\/div><p><span class=\"research-method\">Corte documental: 5 de noviembre de 2026. Claves: Cuetzalan del Progreso 21043, Huehuetla de Puebla 21072, Espinal 30066, Papantla 30124, Poza Rica de Hidalgo 30131 y Tecolutla 30158. C\u00e1lculos propios sobre fuentes citadas; sin entrevistas ni levantamiento de campo del Instituto.<\/span><\/p><figure class=\"research-visual\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r06-mercado-cuetzalan-highmaripili-2010.jpg\" alt=\"Compra y venta en un puesto del mercado dominical de Cuetzalan, 2010.\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1280\" height=\"852\"><figcaption><strong>El mercado como lugar de encuentro entre trabajos<\/strong>Cuetzalan \u00b7 Highmaripili \u00b7 25.04.2010 \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Mercado_Dominical.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>. Fotograf\u00eda de contexto hist\u00f3rico; no identifica ingresos, informalidad ni participantes de los estudios citados.<\/figcaption><\/figure><section><h2>Un territorio que trabaja en varios lugares<\/h2><p>Una familia puede cultivar, transformar una cosecha, vender en el mercado y recibir un salario en momentos distintos del a\u00f1o. Ese recorrido conecta lugares que una tabla suele separar. La parcela y el taller no son mundos anteriores a los servicios: necesitan transporte, herramientas, cr\u00e9dito, reparaci\u00f3n y compradores. La econom\u00eda regional se entiende mejor cuando seguimos esas relaciones.<\/p><p>Para iniciar la comparaci\u00f3n elegimos seis municipios: dos de la sierra poblana, tres del entorno de las tierras bajas y el corredor urbano veracruzano, y uno de la costa. La selecci\u00f3n permite observar diferencias; no autoriza a sustituir una regi\u00f3n cultural compleja por seis puntos de un mapa. Tambi\u00e9n cambia la escala: Poza Rica concentra muchos m\u00e1s establecimientos que Huehuetla. Comparar sus cantidades sin esa diferencia llevar\u00eda a una conclusi\u00f3n apresurada.<sup><a href=\"#r06-es-s1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"#r06-es-s2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><section><figure class=\"iict-entre-epocas\" style=\"display:block;float:none;width:100%;max-width:1100px;margin:2rem auto\"><img src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-mercado-antes-ahora.jpg\" alt=\"Mercados y saberes: el Totonacapan actual en color dialoga con una recreaci\u00f3n del pasado en sepia.\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"display:block;width:100%;height:auto;max-height:none;object-fit:contain\"><figcaption style=\"display:block;font:12px\/1.6 var(--sans, sans-serif);text-align:left;margin-top:.65rem;color:#56625b\">Mercados y saberes: el Totonacapan actual en color dialoga con una recreaci\u00f3n del pasado en sepia.<\/figcaption><\/figure><h2>Lo que cuenta un censo de establecimientos<\/h2><p>Los resultados definitivos de los Censos Econ\u00f3micos 2024 describen la actividad de 2023. En los seis municipios, el comercio al por menor re\u00fane m\u00e1s unidades que la manufactura. Esa observaci\u00f3n habla de establecimientos, no del valor agregado, la rentabilidad ni los hogares que dependen de cada actividad. Una tienda y una f\u00e1brica cuentan cada una como una unidad econ\u00f3mica.<\/p><p>\u00bfA qui\u00e9n cuenta el censo cuando habla de \u00abpersonal ocupado\u00bb? A quienes trabajaron bajo la direcci\u00f3n del establecimiento, con distintas formas de contrataci\u00f3n. Esa cifra no es el n\u00famero de empleos asegurados en el IMSS ni el de todos los residentes que trabajan. Hay otra diferencia decisiva: los censos econ\u00f3micos excluyen la producci\u00f3n agr\u00edcola, ganadera y forestal directa, para la que hace falta otra fuente. S\u00ed incluyen la pesca y la acuicultura.<sup><a href=\"#r06-es-s1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"#r06-es-s2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><figure class=\"research-matrix\"><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Establecimientos y personal ocupado \u00b7 2023\" style=\"--journal-table-min:32rem\"><table><caption>Establecimientos y personal ocupado \u00b7 2023<\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Municipio \u00b7 clave<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Unidades econ\u00f3micas<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Personal ocupado<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Cuetzalan del Progreso \u00b7 21043<\/th><td data-label=\"Unidades econ\u00f3micas\">1,604<\/td><td data-label=\"Personal ocupado\">3,935<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Huehuetla \u00b7 21072<\/th><td data-label=\"Unidades econ\u00f3micas\">396<\/td><td data-label=\"Personal ocupado\">965<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Espinal \u00b7 30066<\/th><td data-label=\"Unidades econ\u00f3micas\">703<\/td><td data-label=\"Personal ocupado\">1,847<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Papantla \u00b7 30124<\/th><td data-label=\"Unidades econ\u00f3micas\">4,361<\/td><td data-label=\"Personal ocupado\">12,134<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Poza Rica de Hidalgo \u00b7 30131<\/th><td data-label=\"Unidades econ\u00f3micas\">9,760<\/td><td data-label=\"Personal ocupado\">36,901<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Tecolutla \u00b7 30158<\/th><td data-label=\"Unidades econ\u00f3micas\">1,136<\/td><td data-label=\"Personal ocupado\">3,416<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure><figure class=\"research-matrix\"><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Unidades econ\u00f3micas por actividad seleccionada \u00b7 2023\" style=\"--journal-table-min:60rem\"><table><caption>Unidades econ\u00f3micas por actividad seleccionada \u00b7 2023<\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Municipio<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Manufactura 31\u201333<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Mayoreo 43<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Menudeo 46<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Transporte 48\u201349<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Alojamiento y alimentos 72<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Cuetzalan del Progreso<\/th><td data-label=\"Manufactura 31\u201333\">498<\/td><td data-label=\"Mayoreo 43\">24<\/td><td data-label=\"Menudeo 46\">607<\/td><td data-label=\"Transporte 48\u201349\">9<\/td><td data-label=\"Alojamiento y alimentos 72\">241<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Huehuetla<\/th><td data-label=\"Manufactura 31\u201333\">79<\/td><td data-label=\"Mayoreo 43\">4<\/td><td data-label=\"Menudeo 46\">176<\/td><td data-label=\"Transporte 48\u201349\">\u2014<\/td><td data-label=\"Alojamiento y alimentos 72\">76<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Espinal<\/th><td data-label=\"Manufactura 31\u201333\">115<\/td><td data-label=\"Mayoreo 43\">21<\/td><td data-label=\"Menudeo 46\">302<\/td><td data-label=\"Transporte 48\u201349\">\u2014<\/td><td data-label=\"Alojamiento y alimentos 72\">135<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Papantla<\/th><td data-label=\"Manufactura 31\u201333\">552<\/td><td data-label=\"Mayoreo 43\">97<\/td><td data-label=\"Menudeo 46\">2,127<\/td><td data-label=\"Transporte 48\u201349\">7<\/td><td data-label=\"Alojamiento y alimentos 72\">549<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Poza Rica de Hidalgo<\/th><td data-label=\"Manufactura 31\u201333\">705<\/td><td data-label=\"Mayoreo 43\">163<\/td><td data-label=\"Menudeo 46\">4,579<\/td><td data-label=\"Transporte 48\u201349\">32<\/td><td data-label=\"Alojamiento y alimentos 72\">1,349<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Tecolutla<\/th><td data-label=\"Manufactura 31\u201333\">62<\/td><td data-label=\"Mayoreo 43\">5<\/td><td data-label=\"Menudeo 46\">408<\/td><td data-label=\"Transporte 48\u201349\">8<\/td><td data-label=\"Alojamiento y alimentos 72\">502<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure><p><span class=\"r-small\">Fuente: INEGI, SAIC, CE 2024, referencia 2023, consulta 5.11.2026. Actividades seleccionadas, no exhaustivas. \u201c\u2014\u201d significa que la selecci\u00f3n no devolvi\u00f3 un dato; no equivale a cero. Transportes incluye correos y almacenamiento; el sector 72 incluye bebidas. Totales del universo censal, no de toda la econom\u00eda municipal.