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article .research-hypotheses h3{font-size:1.17rem!important}#research-r08-release.iict-journal article .research-hypotheses p{font-size:1rem!important}}\n\n\/* IICT VISUALES FINAL 20261106 *\/\n#research-r08-release.iict-journal article .iict-journal-table thead{display:table-header-group!important;position:static!important;inset:auto!important;width:auto!important;height:auto!important;overflow:visible!important;clip:auto!important;clip-path:none!important;visibility:visible!important;opacity:1!important}\n#research-r08-release.iict-journal article .iict-journal-table table caption{position:sticky!important;left:0!important;width:min(42rem,calc(100vw - 5rem))!important;max-width:100%!important;white-space:normal!important;overflow-wrap:break-word!important;hyphens:auto!important}\n@media(max-width:700px){#research-r08-release.iict-journal article .iict-journal-table tbody th{width:clamp(8rem,42vw,14rem)!important;max-width:14rem!important;white-space:normal!important}}\n\/* \/IICT VISUALES FINAL *\/\n<\/style>\n<nav class=\"research-languages\" aria-label=\"Language\"><a href=\"#r08-es\">Espa\u00f1ol<\/a><a href=\"#r08-en\">English \u00b7 full article<\/a><a href=\"#r08-fr\">Fran\u00e7ais \u00b7 article int\u00e9gral<\/a><\/nav><!-- IICT-CITE-CSS --><style>.iict-citation{display:block!important;max-width:780px!important;margin:2.8rem auto!important;padding:1.6rem 1.7rem!important;border-block:1px solid #b6a06b!important;border-left:2px solid #a58a47!important;background:#edf0e7!important;color:#344c53!important;grid-column:1\/-1!important}.iict-citation h2{display:block!important;margin:0 0 1.1rem!important;font:400 1.65rem\/1.25 Georgia,serif!important;color:#264b61!important;text-align:left!important;letter-spacing:0!important}.iict-citation p,.iict-citation blockquote{display:block!important;margin:0 0 1rem!important;padding:0!important;border:0!important;background:none!important;text-align:left!important;text-indent:0!important;letter-spacing:normal!important;hyphens:none!important}.iict-citation p{font:400 .93rem\/1.7 var(--sans,system-ui,sans-serif)!important}.iict-citation blockquote{font:400 1.08rem\/1.8 Georgia,serif!important;overflow-wrap:anywhere!important}.iict-citation a{display:inline!important;overflow-wrap:anywhere!important;color:#264b61!important}.iict-citation .iict-citation-label{font:400 .72rem\/1.6 var(--sans,system-ui,sans-serif)!important;letter-spacing:.08em!important;text-transform:uppercase!important;color:#596b58!important}.iict-citation-policy li{margin-block:.7rem!important;font:400 1rem\/1.75 Georgia,serif!important}.iict-citation-policy ol{padding-left:1.3rem!important}.iict-citation-policy .iict-citation-format{font:400 1.02rem\/1.8 Georgia,serif!important}.iict-citation a:focus-visible{outline:2px solid #a58a47;outline-offset:4px}@media(max-width:650px){.iict-citation{padding:1.3rem 1.1rem!important;margin:2rem auto!important}.iict-citation h2{font-size:1.5rem!important}.iict-citation blockquote{font-size:1rem!important}}<\/style><!-- \/IICT-CITE-CSS --><article id=\"r08-es\" lang=\"es\"><p class=\"eyebrow\">Investigaciones del Totonacapan \u00b7 Paisaje y saberes<\/p><h1>De la costa a la niebla: climas, agua y paisaje<\/h1><p class=\"research-deck\">\u00bfQu\u00e9 cambia al subir de la costa a la sierra? Dos estaciones, una cuenca y varios paisajes ayudan a leer la diversidad del Totonacapan, sin confundir un promedio con todo el territorio.<\/p><div class=\"research-abstract\"><h2>En pocas palabras<\/h2><p>El Totonacapan re\u00fane llanuras costeras, laderas h\u00famedas y tierras altas. La altitud ayuda a entender sus diferencias, pero la lluvia tambi\u00e9n depende de la exposici\u00f3n y de la circulaci\u00f3n del aire. Subir no significa encontrar siempre m\u00e1s agua.<\/p><p>Para seguir ese recorrido comparamos dos fichas oficiales de normales clim\u00e1ticas: promedios de referencia calculados para 1991\u20132020. Las ponemos junto a mapas municipales y un diagn\u00f3stico de cuenca. Temperaturas, lluvias habituales, inundaciones y niebla cuentan cosas distintas. Cada fen\u00f3meno necesita sus propias pruebas.<\/p><\/div><figure class=\"research-visual\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r08-desembocadura-tecolutla-fonseca-2024.jpg\" alt=\"Desembocadura del r\u00edo Tecolutla entre orillas vegetadas, con peque\u00f1as embarcaciones.\" loading=\"eager\"><figcaption><strong>Donde la cuenca encuentra el mar<\/strong>Desembocadura del r\u00edo Tecolutla, Veracruz \u00b7 5 de mayo de 2024. Vista fechada del paisaje fluvial; no representa una inundaci\u00f3n ni el estado actual del r\u00edo.<br>Juan Carlos Fonseca Mata \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:R%C3%ADo_Tecolutla,_Veracruz_MX3.