<\/span><\/p><section><h2>La vainilla dentro de una econom\u00eda diversificada<\/h2><p>El estudio de Santill\u00e1n-Fern\u00e1ndez y sus colegas, publicado en 2019, aporta una escena m\u00e1s concreta. Entre noviembre de 2017 y febrero de 2018 consultaron a 175 productores de vainilla; el 95 % de las personas de ese grupo la consideraba una actividad secundaria. Ma\u00edz, frijol, caf\u00e9, pimienta y ganader\u00eda aparec\u00edan entre sus otras fuentes de sustento. El resultado explica por qu\u00e9 una planta emblem\u00e1tica puede coexistir con una econom\u00eda familiar diversificada.<\/p><p>Los investigadores contactaron a ese grupo seg\u00fan su disponibilidad y las referencias de otros productores. El 95 % describe, por tanto, a quienes participaron; no es una estimaci\u00f3n probabil\u00edstica de todos los productores de 2026. El mismo estudio calcula d\u00f3nde hay condiciones ambientales favorables para cultivar vainilla. Ese mapa de aptitud muestra condiciones biof\u00edsicas, es decir, del medio natural. No promete ingresos: todav\u00eda habr\u00eda que conocer costos, trabajo disponible, agua, enfermedades, compradores y capacidad de beneficiado.<sup><a href=\"#r06-es-s4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><section><h2>De la cosecha al precio: d\u00f3nde se transforma el valor<\/h2><p>La vainilla muestra con claridad la diferencia entre producir una materia y vender un producto preparado. Cosechar, beneficiar, conservar, clasificar, transportar y comercializar requieren tiempos y conocimientos distintos. El esquema de esta p\u00e1gina propone seguir esas operaciones; no distribuye porcentajes de ganancia que las fuentes consultadas no permiten calcular.<\/p><p>Las toneladas tampoco cuentan toda la historia del ma\u00edz, el caf\u00e9, los c\u00edtricos, la vainilla o los productos pecuarios. Para compararlos hacen falta superficie, rendimiento, precio, valor y periodo, con la unidad adecuada a cada producto. La DGSIAP publica esas variables y distingue ciclos y modalidades de riego. Su calendario no siempre coincide con el de un negocio: el a\u00f1o agr\u00edcola puede empezar en el a\u00f1o calendario anterior y terminar en el siguiente. Compararlo directamente con el a\u00f1o censal producir\u00eda un desfase.<sup><a href=\"#r06-es-s3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"#r06-es-s4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><figure class=\"research-visual\"><ol class=\"r-flow\"><li><strong>Producir<\/strong>Tierra, plantas, animales, agua y trabajo.<\/li><li><strong>Transformar<\/strong>Beneficiado, preparaci\u00f3n, conservaci\u00f3n y saber t\u00e9cnico.<\/li><li><strong>Conectar<\/strong>Transporte, comercio, servicios y compradores.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption>Esquema conceptual de esta edici\u00f3n. Las relaciones pueden circular y combinarse; no son etapas obligatorias ni participaciones de ganancia medidas.<\/figcaption><\/figure><section><figure class=\"iict-plate\" id=\"iict-plate-r06-a-es\" lang=\"es\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r06-a-es-title\" style=\"--plate-cols:3\"><div class=\"plate-top\"><p class=\"plate-kicker\">Cuaderno ilustrado \u00b7 I<\/p><h3 id=\"iict-plate-r06-a-es-title\">El cafetal forma parte de un paisaje trabajado<\/h3><\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"plate-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 750 420\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r06-a-es-art-title iict-plate-r06-a-es-art-desc\"><title id=\"iict-plate-r06-a-es-art-title\">El cafetal forma parte de un paisaje trabajado<\/title><desc id=\"iict-plate-r06-a-es-art-desc\">1. Cultivar: atender plantas, suelo y temporada. 2. Organizar: reunir capacidades para procesar e intercambiar. 3. Relacionar: seguir trabajo, servicios y recursos familiares. 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stroke-width=\"0.8\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M0 -76 Q18 -84 22 -83\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#617853\" stroke-width=\"0.8\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M0 -91 Q-20 -99 -23 -95\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#617853\" stroke-width=\"0.8\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M0 -91 Q20 -99 23 -95\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#617853\" stroke-width=\"0.8\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><\/g><path d=\"M0 -112 L39 -130\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#7c8b66\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><circle cx=\"-7\" cy=\"-5\" r=\"8\" fill=\"#a65f4d\" stroke=\"#7e5141\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><circle cx=\"9\" cy=\"-32\" r=\"8\" fill=\"#a65f4d\" stroke=\"#7e5141\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><circle cx=\"-7\" cy=\"-59\" r=\"8\" fill=\"#a65f4d\" stroke=\"#7e5141\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><circle cx=\"9\" cy=\"-86\" r=\"8\" fill=\"#a65f4d\" stroke=\"#7e5141\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><circle cx=\"-7\" cy=\"-113\" r=\"8\" fill=\"#a65f4d\" stroke=\"#7e5141\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><circle cx=\"9\" cy=\"-140\" r=\"8\" fill=\"#a65f4d\" stroke=\"#7e5141\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><\/g><circle cx=\"277\" cy=\"365\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"277\" y=\"373\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1<\/text><circle cx=\"414\" cy=\"92\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"414\" y=\"100\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">2<\/text><circle cx=\"647\" cy=\"329\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"647\" y=\"337\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">3<\/text><\/svg><ol class=\"plate-legend\"><li>Cultivar: atender plantas, suelo y temporada.<\/li><li>Organizar: reunir capacidades para procesar e intercambiar.<\/li><li>Relacionar: seguir trabajo, servicios y recursos familiares.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"plate-caption\">Paisaje editorial inspirado en los estudios de caf\u00e9 citados; no representa una finca ni una t\u00e9cnica agron\u00f3mica espec\u00edfica. \u00b7 Ilustraci\u00f3n original del Instituto \u00b7 <a href=\"#r06-es-sources\">Fuentes y contraste<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Caf\u00e9, organizaci\u00f3n y saberes que se complementan<\/h2><p>El an\u00e1lisis de Pablo P\u00e9rez Akaki sobre producci\u00f3n de caf\u00e9 sustentable, publicado en 2009, estudia el caso de Tosepan en Cuetzalan junto con otras experiencias mexicanas. Documenta la combinaci\u00f3n de caf\u00e9, pimienta y otros cultivos, aprovechamientos del entorno, ahorro, formaci\u00f3n, artesan\u00eda y servicios vinculados a visitantes. Su aporte no es un inventario actual: permite examinar c\u00f3mo una organizaci\u00f3n re\u00fane actividades y capacidades.<\/p><p>El estudio tambi\u00e9n introduce un contraste \u00fatil. La certificaci\u00f3n y los mercados diferenciados pueden abrir oportunidades, pero no resuelven por s\u00ed solos las desigualdades de una cadena comercial. Importan la capacidad de negociar, los costos y la distribuci\u00f3n de los ingresos. La diversificaci\u00f3n aparece como una estrategia de conjunto; no como una garant\u00eda autom\u00e1tica de bienestar ni como una fotograf\u00eda de Tosepan en 2026.<sup><a href=\"#r06-es-s5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><section><style id=\"iict-visual-essays-20261106\">\n#main figure.iict-viz{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;max-width:100%;margin:2.3rem auto!important;padding:clamp(20px,3vw,34px)!important;border:1px solid #cfc3a9!important;border-top:3px solid #a68b46!important;border-radius:2px!important;background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fffcf4,#f5efdf)!important;color:#254761!important;box-shadow:0 18px 30px -32px #17314480;overflow:visible!important;float:none!important;clear:both;isolation:isolate;break-inside:avoid;}\n#main figure.iict-viz *,#main figure.iict-viz *::before,#main figure.iict-viz *::after{box-sizing:border-box}#main figure.iict-viz>header{display:block!important;width:100%!important;margin:0 0 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.viz-art{border:0;gap:0}#main figure.iict-viz:is(.viz-network,.viz-coordinates,.viz-cycle) .viz-cell{border:1px solid #cfc3a9;margin-bottom:12px!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-flow .viz-cell:not(:last-child)::after{content:'\u2193';top:auto;bottom:-15px;right:50%;font-size:20px}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-timeline .viz-art{border-top:0;border-left:1px solid #ad9453;padding:0 0 0 20px;gap:24px}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-timeline .viz-cell::before{top:8px;left:-25px}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-layers .viz-cell{padding:.9rem .6rem!important;grid-template-columns:27px 1fr;column-gap:8px}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-layers .viz-art{gap:0}#main figure.iict-viz:is(.viz-water,.viz-duet) .viz-cell{padding:1rem!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-triptych .viz-cell{display:grid;grid-template-columns:65px 1fr;column-gap:14px}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-triptych .viz-cell svg{grid-row:1\/4;height:65px!important;margin:0!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-triptych .viz-number{display:none}}\n@media print{#main figure.iict-viz{box-shadow:none!important;background:#fff!important}#main figure.iict-viz .viz-cell{break-inside:avoid}}\n@media(max-width:620px){#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla .viz-cell{display:grid;grid-template-columns:72px minmax(0,1fr);column-gap:14px;align-content:start}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla .viz-cell svg{grid-row:1\/4;width:72px!important;height:100px!important;margin:0!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla .viz-number{display:none}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla h4{font-size:16px!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla .viz-cell p{font-size:15px!important}}<\/style>\n<figure class=\"iict-viz viz-network\" id=\"iict-viz-r06-es\" lang=\"es\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-viz-r06-es-title\"><header><div class=\"viz-kicker\"><span>Cuadernos visuales<\/span><span>R06 \u00b7 01<\/span><\/div><h3 id=\"iict-viz-r06-es-title\">Diversificar tambi\u00e9n es reunir capacidades<\/h3><p>El estudio de Tosepan publicado en 2009 permite mirar m\u00e1s all\u00e1 de un solo cultivo.<\/p><\/header><div class=\"viz-art\" style=\"--viz-cols:3\"><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><path d=\"M99 89Q85 36 180 14q18 80-69 75M99 89l70-61M115 72l-5-27M137 54l-4-24M128 67l39 4\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><h4>Cultivos<\/h4><p>Caf\u00e9, pimienta y otros aprovechamientos del entorno.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><ellipse cx=\"128\" cy=\"34\" rx=\"41\" ry=\"15\"\/><path d=\"M87 34v18q41 30 82 0V34M87 50v18q41 30 82 0M110 76v13q41 25 82-2V65M169 50q25 2 23 15-9 18-48 13\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><h4>Ahorro<\/h4><p>Capacidades econ\u00f3micas que se relacionan con la organizaci\u00f3n.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><path d=\"M78 16h124v80H78zM95 16v80M112 16v80M129 16v80M146 16v80M163 16v80M180 16v80M78 34h124M78 51h124M78 68h124M78 85h124\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><h4>Formaci\u00f3n y oficios<\/h4><p>Aprendizaje y artesan\u00eda dentro de una estrategia de conjunto.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><path d=\"M80 22h120v56h-67l-24 20V78H80zM98 42h84M98 57h62\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><h4>Intercambio<\/h4><p>Mercados, negociaci\u00f3n y servicios vinculados a visitantes.<\/p><\/div><\/div><figcaption>S\u00edntesis del caso estudiado; no es un inventario actual ni una garant\u00eda de ingresos.<span class=\"viz-source\">S\u00edntesis visual original del Instituto \u00b7 <a href=\"#r06-es-sources\">Fuentes y contraste<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<aside class=\"iict-reading-addition\" data-kind=\"aside\" id=\"iict-reading-r06-es\" lang=\"es\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-reading-r06-es-title\"><span class=\"reading-kicker\">Una historia concreta<\/span><h3 id=\"iict-reading-r06-es-title\">La organizaci\u00f3n empez\u00f3 tambi\u00e9n por el az\u00facar<\/h3><p>Antes de seguir el caf\u00e9 hacia el mercado conviene mirar una compra dom\u00e9stica. La historia publicada por Tosepan Ojtatsenteki recuerda que en 1977 alrededor de setecientos campesinos de Cuetzalan se organizaron para conseguir az\u00facar para sus familias. Distingue ese comienzo de la constituci\u00f3n de la cooperativa regional en febrero de 1980. <a class=\"reading-ref\" href=\"#iict-reading-r06-es-source\" aria-label=\"Ver fuentes y contraste\">\u2197<\/a><\/p><p>Comprar juntos un producto b\u00e1sico permite ver otra cara de la cooperaci\u00f3n: la capacidad de organizar el consumo puede preceder y acompa\u00f1ar a la de vender una cosecha. La vida econ\u00f3mica se enlaza por ambos extremos, desde lo que una familia necesita adquirir hasta el ingreso que logra conservar.<\/p><p class=\"reading-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tosepanbambu.com\/tosepan\">Tosepan Ojtatsenteki \u00b7 historia de Tosepan<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"#r06-es-sources\">Fuentes y contraste<\/a><\/p><\/aside>\n<h2>Servicios, visitantes y costa: tres cosas que conviene separar<\/h2><p>En Tecolutla, alojamiento y preparaci\u00f3n de alimentos y bebidas re\u00fanen 1 889 de las 3 416 personas ocupadas del universo censal: el 55,3 %. En Papantla son 1 538 de 12 134, el 12,7 %. La diferencia muestra perfiles de establecimientos; no permite afirmar que esos porcentajes sean todo el empleo tur\u00edstico municipal. Los restaurantes tambi\u00e9n atienden a residentes y el turismo demanda transporte, comercio y otros servicios.<\/p><p>La costa a\u00f1ade otra dimensi\u00f3n. En Tecolutla, el subsector censal 114, \u201cPesca, caza y captura\u201d, registra 68 unidades y 478 personas ocupadas. Es una clasificaci\u00f3n econ\u00f3mica concreta: no equivale a toneladas desembarcadas, n\u00famero de embarcaciones ni totalidad de familias pescadoras. En Papantla aparecen cinco unidades del mismo subsector, pero el dato de personal no est\u00e1 disponible en la consulta; conservar ese vac\u00edo evita inventar una cifra.