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><section id=\"r08-es-b0\"><h2>Un territorio conectado, no una escalera uniforme<\/h2><p>El agua conecta costa y sierra. Los r\u00edos enlazan las partes altas, las laderas, las poblaciones y las desembocaduras; a trav\u00e9s de ellos se relacionan tambi\u00e9n los usos del suelo. Para leer ese paisaje ayudan tres preguntas: \u00bfa qu\u00e9 altura est\u00e1 un lugar?, \u00bfc\u00f3mo recibe las corrientes de aire h\u00famedo?, \u00bfa qu\u00e9 cuenca vierte sus aguas? Una cuenca re\u00fane las tierras cuyo agua se dirige hacia una misma red de cauces. Ninguna de esas referencias delimita, por s\u00ed sola, la extensi\u00f3n cultural del Totonacapan. <a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-es-s5\">[5]<\/a><\/p><p>El municipio de Tecolutla abarca cotas de 0 a 300 metros, mientras que Cuetzalan del Progreso comprende de 180 a 1.600 metros, seg\u00fan los compendios de INEGI de 2010. Esos intervalos describen superficies municipales; no son la altura de una estaci\u00f3n ni los l\u00edmites de toda la regi\u00f3n. Una localidad puede estar en la ladera h\u00fameda de un municipio que re\u00fane ambientes distintos. <a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-es-s3\">[3]<\/a><a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-es-s4\">[4]<\/a><\/p><\/section><figure class=\"iict-supplied-plate\" id=\"l2-climas\" lang=\"es\" style=\"display:block;clear:both;float:none;width:100%;max-width:100%;margin:2.5rem 0;box-sizing:border-box\"><img src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/L2_climas.jpg\" alt=\"El Totonacapan \u00b7 climas: l\u00e1mina editorial con diagramas y datos explicados en el art\u00edculo\" width=\"1430\" height=\"1078\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"display:block;width:100%;max-width:100%;height:auto;object-fit:contain\"><figcaption style=\"font:400 .78rem\/1.65 system-ui,sans-serif;text-align:left;padding:.8rem 0;color:#52646a\"><strong>El Totonacapan \u00b7 climas.<\/strong> Una lectura esquem\u00e1tica entre costa y sierra, con zonas aproximadas por altitud. Los periodos y estaciones de las cifras se distinguen en el art\u00edculo.<\/figcaption><details style=\"max-width:100%;font-size:.85rem\"><summary>Ampliar la l\u00e1mina para leer sus detalles<\/summary><div style=\"overflow:auto;max-width:100%;max-height:80vh\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"L\u00e1mina ampliada; desplazar para leer\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/L2_climas.jpg\" alt=\"El Totonacapan \u00b7 climas, vista ampliada\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1430\" height=\"1078\" style=\"display:block;width:1430px!important;max-width:none!important;height:auto!important\"><\/div><\/details><\/figure><section id=\"r08-es-b1\"><style id=\"iict-visual-essays-20261106\">\n#main figure.iict-viz{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;max-width:100%;margin:2.3rem auto!important;padding:clamp(20px,3vw,34px)!important;border:1px solid #cfc3a9!important;border-top:3px solid 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.viz-kicker{font-size:10px;letter-spacing:.08em}#main figure.iict-viz:is(.viz-network,.viz-coordinates,.viz-cycle) .viz-art{border:0;gap:0}#main figure.iict-viz:is(.viz-network,.viz-coordinates,.viz-cycle) .viz-cell{border:1px solid #cfc3a9;margin-bottom:12px!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-flow .viz-cell:not(:last-child)::after{content:'\u2193';top:auto;bottom:-15px;right:50%;font-size:20px}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-timeline .viz-art{border-top:0;border-left:1px solid #ad9453;padding:0 0 0 20px;gap:24px}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-timeline .viz-cell::before{top:8px;left:-25px}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-layers .viz-cell{padding:.9rem .6rem!important;grid-template-columns:27px 1fr;column-gap:8px}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-layers .viz-art{gap:0}#main figure.iict-viz:is(.viz-water,.viz-duet) .viz-cell{padding:1rem!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-triptych .viz-cell{display:grid;grid-template-columns:65px 1fr;column-gap:14px}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-triptych .viz-cell svg{grid-row:1\/4;height:65px!important;margin:0!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-triptych .viz-number{display:none}}\n@media print{#main figure.iict-viz{box-shadow:none!important;background:#fff!important}#main figure.iict-viz .viz-cell{break-inside:avoid}}\n@media(max-width:620px){#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla .viz-cell{display:grid;grid-template-columns:72px minmax(0,1fr);column-gap:14px;align-content:start}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla .viz-cell svg{grid-row:1\/4;width:72px!important;height:100px!important;margin:0!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla .viz-number{display:none}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla h4{font-size:16px!important}#main figure.iict-viz.viz-vanilla .viz-cell p{font-size:15px!important}}<\/style>\n<figure class=\"iict-viz viz-coordinates\" id=\"iict-viz-r08-es\" lang=\"es\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-viz-r08-es-title\"><header><div class=\"viz-kicker\"><span>Cuadernos visuales<\/span><span>R08 \u00b7 01<\/span><\/div><h3 id=\"iict-viz-r08-es-title\">Las coordenadas de un dato clim\u00e1tico<\/h3><p>Antes de comparar un promedio, situar la observaci\u00f3n.<\/p><\/header><div class=\"viz-art\" style=\"--viz-cols:3\"><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><path d=\"M140 100S99 61 99 39a41 27 0 0 1 82 0c0 22-41 61-41 61z\"\/><circle cx=\"140\" cy=\"40\" r=\"12\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><h4>Estaci\u00f3n<\/h4><p>Nombre y ubicaci\u00f3n del punto de observaci\u00f3n.