<sup><a href=\"#r06-es-s2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><figure class=\"research-visual\"><div class=\"r-bars\"><h3>Alojamiento y alimentos en el personal censal<\/h3><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>Cuetzalan del Progreso<\/span><span class=\"r-track\"><i style=\"width:34.5616%\"><\/i><\/span><span>20,7 %<\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>Huehuetla<\/span><span class=\"r-track\"><i style=\"width:31.9516%\"><\/i><\/span><span>19,2 %<\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>Espinal<\/span><span class=\"r-track\"><i style=\"width:24.7248%\"><\/i><\/span><span>14,8 %<\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>Papantla<\/span><span class=\"r-track\"><i style=\"width:21.1252%\"><\/i><\/span><span>12,7 %<\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>Poza Rica de Hidalgo<\/span><span class=\"r-track\"><i style=\"width:22.9759%\"><\/i><\/span><span>13,8 %<\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>Tecolutla<\/span><span class=\"r-track\"><i style=\"width:92.1643%\"><\/i><\/span><span>55,3 %<\/span><\/div><\/div><figcaption>Escala com\u00fan: 0\u201360 %. Personal del sector 72 \/ personal ocupado total del universo CE \u00d7 100; a\u00f1o 2023. C\u00e1lculos propios, INEGI SAIC. No es la proporci\u00f3n de todo el empleo municipal ni una medida exclusiva del turismo.<\/figcaption><\/figure><section><figure class=\"iict-plate\" id=\"iict-plate-r06-b-es\" lang=\"es\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r06-b-es-title\" style=\"--plate-cols:3\"><div class=\"plate-top\"><p class=\"plate-kicker\">Cuaderno ilustrado \u00b7 II<\/p><h3 id=\"iict-plate-r06-b-es-title\">Una econom\u00eda que un solo recuento no re\u00fane<\/h3><\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"plate-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 750 420\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r06-b-es-art-title iict-plate-r06-b-es-art-desc\"><title id=\"iict-plate-r06-b-es-art-title\">Una econom\u00eda que un solo recuento no re\u00fane<\/title><desc id=\"iict-plate-r06-b-es-art-desc\">1. El campo se observa con fuentes agr\u00edcolas. 2. El establecimiento se observa con el censo econ\u00f3mico. 3. El hogar relaciona ingresos, gastos y trabajos distintos. 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width=\"17\" height=\"22\" rx=\"0\" fill=\"#d2d9cb\" stroke=\"#6f7560\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><\/g><circle cx=\"150\" cy=\"338\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"150\" y=\"346\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1<\/text><circle cx=\"375\" cy=\"338\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"375\" y=\"346\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">2<\/text><circle cx=\"600\" cy=\"338\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"600\" y=\"346\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">3<\/text><\/svg><ol class=\"plate-legend\"><li>El campo se observa con fuentes agr\u00edcolas.<\/li><li>El establecimiento se observa con el censo econ\u00f3mico.<\/li><li>El hogar relaciona ingresos, gastos y trabajos distintos.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"plate-caption\">Las lentes se complementan; no se agregan sus unidades como si fueran una misma cuenta. \u00b7 Ilustraci\u00f3n original del Instituto \u00b7 <a href=\"#r06-es-sources\">Fuentes y contraste<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Oficios e informalidad: mirar antes de clasificar<\/h2><p>La manufactura re\u00fane actividades diversas; no toda unidad manufacturera es artesanal y no todo oficio queda en ella. Reparar un reloj, elaborar una pieza, venderla y ense\u00f1ar una t\u00e9cnica pueden ubicarse en categor\u00edas distintas. Las cifras sectoriales ayudan a formular preguntas sobre talleres y transmisi\u00f3n, pero identificar un oficio requiere consultar su actividad detallada y su contexto.<\/p><p>El tama\u00f1o de un negocio no basta para llamarlo informal. La definici\u00f3n censal exige cumplir todas estas condiciones a la vez: tener hasta cinco personas; no otorgar ciertas prestaciones y aportaciones; no pertenecer a una empresa con varios establecimientos; no emplear personal suministrado por otra raz\u00f3n social; no realizar determinados gastos de asesor\u00eda; y no disponer de sistema contable ni contador externo. Adem\u00e1s, la informalidad de un establecimiento se mide de manera distinta de la informalidad de un puesto de trabajo. Una fotograf\u00eda de un mercado no permite resolver ninguna de las dos clasificaciones.<sup><a href=\"#r06-es-s6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><section><h2>La siguiente pregunta de investigaci\u00f3n<\/h2><p>El contraste permite afirmar que el Totonacapan re\u00fane econom\u00edas conectadas y perfiles locales diferentes. Tambi\u00e9n permite precisar qu\u00e9 falta medir: cu\u00e1nto ingreso conserva cada eslab\u00f3n, c\u00f3mo se distribuye el trabajo a lo largo del a\u00f1o, qu\u00e9 costos enfrentan productores y talleres, y c\u00f3mo se combinan salarios, cultivos y servicios dentro de los hogares.<\/p><p>Para avanzar har\u00edan falta series agropecuarias municipales verificadas, informaci\u00f3n de costos y precios en fechas comparables y estudios de hogares y organizaciones. Esa investigaci\u00f3n debe comenzar por escuchar los trabajos y las relaciones que sostienen la regi\u00f3n. El emblema de una cosecha puede abrir la conversaci\u00f3n; la vida econ\u00f3mica completa exige seguir mucho m\u00e1s lejos.<sup><a href=\"#r06-es-s2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"#r06-es-s3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><details class=\"research-evidence\" id=\"r06-es-sources\"><summary><span class=\"evidence-kicker\">Investigaci\u00f3n abierta<\/span><strong>Fuentes y contraste<\/strong><span class=\"evidence-subtitle\">Abrir el m\u00e9todo, las diferencias entre fuentes y las referencias verificables.<\/span><\/summary><div class=\"evidence-content\"><figure class=\"research-matrix\"><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Qu\u00e9 afirmamos, con qu\u00e9 evidencia y hasta d\u00f3nde llega.\" style=\"--journal-table-min:32rem\"><table><caption>Qu\u00e9 afirmamos, con qu\u00e9 evidencia y hasta d\u00f3nde llega.<\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Pregunta<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Fuentes y observaciones<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Contraste e interpretaci\u00f3n<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfEl censo econ\u00f3mico incluye todo el campo?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes y observaciones\">INEGI, CE 2024: actividad de 2023; DGSIAP, descripci\u00f3n de producci\u00f3n agr\u00edcola y calendario.<\/td><td data-label=\"Contraste e interpretaci\u00f3n\">Son fuentes complementarias. El censo excluye agricultura, ganader\u00eda y aprovechamiento forestal directos, pero incluye pesca y acuicultura. La etiqueta amplia del sector 11 no modifica esa cobertura. No se suman ambos universos sin revisar unidades.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfMuchos establecimientos significan m\u00e1s riqueza?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes y observaciones\">SAIC, variables UE y H001A, seis municipios y sectores identificados.<\/td><td data-label=\"Contraste e interpretaci\u00f3n\">UE cuenta unidades y H001A personas ocupadas bajo su direcci\u00f3n. No miden ganancias, productividad, valor agregado ni empleo de todos los residentes. La tabla permite comparar estructuras, no ordenar bienestar.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfLa vainilla es el ingreso principal de toda la regi\u00f3n?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes y observaciones\">Santill\u00e1n-Fern\u00e1ndez et al., 2019, m\u00e9todo y resultados: 175 participantes, campo 2017\u20132018; 95 % declara actividad secundaria.<\/td><td data-label=\"Contraste e interpretaci\u00f3n\">El resultado contradice una imagen de especializaci\u00f3n \u00fanica dentro de ese grupo. Selecci\u00f3n por disponibilidad y referencias: no es una estimaci\u00f3n representativa para todo el Totonacapan actual. Har\u00eda falta una encuesta probabil\u00edstica reciente.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfAptitud ambiental equivale a negocio viable?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes y observaciones\">El mismo estudio combina puntos de presencia y modelos geogr\u00e1ficos de potencial productivo.<\/td><td data-label=\"Contraste e interpretaci\u00f3n\">Una superficie ambientalmente apta no acredita cultivo efectivo ni rentabilidad. Hay que contrastar el modelo con trabajo, costos, sanidad, agua y canales de venta. El art\u00edculo distingue inferencia ambiental y resultado econ\u00f3mico.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfCertificar caf\u00e9 asegura una distribuci\u00f3n justa?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes y observaciones\">P\u00e9rez Akaki, 2009: convenciones de calidad, cadenas de caf\u00e9 y caso hist\u00f3rico de Tosepan.<\/td><td data-label=\"Contraste e interpretaci\u00f3n\">El estudio relaciona diferenciaci\u00f3n, organizaci\u00f3n y diversificaci\u00f3n, y analiza asimetr\u00edas comerciales. Complementa las cuentas censales; no demuestra ingresos ni membres\u00edas actuales. Los resultados hist\u00f3ricos no se presentan como balance de 2026.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfAlojamiento y alimentos equivalen a turismo?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes y observaciones\">SAIC, sector 72; 55,3 % del personal censal de Tecolutla y 12,7 % del de Papantla.<\/td><td data-label=\"Contraste e interpretaci\u00f3n\">El c\u00e1lculo es personal del sector dividido por personal total del universo censal. Incluye consumo local y deja fuera otras actividades tur\u00edsticas. No es una cuenta sat\u00e9lite municipal de turismo.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfPeque\u00f1o equivale a informal?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes y observaciones\">INEGI, Las mujeres y los hombres\u2026, \u00a72.10, p. 22; definici\u00f3n censal conjunta.<\/td><td data-label=\"Contraste e interpretaci\u00f3n\">El tama\u00f1o es una condici\u00f3n entre varias. No se atribuye informalidad por apariencia, oficio o tama\u00f1o aislado, ni se equiparan establecimiento informal y empleo informal.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfUn vac\u00edo estad\u00edstico equivale a cero?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes y observaciones\">SAIC: personal no disponible en algunas celdas y ausencia de filas en algunas selecciones. DGSIAP: archivo municipal no recuperado.<\/td><td data-label=\"Contraste e interpretaci\u00f3n\">Se conserva \u201c\u2014\u201d y se explicita la falta de dato. No se reconstruyen celdas ni se rellenan cifras agr\u00edcolas con estimaciones. Diferenciar cero, dato reservado o no disponible y ausencia de consulta protege la comparaci\u00f3n.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure><h3>Referencias y alcance de lectura<\/h3><ol class=\"research-sources\"><li id=\"r06-es-s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/programas\/ce\/2024\/default.html\">INEGI \u00b7 Censos Econ\u00f3micos 2024 \u00b7 resultados definitivos, referencia 2023<\/a><br>Cobertura, resultados corregidos el 5.09.2025; producci\u00f3n agropecuaria y forestal directa excluida; pesca y acuicultura incluidas.<\/li><li id=\"r06-es-s2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/app\/saic\/default.html\">INEGI \u00b7 Sistema Automatizado de Informaci\u00f3n Censal (SAIC) \u00b7 CE 2024<\/a><br>Consulta del 5.11.2026: a\u00f1o 2023; seis claves municipales; UE y H001A; total municipal y sectores 31\u201333, 43, 46, 48\u201349, 72; subsector 114. Estrato total. Nulos y filas ausentes conservados.<\/li><li id=\"r06-es-s3\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gob.mx\/agricultura\/dgsiap\/acciones-y-programas\/produccion-agricola-404122\">DGSIAP \u00b7 Producci\u00f3n agr\u00edcola \u00b7 12.08.2026<\/a><br>Descripci\u00f3n de series 1980\u20132025, variables y calendario agr\u00edcola. El archivo municipal 2025 no pudo descargarse para esta edici\u00f3n: no se publican cifras agr\u00edcolas actuales extra\u00eddas de \u00e9l.<\/li><li id=\"r06-es-s4\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cienciasagricolas.inifap.gob.mx\/index.php\/agricolas\/en\/article\/download\/1661\/2373\/8018?inline=1\">Santill\u00e1n-Fern\u00e1ndez, Trejo Cabrera, Mart\u00ednez S\u00e1nchez, Mart\u00ednez \u00c1ngel, V\u00e1squez Bautista y Mej\u00eda \u00b7 Production potential of Vanilla planifolia Jacks in Totonacapan, Mexico, using geographic techniques \u00b7 2019<\/a><br>Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agr\u00edcolas 10(4); DOI 10.29312\/remexca.v10i4.1661. Introducci\u00f3n, m\u00e9todo y resultados: trabajo de campo noviembre 2017\u2013febrero 2018, 175 productores seleccionados por disponibilidad y referencias, y modelizaci\u00f3n ambiental.<\/li><li id=\"r06-es-s5\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scielo.org.mx\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&#038;pid=S1870-41152009000100116\">Pablo P\u00e9rez Akaki \u00b7 Los espacios de producci\u00f3n de caf\u00e9 sustentable en M\u00e9xico en los inicios del siglo XXI \u00b7 2009<\/a><br>Revista Pueblos y Fronteras Digital 4(7); DOI 10.22201\/cimsur.18704115e.2009.7.186. Introducci\u00f3n, caso de Tosepan y conclusiones. Estudio hist\u00f3rico, con informaci\u00f3n de mediados de los a\u00f1os 2000.<\/li><li id=\"r06-es-s6\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/contenidos\/productos\/prod_serv\/contenidos\/espanol\/bvinegi\/productos\/nueva_estruc\/889463926443.pdf\">INEGI \u00b7 Las mujeres y los hombres en las actividades econ\u00f3micas \u00b7 Censos Econ\u00f3micos 2024 \u00b7 2025<\/a><br>Secci\u00f3n 2.10, p. 22: definici\u00f3n operativa de establecimiento informal. No equivale a la informalidad de cada puesto de trabajo.<\/li><\/ol><\/div><section class=\"iict-reading-source\" id=\"iict-reading-r06-es-source\" lang=\"es\"><h4>La organizaci\u00f3n empez\u00f3 tambi\u00e9n por el az\u00facar<\/h4><p>Es la narraci\u00f3n de la propia organizaci\u00f3n, contrastada aqu\u00ed con el estudio de P\u00e9rez Akaki de 2009. Origen y constituci\u00f3n son hitos distintos; no se infiere rentabilidad actual.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tosepanbambu.com\/tosepan\">Tosepan Ojtatsenteki \u00b7 historia de Tosepan<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"#iict-reading-r06-es\">Volver al pasaje<\/a><\/p><\/section>\n<\/details><nav class=\"research-related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1225#research-hub-es\">Volver a Investigaciones del Totonacapan \u2192<\/a><\/nav><p class=\"research-version\">Edici\u00f3n documental \u00b7 ES \/ EN \/ FR \u00b7 05.11.2026 \u00b7 v1.0<\/p><!-- IICT-CITE R06 es --><aside class=\"iict-citation\" id=\"citar-r06-es\" aria-labelledby=\"citar-r06-es-title\"><h2 id=\"citar-r06-es-title\">C\u00f3mo citar este art\u00edculo<\/h2><p class=\"iict-citation-label\">Referencia bibliogr\u00e1fica sugerida<\/p><blockquote class=\"iict-citation-reference\">Instituto Internacional de Cultura del Totonacapan. \u00abEconom\u00edas del Totonacapan: del campo y los oficios a los servicios\u00bb. <cite>Cuadernos de investigaci\u00f3n<\/cite>, <strong>R06<\/strong>. The Integral Management Society (IMSV). <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1292#r06-es\">https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1292#r06-es<\/a>.<\/blockquote><p><strong>Referencia interna:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1292#r06-es\">R06<\/a>. Para citar un pasaje concreto, a\u00f1ade el t\u00edtulo de su secci\u00f3n.