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><circle cx=\"140\" cy=\"56\" r=\"40\"\/><path d=\"M140 27v30l22 12M140 16v7M140 89v7M100 56h7M173 56h7\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><h4>Periodo<\/h4><p>Aqu\u00ed se comparan normales de 1991\u20132020.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><path d=\"M50 42q30-25 60 0t60 0 60 0M50 62q30-25 60 0t60 0 60 0M50 82q30-25 60 0t60 0 60 0\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><h4>Variable<\/h4><p>Temperatura, precipitaci\u00f3n y niebla requieren evidencias diferentes.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><path d=\"M40 93l61-63 40 36 35-48 64 75H40zM85 48l16-18 18 17M159 42l17-24 20 26M40 101h200\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><h4>Unidad y escala<\/h4><p>La unidad y el \u00e1mbito territorial acompa\u00f1an siempre a la cifra.<\/p><\/div><\/div><figcaption>Una normal clim\u00e1tica no describe cada episodio de lluvia ni todo el territorio.<span class=\"viz-source\">S\u00edntesis visual original del Instituto \u00b7 <a href=\"#r08-es-sources\">Fuentes y contraste<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Dos estaciones, una comparaci\u00f3n que se puede comprobar<\/h2><p>La estaci\u00f3n Tecolutla 30171, en Veracruz, est\u00e1 a 7 metros de altitud. Oyameles 21059 se encuentra en el municipio poblano de Tlatlauquitepec, a 2.854 metros. Sus fichas del Servicio Meteorol\u00f3gico Nacional utilizan el periodo de referencia 1991\u20132020. La primera informa una temperatura media anual de 24,2 \u00b0C; la segunda, de 11,0 \u00b0C. El contraste permite reconocer dos ambientes t\u00e9rmicos claramente diferentes. <a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-es-s1\">[1]<\/a><a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-es-s2\">[2]<\/a><\/p><p>No es un experimento que a\u00edsle el efecto de la altura: cambian tambi\u00e9n la ubicaci\u00f3n, el relieve y la exposici\u00f3n. Tampoco todos los meses contienen treinta a\u00f1os de observaciones. Las fichas indican entre 24 y 29 a\u00f1os con datos por mes en Tecolutla y entre 26 y 28 en Oyameles. Publicamos esas coberturas para que el lector sepa qu\u00e9 significa aqu\u00ed una normal clim\u00e1tica y pueda consultar los valores originales.<\/p><\/section><figure class=\"research-matrix\"><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Dos puntos de observaci\u00f3n \u00b7 fichas emitidas el 30.10.2026\" style=\"--journal-table-min:40rem\"><table><caption>Dos puntos de observaci\u00f3n \u00b7 fichas emitidas el 30.10.2026<\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Estaci\u00f3n<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Lugar y altitud<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Normales anuales<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Cobertura mensual<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Tecolutla \u00b7 30171<\/th><td data-label=\"Lugar y altitud\">Tecolutla, Veracruz \u00b7 7 m<\/td><td data-label=\"Normales anuales\">24.2 \u00b0C \u00b7 1,396.1 mm<\/td><td data-label=\"Cobertura mensual\">24\u201329 a\u00f1os con datos<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Oyameles \u00b7 21059<\/th><td data-label=\"Lugar y altitud\">Tlatlauquitepec, Puebla \u00b7 2.854 m<\/td><td data-label=\"Normales anuales\">11.0 \u00b0C \u00b7 733.8 mm<\/td><td data-label=\"Cobertura mensual\">26\u201328 a\u00f1os con datos<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure><section id=\"r08-es-b2\"><h2>La lluvia no aumenta siempre al subir<\/h2><p>Tecolutla registra una precipitaci\u00f3n normal anual de 1.396,1 mm; Oyameles, de 733,8 mm. En ambas estaciones septiembre es el mes de mayor precipitaci\u00f3n normal de las series publicadas. Esto no permite afirmar que toda la costa sea m\u00e1s lluviosa que toda la sierra: \u00fanicamente compara dos puntos, con sus respectivas condiciones y coberturas. <a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-es-s1\">[1]<\/a><a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-es-s2\">[2]<\/a><\/p><p>Cuetzalan muestra por qu\u00e9 dos estaciones no bastan para fijar una regla regional. Su compendio cartogr\u00e1fico sit\u00faa la precipitaci\u00f3n municipal entre 1.900 y 4.100 mm y clasifica casi todo el municipio como semic\u00e1lido h\u00famedo con lluvias todo el a\u00f1o. El intervalo describe diferencias entre lugares: no es la lectura de una tercera estaci\u00f3n para el mismo periodo. El diagn\u00f3stico de la cuenca del Tecolutla distingue tambi\u00e9n sectores medios muy h\u00famedos de divisorias altas, las zonas que separan cuencas, relativamente m\u00e1s secas. En la monta\u00f1a importa d\u00f3nde se est\u00e1, adem\u00e1s de a qu\u00e9 altura. <a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-es-s3\">[3]<\/a><a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-es-s5\">[5]<\/a><\/p><\/section><figure class=\"iict-supplied-plate\" id=\"l3-escalera\" lang=\"es\" style=\"display:block;clear:both;float:none;width:100%;max-width:100%;margin:2.5rem 0;box-sizing:border-box\"><img src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/L3_escalera_climas.jpg\" alt=\"La escalera de los climas: l\u00e1mina editorial con diagramas y datos explicados en el art\u00edculo\" width=\"1430\" height=\"1078\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"display:block;width:100%;max-width:100%;height:auto;object-fit:contain\"><figcaption style=\"font:400 .78rem\/1.65 system-ui,sans-serif;text-align:left;padding:.8rem 0;color:#52646a\"><strong>La escalera de los climas.