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1225#normas-citacion-es\">Criterios de citaci\u00f3n del Instituto \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/aside><!-- \/IICT-CITE R06 es --><\/article><details class=\"research-lang-version\" id=\"r06-en-version\"><summary>Read the full English article<\/summary><article id=\"r06-en\" lang=\"en\"><p class=\"eyebrow\">Totonacapan Research \u00b7 The region today<\/p><h1>Economies of Totonacapan: from farming and trades to services<\/h1><p class=\"research-deck\">Six municipalities, several calendars and one question: how are the work of the land, workshops, markets and towns connected?<\/p><div class=\"research-abstract\"><h2>At a glance<\/h2><p>Vanilla is an emblem of Totonacapan, but economic life encompasses many more kinds of work. Establishment data reveal different profiles in the highlands, urban corridor and coast. Understanding them requires agricultural sources, an examination of value chains \u2014 the links between producing, processing and selling and a distinction between a visible activity and a family\u2019s entire income.<\/p><p>This investigation brings together the 2024 Economic Censuses, whose reference year is 2023, studies of vanilla and coffee, and the methodology of agricultural statistics. The six municipalities were selected to compare settings. They are neither an official boundary of Totonacapan nor a statistical sample representing the entire region.<\/p><\/div><p><span class=\"research-method\">Documentary cutoff: 5 November 2026. Codes: Cuetzalan del Progreso 21043, Huehuetla in Puebla 21072, Espinal 30066, Papantla 30124, Poza Rica de Hidalgo 30131 and Tecolutla 30158. Calculations from the cited sources; no Institute interviews or field survey.<\/span><\/p><figure class=\"research-visual\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r06-mercado-cuetzalan-highmaripili-2010.jpg\" alt=\"Buyers and a stall at Cuetzalan\u2019s Sunday market, 2010.\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1280\" height=\"852\"><figcaption><strong>The market as a meeting place for different kinds of work<\/strong>Cuetzalan \u00b7 Highmaripili \u00b7 25.04.2010 \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Mercado_Dominical.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>. Historical contextual photograph; it does not identify income, informality or participants in the cited studies.<\/figcaption><\/figure><section><h2>A region that works in several places<\/h2><p>A family may grow crops, process a harvest, sell at a market and earn wages at different times of year. This journey connects places that a table usually separates. Fields and workshops are not worlds that precede services: they need transport, tools, credit, repairs and buyers. Regional economic life becomes clearer when we follow those relationships.<\/p><p>We begin with six municipalities: two in the Puebla highlands, three associated with Veracruz\u2019s lowlands and urban corridor, and one on the coast. This selection helps reveal differences; it does not replace a complex cultural region with six points on a map. Scale matters too: Poza Rica has far more establishments than Huehuetla. Comparing their counts without recognising that difference would lead to a premature conclusion.<sup><a href=\"#r06-en-s1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"#r06-en-s2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><section><h2>What an establishment census counts<\/h2><p>The definitive 2024 Economic Census results describe activity in 2023. In all six municipalities, retail trade contains more units than manufacturing. This observation concerns establishments, not value added, profitability or the households depending on each activity. A shop and a factory each count as one economic unit.<\/p><p>When the census counts personnel, it includes people working under an establishment\u2019s direction, with different contractual arrangements. They are not equivalent to IMSS-insured jobs, or to all employed residents. Moreover, economic censuses exclude direct agricultural, livestock and forestry production: farming needs another source. Fishing and aquaculture are included in their coverage.<sup><a href=\"#r06-en-s1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"#r06-en-s2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><figure class=\"research-matrix\"><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Establishments and personnel \u00b7 2023\" style=\"--journal-table-min:32rem\"><table><caption>Establishments and personnel \u00b7 2023<\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Municipality \u00b7 code<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Economic units<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Personnel<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Cuetzalan del Progreso \u00b7 21043<\/th><td data-label=\"Economic units\">1,604<\/td><td data-label=\"Personnel\">3,935<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Huehuetla \u00b7 21072<\/th><td data-label=\"Economic units\">396<\/td><td data-label=\"Personnel\">965<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Espinal \u00b7 30066<\/th><td data-label=\"Economic units\">703<\/td><td data-label=\"Personnel\">1,847<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Papantla \u00b7 30124<\/th><td data-label=\"Economic units\">4,361<\/td><td data-label=\"Personnel\">12,134<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Poza Rica de Hidalgo \u00b7 30131<\/th><td data-label=\"Economic units\">9,760<\/td><td data-label=\"Personnel\">36,901<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Tecolutla \u00b7 30158<\/th><td data-label=\"Economic units\">1,136<\/td><td data-label=\"Personnel\">3,416<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure><figure class=\"research-matrix\"><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Economic units by selected activity \u00b7 2023\" style=\"--journal-table-min:60rem\"><table><caption>Economic units by selected activity \u00b7 2023<\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Municipality<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Manufacturing 31\u201333<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Wholesale 43<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Retail 46<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Transport 48\u201349<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Accommodation and food 72<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Cuetzalan del Progreso<\/th><td data-label=\"Manufacturing 31\u201333\">498<\/td><td data-label=\"Wholesale 43\">24<\/td><td data-label=\"Retail 46\">607<\/td><td data-label=\"Transport 48\u201349\">9<\/td><td data-label=\"Accommodation and food 72\">241<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Huehuetla<\/th><td data-label=\"Manufacturing 31\u201333\">79<\/td><td data-label=\"Wholesale 43\">4<\/td><td data-label=\"Retail 46\">176<\/td><td data-label=\"Transport 48\u201349\">\u2014<\/td><td data-label=\"Accommodation and food 72\">76<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Espinal<\/th><td data-label=\"Manufacturing 31\u201333\">115<\/td><td data-label=\"Wholesale 43\">21<\/td><td data-label=\"Retail 46\">302<\/td><td data-label=\"Transport 48\u201349\">\u2014<\/td><td data-label=\"Accommodation and food 72\">135<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Papantla<\/th><td data-label=\"Manufacturing 31\u201333\">552<\/td><td data-label=\"Wholesale 43\">97<\/td><td data-label=\"Retail 46\">2,127<\/td><td data-label=\"Transport 48\u201349\">7<\/td><td data-label=\"Accommodation and food 72\">549<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Poza Rica de Hidalgo<\/th><td data-label=\"Manufacturing 31\u201333\">705<\/td><td data-label=\"Wholesale 43\">163<\/td><td data-label=\"Retail 46\">4,579<\/td><td data-label=\"Transport 48\u201349\">32<\/td><td data-label=\"Accommodation and food 72\">1,349<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Tecolutla<\/th><td data-label=\"Manufacturing 31\u201333\">62<\/td><td data-label=\"Wholesale 43\">5<\/td><td data-label=\"Retail 46\">408<\/td><td data-label=\"Transport 48\u201349\">8<\/td><td data-label=\"Accommodation and food 72\">502<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure><p><span class=\"r-small\">Source: INEGI SAIC, CE 2024, reference year 2023, queried 5 November 2026. Selected activities, not an exhaustive breakdown. \u201c\u2014\u201d means no value was returned for the selection; it is not zero. Transport includes postal services and storage; sector 72 includes beverages. Totals refer to the census universe, not the entire municipal economy.