<\/strong> Relieve, lluvia y calendario estacional en una l\u00e1mina comparativa. El perfil es esquem\u00e1tico y las cifras re\u00fanen escalas y fuentes diferentes; no describe un \u00fanico recorrido medido.<\/figcaption><details style=\"max-width:100%;font-size:.85rem\"><summary>Ampliar la l\u00e1mina para leer sus detalles<\/summary><div style=\"overflow:auto;max-width:100%;max-height:80vh\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"L\u00e1mina ampliada; desplazar para leer\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/L3_escalera_climas.jpg\" alt=\"La escalera de los climas, vista ampliada\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1430\" height=\"1078\" style=\"display:block;width:1430px!important;max-width:none!important;height:auto!important\"><\/div><\/details><\/figure><section class=\"c-chart\" id=\"r08-es-rain\"><h3>La lluvia, mes a mes<\/h3><p>Normales mensuales 1991\u20132020 \u00b7 misma escala para ambas estaciones.<\/p><div class=\"c-legend\"><span><i class=\"c-key\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>T \u00b7 Tecolutla 30171<\/span><span><i class=\"c-key c-key-gold\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>O \u00b7 Oyameles 21059<\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-scale\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>0 mm<\/span><span>160<\/span><span>320<\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Ene<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:18.469%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">59.1<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:4.875%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">15.6<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Feb<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:13.188%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">42.2<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:4.531%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">14.5<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Mar<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:14.313%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">45.8<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:5.188%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">16.6<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Abr<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:20.375%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">65.2<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:11.813%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">37.8<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>May<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:25.531%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">81.7<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:12.906%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">41.3<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Jun<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:43.594%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">139.5<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:33.156%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">106.1<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Jul<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:44.844%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">143.5<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:25.563%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">81.8<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Ago<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:41.125%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">131.6<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:28.938%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">92.6<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Sep<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:91.313%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">292.2<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:44.313%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">141.8<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Oct<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:71.250%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">228.0<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:41.813%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">133.8<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Nov<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:34.313%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">109.8<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:12.875%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">41.2<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Dic<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:17.969%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">57.5<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:3.344%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">10.7<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><p class=\"c-datanote\">El ancho representa mm, con origen cero. Temperatura y precipitaci\u00f3n se muestran por separado; sus escalas no son intercambiables. Fuente: fichas SMN [1\u20132].<\/p><\/section><section class=\"c-chart\" id=\"r08-es-temperature\"><h3>La temperatura, mes a mes<\/h3><p>Normales mensuales 1991\u20132020 \u00b7 misma escala para ambas estaciones.<\/p><div class=\"c-legend\"><span><i class=\"c-key\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>T \u00b7 Tecolutla 30171<\/span><span><i class=\"c-key c-key-gold\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>O \u00b7 Oyameles 21059<\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-scale\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>0 \u00b0C<\/span><span>16<\/span><span>32<\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Ene<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:59.375%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">19.0<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:26.563%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">8.5<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Feb<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:63.438%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">20.3<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:30.938%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">9.9<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Mar<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:69.688%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">22.3<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:35.625%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">11.4<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Abr<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:77.188%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">24.7<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:40.000%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">12.8<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>May<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:83.750%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">26.8<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:41.250%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">13.2<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Jun<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:85.938%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">27.5<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:38.750%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">12.4<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Jul<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:85.938%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">27.5<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:37.500%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">12.0<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Ago<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:86.563%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">27.7<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:37.500%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">12.0<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Sep<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:84.375%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">27.0<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:35.313%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">11.3<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Oct<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:79.063%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">25.3<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:32.500%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">10.4<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Nov<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:70.000%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">22.4<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:29.688%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">9.5<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Dic<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:61.875%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">19.8<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:27.500%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">8.8<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><p class=\"c-datanote\">El ancho representa \u00b0C, con origen cero. Temperatura y precipitaci\u00f3n se muestran por separado; sus escalas no son intercambiables. Fuente: fichas SMN [1\u20132].