<\/span><\/p><section><h2>Vanilla within a diversified economy<\/h2><p>The study published by Santill\u00e1n-Fern\u00e1ndez and colleagues in 2019 offers a more specific picture. Between November 2017 and February 2018 they consulted 175 vanilla growers; 95% of that group considered vanilla a secondary activity. Maize, beans, coffee, allspice and livestock were among their other sources of livelihood. The finding explains how an emblematic plant can coexist with a diversified household economy.<\/p><p>Participants were contacted through availability and referrals among growers. The 95% therefore describes the study participants; it is not a probability estimate for all growers in 2026. The same paper models favourable environmental conditions for vanilla. A suitability map describes biophysical conditions \u2014 conditions of the natural environment, not a promise of income: labour availability, costs, water, disease, buyers and curing capacity still need examination.<sup><a href=\"#r06-en-s4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><section><h2>From harvest to price: where value is transformed<\/h2><p>Vanilla clearly illustrates the difference between producing a raw material and selling a prepared product. Harvesting, curing, preserving, grading, transporting and marketing require different skills and time. The diagram on this page follows these operations; it does not allocate profit percentages that the sources do not establish.<\/p><p>Nor can maize, coffee, citrus, vanilla and livestock products be compared simply by adding tonnes. Area, yield, price, value and period must be considered using each product\u2019s proper unit. DGSIAP publishes these variables and distinguishes crop cycles and water regimes. Its agricultural year can begin in the preceding calendar year and finish in the following one. Direct comparison with a business\u2019s census year would misalign the periods.<sup><a href=\"#r06-en-s3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"#r06-en-s4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><figure class=\"research-visual\"><ol class=\"r-flow\"><li><strong>Produce<\/strong>Land, plants, animals, water and labour.<\/li><li><strong>Transform<\/strong>Curing, preparation, preservation and technical knowledge.<\/li><li><strong>Connect<\/strong>Transport, trade, services and buyers.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption>Conceptual diagram by this edition. Relationships can circulate and combine; these are not mandatory stages or measured profit shares.<\/figcaption><\/figure><section><figure class=\"iict-plate\" id=\"iict-plate-r06-a-en\" lang=\"en\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r06-a-en-title\" style=\"--plate-cols:3\"><div class=\"plate-top\"><p class=\"plate-kicker\">Illustrated notebook \u00b7 I<\/p><h3 id=\"iict-plate-r06-a-en-title\">The coffee plot belongs to a worked landscape<\/h3><\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"plate-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 750 420\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r06-a-en-art-title iict-plate-r06-a-en-art-desc\"><title id=\"iict-plate-r06-a-en-art-title\">The coffee plot belongs to a worked landscape<\/title><desc id=\"iict-plate-r06-a-en-art-desc\">1. Cultivation: attending to plants, soil and season. 2. Organisation: bringing capabilities together for processing and exchange. 3. Connections: following work, services and household resources. 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stroke-width=\"0.8\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M0 -76 Q18 -84 22 -83\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#617853\" stroke-width=\"0.8\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M0 -91 Q-20 -99 -23 -95\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#617853\" stroke-width=\"0.8\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M0 -91 Q20 -99 23 -95\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#617853\" stroke-width=\"0.8\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><\/g><path d=\"M0 -112 L39 -130\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#7c8b66\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><circle cx=\"-7\" cy=\"-5\" r=\"8\" fill=\"#a65f4d\" stroke=\"#7e5141\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><circle cx=\"9\" cy=\"-32\" r=\"8\" fill=\"#a65f4d\" stroke=\"#7e5141\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><circle cx=\"-7\" cy=\"-59\" r=\"8\" fill=\"#a65f4d\" stroke=\"#7e5141\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><circle cx=\"9\" cy=\"-86\" r=\"8\" fill=\"#a65f4d\" stroke=\"#7e5141\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><circle cx=\"-7\" cy=\"-113\" r=\"8\" fill=\"#a65f4d\" stroke=\"#7e5141\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><circle cx=\"9\" cy=\"-140\" r=\"8\" fill=\"#a65f4d\" stroke=\"#7e5141\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><\/g><circle cx=\"277\" cy=\"365\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"277\" y=\"373\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1<\/text><circle cx=\"414\" cy=\"92\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"414\" y=\"100\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">2<\/text><circle cx=\"647\" cy=\"329\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"647\" y=\"337\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">3<\/text><\/svg><ol class=\"plate-legend\"><li>Cultivation: attending to plants, soil and season.<\/li><li>Organisation: bringing capabilities together for processing and exchange.<\/li><li>Connections: following work, services and household resources.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"plate-caption\">Editorial landscape inspired by the cited coffee studies; not a particular farm or agronomic technique. \u00b7 Original illustration by the Institute \u00b7 <a href=\"#r06-en-sources\">Sources and comparison<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Coffee, organisation and complementary knowledge<\/h2><p>Pablo P\u00e9rez Akaki\u2019s analysis of sustainable coffee production, published in 2009, examines Tosepan in Cuetzalan alongside other Mexican experiences. It documents the combination of coffee, allspice and other crops, resources from the surrounding environment, savings, training, crafts and visitor-related services. Its contribution is not a current inventory: it helps explain how an organisation brings activities and capabilities together.<\/p><p>The study also supplies a useful comparison. Certification and differentiated markets can create opportunities, but they do not resolve inequalities within a commercial chain on their own. Negotiating capacity, costs and income distribution matter. Diversification emerges as a collective strategy, not an automatic guarantee of wellbeing or a portrait of Tosepan in 2026.