<\/p><\/section><details class=\"c-data\"><summary>Consultar los 12 meses y sus a\u00f1os con datos<\/summary><figure class=\"research-matrix\"><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Valores originales de las fichas TXT del SMN [1\u20132]\" style=\"--journal-table-min:32rem\"><table><caption>Valores originales de las fichas TXT del SMN [1\u20132]<\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Mes<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ a\u00f1os<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ a\u00f1os<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Ene<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ a\u00f1os\">19.0 \/ 59.1 \/ 29<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ a\u00f1os\">8.5 \/ 15.6 \/ 28<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Feb<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ a\u00f1os\">20.3 \/ 42.2 \/ 29<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ a\u00f1os\">9.9 \/ 14.5 \/ 28<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Mar<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ a\u00f1os\">22.3 \/ 45.8 \/ 28<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ a\u00f1os\">11.4 \/ 16.6 \/ 28<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Abr<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ a\u00f1os\">24.7 \/ 65.2 \/ 28<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ a\u00f1os\">12.8 \/ 37.8 \/ 28<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">May<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ a\u00f1os\">26.8 \/ 81.7 \/ 28<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ a\u00f1os\">13.2 \/ 41.3 \/ 28<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Jun<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ a\u00f1os\">27.5 \/ 139.5 \/ 28<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ a\u00f1os\">12.4 \/ 106.1 \/ 27<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Jul<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ a\u00f1os\">27.5 \/ 143.5 \/ 26<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ a\u00f1os\">12.0 \/ 81.8 \/ 28<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Ago<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ a\u00f1os\">27.7 \/ 131.6 \/ 26<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ a\u00f1os\">12.0 \/ 92.6 \/ 27<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Sep<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ a\u00f1os\">27.0 \/ 292.2 \/ 26<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ a\u00f1os\">11.3 \/ 141.8 \/ 26<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Oct<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ a\u00f1os\">25.3 \/ 228.0 \/ 26<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ a\u00f1os\">10.4 \/ 133.8 \/ 28<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Nov<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ a\u00f1os\">22.4 \/ 109.8 \/ 26<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ a\u00f1os\">9.5 \/ 41.2 \/ 27<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Dic<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ a\u00f1os\">19.8 \/ 57.5 \/ 24<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ a\u00f1os\">8.8 \/ 10.7 \/ 27<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure><\/details><section id=\"r08-es-b3\"><h2>Niebla, bosque y medici\u00f3n: tres cosas relacionadas<\/h2><p>Bajo las nubes, una ladera se vive de otra manera que la llanura costera: cambian la visibilidad, la humedad que se siente y la vegetaci\u00f3n. El diagn\u00f3stico de cuenca reconoce en ese mosaico bosques mes\u00f3filos \u2014bosques h\u00famedos de monta\u00f1a\u2014 y otros ambientes forestales. La fotograf\u00eda permite ver la niebla, pero no medir toda el agua que recibe un ecosistema. Una tabla de lluvia tampoco explica, por s\u00ed sola, c\u00f3mo se relacionan nubes, plantas y suelo. <a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-es-s5\">[5]<\/a><\/p><p>Las dos fichas utilizadas no aportan aqu\u00ed una serie comparable de captaci\u00f3n de agua de niebla. Por ello no a\u00f1adimos mil\u00edmetros supuestos ni llamamos permanente a una condici\u00f3n observada en una fotograf\u00eda. La relaci\u00f3n entre altitud y vegetaci\u00f3n debe leerse junto a la exposici\u00f3n, el suelo, la transformaci\u00f3n agr\u00edcola y la historia de cada lugar. Esa lectura evita representar la sierra como una sucesi\u00f3n de pisos id\u00e9nticos en todas sus vertientes.<\/p><\/section><section id=\"r08-es-b4\"><section class=\"iict-reading-addition\" data-kind=\"inline\" id=\"iict-reading-r08-es\" lang=\"es\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-reading-r08-es-title\"><h3 id=\"iict-reading-r08-es-title\">El bosque guarda agua entre las hojas y el suelo<\/h3><p>Una gota no siempre pasa del cielo al suelo en l\u00ednea recta. El INECOL propone seguirla por hojas, troncos, musgos y otras plantas del bosque de niebla, hasta un suelo que absorbe y almacena humedad. Los estudios de ecohidrolog\u00eda, que examinan las relaciones entre agua y ecosistemas, a\u00f1aden otro camino: la vegetaci\u00f3n atrapa gotas de niebla. Ese aporte es distinto de la lluvia que registra un pluvi\u00f3metro. <a class=\"reading-ref\" href=\"#iict-reading-r08-es-source\" aria-label=\"Ver fuentes y contraste\">\u2197<\/a><\/p><p>Este recorrido ayuda a mirar la ladera como parte del movimiento del agua. La cobertura vegetal y el suelo intervienen en sus tiempos y caminos; para cuantificar el aporte en Cuetzalan har\u00edan falta mediciones locales. La conexi\u00f3n con los manantiales y los r\u00edos comienza mucho antes de que veamos un cauce.