<sup><a href=\"#r06-en-s5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><section><figure class=\"iict-viz viz-network\" id=\"iict-viz-r06-en\" lang=\"en\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-viz-r06-en-title\"><header><div class=\"viz-kicker\"><span>Visual notebooks<\/span><span>R06 \u00b7 01<\/span><\/div><h3 id=\"iict-viz-r06-en-title\">Diversification also brings capabilities together<\/h3><p>The Tosepan study published in 2009 looks beyond a single crop.<\/p><\/header><div class=\"viz-art\" style=\"--viz-cols:3\"><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><path d=\"M99 89Q85 36 180 14q18 80-69 75M99 89l70-61M115 72l-5-27M137 54l-4-24M128 67l39 4\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><h4>Crops<\/h4><p>Coffee, pepper and other uses of the surrounding environment.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><ellipse cx=\"128\" cy=\"34\" rx=\"41\" ry=\"15\"\/><path d=\"M87 34v18q41 30 82 0V34M87 50v18q41 30 82 0M110 76v13q41 25 82-2V65M169 50q25 2 23 15-9 18-48 13\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><h4>Savings<\/h4><p>Economic capabilities connected with organisation.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><path d=\"M78 16h124v80H78zM95 16v80M112 16v80M129 16v80M146 16v80M163 16v80M180 16v80M78 34h124M78 51h124M78 68h124M78 85h124\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><h4>Training and crafts<\/h4><p>Learning and crafts within a combined strategy.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><path d=\"M80 22h120v56h-67l-24 20V78H80zM98 42h84M98 57h62\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><h4>Exchange<\/h4><p>Markets, negotiation and visitor-related services.<\/p><\/div><\/div><figcaption>A synthesis of the case studied; not a current inventory or a guarantee of income.<span class=\"viz-source\">Original visual synthesis by the Institute \u00b7 <a href=\"#r06-en-sources\">Sources and comparison<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<aside class=\"iict-reading-addition\" data-kind=\"aside\" id=\"iict-reading-r06-en\" lang=\"en\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-reading-r06-en-title\"><span class=\"reading-kicker\">A closer story<\/span><h3 id=\"iict-reading-r06-en-title\">Organization also began with sugar<\/h3><p>Before following coffee to market, it is worth looking at a household purchase. The history published by Tosepan Ojtatsenteki recalls that around seven hundred farmers in Cuetzalan organized in 1977 to obtain sugar for their families. It distinguishes that beginning from the regional cooperative\u2019s formal establishment in February 1980. <a class=\"reading-ref\" href=\"#iict-reading-r06-en-source\" aria-label=\"See sources and comparison\">\u2197<\/a><\/p><p>Buying a basic product together reveals another side of cooperation: the ability to organize consumption can precede and accompany the ability to sell a harvest. Economic life connects at both ends, from what a family needs to buy to the income it manages to retain.<\/p><p class=\"reading-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tosepanbambu.com\/tosepan\">Tosepan Ojtatsenteki \u00b7 historia de Tosepan<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"#r06-en-sources\">Sources and comparison<\/a><\/p><\/aside>\n<h2>Services, visitors and the coast: three different questions<\/h2><p>In Tecolutla, accommodation and food and beverage services account for 1,889 of the census universe\u2019s 3,416 workers: 55.3%. In Papantla the corresponding figures are 1,538 of 12,134, or 12.7%. The difference reveals establishment profiles; it does not establish the total share of municipal tourism employment. Restaurants also serve residents, while tourism uses transport, retail and other services.<\/p><p>The coast adds another dimension. In Tecolutla, census subsector 114, \u201cFishing, hunting and trapping\u201d, records 68 units and 478 workers. This is a specific economic classification, not landed tonnage, vessel numbers or all fishing households. Papantla has five units in the same subsector, but its personnel figure is unavailable in the query. Retaining that gap avoids inventing a number.<sup><a href=\"#r06-en-s2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p><\/section><figure class=\"research-visual\"><div class=\"r-bars\"><h3>Accommodation and food services within census personnel<\/h3><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>Cuetzalan del Progreso<\/span><span class=\"r-track\"><i style=\"width:34.5616%\"><\/i><\/span><span>20.7 %<\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>Huehuetla<\/span><span class=\"r-track\"><i style=\"width:31.9516%\"><\/i><\/span><span>19.2 %<\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>Espinal<\/span><span class=\"r-track\"><i style=\"width:24.7248%\"><\/i><\/span><span>14.8 %<\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>Papantla<\/span><span class=\"r-track\"><i style=\"width:21.1252%\"><\/i><\/span><span>12.7 %<\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>Poza Rica de Hidalgo<\/span><span class=\"r-track\"><i style=\"width:22.9759%\"><\/i><\/span><span>13.8 %<\/span><\/div><div class=\"r-bar\"><span>Tecolutla<\/span><span class=\"r-track\"><i style=\"width:92.1643%\"><\/i><\/span><span>55.3 %<\/span><\/div><\/div><figcaption>Common scale: 0\u201360%. Sector 72 personnel \/ all personnel in the CE universe \u00d7 100; 2023. Calculated from INEGI SAIC. This is neither the share of all municipal employment nor an exclusive tourism measure.<\/figcaption><\/figure><section><figure class=\"iict-plate\" id=\"iict-plate-r06-b-en\" lang=\"en\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r06-b-en-title\" style=\"--plate-cols:3\"><div class=\"plate-top\"><p class=\"plate-kicker\">Illustrated notebook \u00b7 II<\/p><h3 id=\"iict-plate-r06-b-en-title\">An economy that one count cannot encompass<\/h3><\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"plate-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 750 420\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r06-b-en-art-title iict-plate-r06-b-en-art-desc\"><title id=\"iict-plate-r06-b-en-art-title\">An economy that one count cannot encompass<\/title><desc id=\"iict-plate-r06-b-en-art-desc\">1. Agricultural sources observe farming. 2. The economic census observes establishments. 3. The household connects different incomes, expenses and jobs. These lenses complement each other; their units cannot be added as one count.<\/desc><defs><pattern id=\"iict-plate-r06-b-en-grain\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" width=\"17\" height=\"19\"><circle cx=\"2\" cy=\"3\" r=\".6\" fill=\"#a9a384\" opacity=\".15\"\/><circle cx=\"11\" cy=\"14\" r=\".5\" fill=\"#b3a98a\" opacity=\".16\"\/><\/pattern><\/defs><rect width=\"750\" height=\"420\" fill=\"url(#iict-plate-r06-b-en-grain)\"\/><circle cx=\"150\" cy=\"195\" r=\"105\" fill=\"#e5e7d8\" stroke=\"#a3ae91\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><circle cx=\"375\" cy=\"195\" r=\"105\" fill=\"#ede3ce\" stroke=\"#b6a37a\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><circle cx=\"600\" cy=\"195\" r=\"105\" fill=\"#dce5dd\" stroke=\"#9bab9c\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g transform=\"translate(150 259) scale(0.64)\"><path d=\"M0 0 C-46 -44 -45 -160 0 -203 C47 -153 44 -43 0 [Truncated]","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Espa\u00f1olEnglish \u00b7 full articleFran\u00e7ais \u00b7 article int\u00e9gral Investigaciones del Totonacapan \u00b7 La regi\u00f3n que vive hoy Econom\u00edas del Totonacapan: del campo y los oficios a los servicios Seis municipios, varios calendarios y una misma pregunta: \u00bfc\u00f3mo se relacionan el trabajo de la tierra, los talleres, los mercados y las ciudades? 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