<\/p><p class=\"reading-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jardin.inecol.mx\/index.php\/santuario-bosque-de-niebla\/guardian-del-agua\">INECOL \u00b7 Guardi\u00e1n del agua<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.atmosfera.unam.mx\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/2012-06.pdf\">UNAM \u00b7 La niebla y la ecohidrolog\u00eda del bosque mes\u00f3filo, 2012<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"#r08-es-sources\">Fuentes y contraste<\/a><\/p><\/section>\n<figure class=\"iict-plate\" id=\"iict-plate-r08-a-es\" lang=\"es\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r08-a-es-title\" style=\"--plate-cols:3\"><div class=\"plate-top\"><p class=\"plate-kicker\">Cuaderno ilustrado \u00b7 I<\/p><h3 id=\"iict-plate-r08-a-es-title\">El agua enlaza la ladera con el r\u00edo<\/h3><\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"plate-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 750 420\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r08-a-es-art-title iict-plate-r08-a-es-art-desc\"><title id=\"iict-plate-r08-a-es-art-title\">El agua enlaza la ladera con el r\u00edo<\/title><desc id=\"iict-plate-r08-a-es-art-desc\">1. La lluvia y la intercepci\u00f3n se observan con mediciones diferentes. 2. La vegetaci\u00f3n y el suelo intervienen en el recorrido del agua. 3. Los escurrimientos se re\u00fanen en una red de cuenca. Corte conceptual, sin escala de distancias, vol\u00famenes ni altitudes; acompa\u00f1a la lectura de bosque y cuenca.<\/desc><defs><pattern id=\"iict-plate-r08-a-es-grain\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" width=\"17\" height=\"19\"><circle cx=\"2\" cy=\"3\" r=\".6\" fill=\"#a9a384\" opacity=\".15\"\/><circle cx=\"11\" cy=\"14\" r=\".5\" fill=\"#b3a98a\" opacity=\".16\"\/><\/pattern><\/defs><rect width=\"750\" height=\"420\" fill=\"url(#iict-plate-r08-a-es-grain)\"\/><path d=\"M0 228 L98 120 L164 173 L240 86 L327 190 L423 237 L530 267 L750 279 L750 420 H0Z\" fill=\"#d4ddcb\" stroke=\"#8b9d86\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M0 299 Q228 248 409 294 L750 344 V420 H0Z\" fill=\"#d6c5a2\" stroke=\"#b09b72\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M249 192 Q209 239 310 271 Q450 290 391 335 Q345 369 643 408\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#7ca7ab\" stroke-width=\"14\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" 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stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"281\" y1=\"302\" x2=\"299\" y2=\"358\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 7\"\/><circle cx=\"299\" cy=\"358\" r=\"4\" fill=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><circle cx=\"92\" cy=\"96\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"92\" y=\"104\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1<\/text><circle cx=\"112\" cy=\"334\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"112\" y=\"342\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">2<\/text><circle cx=\"536\" cy=\"338\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"536\" y=\"346\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">3<\/text><\/svg><ol class=\"plate-legend\"><li>La lluvia y la intercepci\u00f3n se observan con mediciones diferentes.<\/li><li>La vegetaci\u00f3n y el suelo intervienen en el recorrido del agua.<\/li><li>Los escurrimientos se re\u00fanen en una red de cuenca.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"plate-caption\">Corte conceptual, sin escala de distancias, vol\u00famenes ni altitudes; acompa\u00f1a la lectura de bosque y cuenca. \u00b7 Ilustraci\u00f3n original del Instituto \u00b7 <a href=\"#r08-es-sources\">Fuentes y contraste<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Una cuenca cruza fronteras administrativas<\/h2><p>El diagn\u00f3stico de Protecci\u00f3n Civil de Veracruz de 2021 delimita la cuenca del r\u00edo Tecolutla en 7.709 km\u00b2 y la extiende por Puebla, Veracruz, Tlaxcala e Hidalgo. Entre sus principales subcuencas identifica Necaxa, Ajajalpan, Tecuantepec y Apulco. El agua que llega a la desembocadura tiene, por tanto, una historia que comienza lejos del litoral. La cifra corresponde a la delimitaci\u00f3n empleada por ese documento. <a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-es-s5\">[5]<\/a><\/p><p>El nombre compartido puede inducir a error: el municipio de Tecolutla no equivale a la cuenca del r\u00edo Tecolutla. INEGI distribuye el municipio entre las cuencas Nautla y otros \u201446,94 %\u2014, Tecolutla \u201432,55 %\u2014 y Cazones \u201420,51 %\u2014. En cambio, el compendio de Cuetzalan sit\u00faa todo su territorio en la cuenca del Tecolutla. Esta diferencia explica por qu\u00e9 un mapa municipal y uno hidrol\u00f3gico responden a preguntas distintas. <a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-es-s3\">[3]<\/a><a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-es-s4\">[4]<\/a><\/p><\/section><section id=\"r08-es-basin\"><h3>Del agua de cabecera a la desembocadura<\/h3><ol class=\"r-flow\"><li><strong>Cabeceras y tributarios<\/strong>Necaxa \u00b7 Ajajalpan \u00b7 Tecuantepec \u00b7 Apulco. El diagn\u00f3stico de 2021 identifica estas subcuencas principales.<\/li><li><strong>Confluencias y cauce<\/strong>El sistema conecta relieves y usos del suelo de varios estados; las fronteras municipales no detienen el agua.<\/li><li><strong>Desembocadura<\/strong>El r\u00edo Tecolutla llega al Golfo de M\u00e9xico. La fotograf\u00eda muestra su salida al litoral en 2024.<\/li><\/ol><p class=\"c-datanote\">Esquema de relaciones, no mapa oficial ni delimitaci\u00f3n del Totonacapan. Los tributarios no est\u00e1n ordenados como una ruta ni dibujados a escala. Fuente [5].<\/p><\/section><section id=\"r08-es-b5\"><h2>Los usos del suelo tambi\u00e9n forman el paisaje<\/h2><p>La cartograf\u00eda reunida en los compendios de 2010 registra una combinaci\u00f3n de agricultura, pastizales y vegetaci\u00f3n. En Cuetzalan, las categor\u00edas principales incluyen agricultura \u201464,21 %\u2014, bosque \u201418,29 %\u2014 y pastizal \u201412,37 %\u2014. En Tecolutla aparecen agricultura \u201443,25 %\u2014, pastizal \u201440,17 %\u2014 y manglar \u20145,31 %\u2014, entre otras coberturas. Son categor\u00edas y fechas de una fuente concreta, no un inventario actualizado de 2026. <a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-es-s3\">[3]<\/a><a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-es-s4\">[4]<\/a><\/p><p>Estas cifras ayudan a reconocer paisajes trabajados y habitados. No bastan para calcular cu\u00e1nto bosque se ha perdido desde entonces ni para atribuir una inundaci\u00f3n a una parcela determinada. Para estudiar cambios habr\u00eda que comparar mapas compatibles, revisar sus fechas y escalas y contrastarlos sobre el terreno. La cartograf\u00eda hist\u00f3rica es un punto de partida para formular esa investigaci\u00f3n, no su resultado final.<\/p><\/section><section id=\"r08-es-b6\"><figure class=\"iict-plate\" id=\"iict-plate-r08-b-es\" lang=\"es\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r08-b-es-title\" style=\"--plate-cols:3\"><div class=\"plate-top\"><p class=\"plate-kicker\">Cuaderno ilustrado \u00b7 II<\/p><h3 id=\"iict-plate-r08-b-es-title\">Tres relojes para leer el paisaje<\/h3><\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"plate-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 750 420\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r08-b-es-art-title iict-plate-r08-b-es-art-desc\"><title id=\"iict-plate-r08-b-es-art-title\">Tres relojes para leer el paisaje<\/title><desc id=\"iict-plate-r08-b-es-art-desc\">1. Tiempo: lo que ocurre en un episodio concreto. 2. Estaci\u00f3n: la distribuci\u00f3n de los meses dentro del a\u00f1o. 3. Normal clim\u00e1tica: una referencia construida con muchos a\u00f1os. 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text-anchor=\"middle\">3<\/text><\/svg><ol class=\"plate-legend\"><li>Tiempo: lo que ocurre en un episodio concreto.<\/li><li>Estaci\u00f3n: la distribuci\u00f3n de los meses dentro del a\u00f1o.<\/li><li>Normal clim\u00e1tica: una referencia construida con muchos a\u00f1os.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"plate-caption\">La ilustraci\u00f3n distingue escalas temporales; no transforma una normal 1991\u20132020 en pron\u00f3stico de una tormenta. \u00b7 Ilustraci\u00f3n original del Instituto \u00b7 <a href=\"#r08-es-sources\">Fuentes y contraste<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Nortes y lluvias extraordinarias: cambiar de escala temporal<\/h2><p>Una normal clim\u00e1tica resume muchos a\u00f1os. Un norte es un episodio meteorol\u00f3gico asociado al avance de aire fr\u00edo que puede producir viento, descenso de temperatura, oleaje y lluvia en el Golfo de M\u00e9xico. CENAPRED explica esta relaci\u00f3n entre frentes fr\u00edos y vientos del norte. Las perturbaciones tropicales constituyen otro mecanismo de lluvias intensas: no toda lluvia extraordinaria se explica con la misma situaci\u00f3n atmosf\u00e9rica. <a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-es-s6\">[6]<\/a><\/p><p>La memoria del desastre requiere adem\u00e1s estudiar el relieve, la ocupaci\u00f3n y la vulnerabilidad. CENAPRED documenta el deslizamiento de La Aurora, en Teziutl\u00e1n, ocurrido el 5 de octubre de 1999 durante lluvias extraordinarias, y se\u00f1ala factores naturales y humanos. Ese caso no es una normal clim\u00e1tica ni describe el riesgo de todos los pueblos por igual. El presente art\u00edculo tampoco es un pron\u00f3stico: las decisiones ante una emergencia corresponden a los avisos vigentes de las autoridades. <a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-es-s7\">[7]<\/a><\/p><\/section><section id=\"r08-es-b7\"><h2>Leer el agua con mejores preguntas<\/h2><p>Las diferencias observadas permiten preguntar qu\u00e9 se cultiva, cu\u00e1ndo se trabaja una ladera y c\u00f3mo se conectan los asentamientos con el r\u00edo. No autorizan a deducir un calendario agr\u00edcola \u00fanico para el Totonacapan. La estaci\u00f3n mide un punto; las familias y comunidades toman decisiones en parcelas concretas, con suelos, pendientes, recursos y conocimientos propios. Relacionar esas escalas exige investigaci\u00f3n local y no una imagen general de la regi\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Saber si la temperatura o la lluvia est\u00e1n cambiando exige registros anuales revisados, informaci\u00f3n sobre los cambios de cada estaci\u00f3n y un m\u00e9todo que eval\u00fae la incertidumbre. Comparar Tecolutla con Oyameles no demuestra por s\u00ed solo cambio clim\u00e1tico. S\u00ed ofrece una base que el lector puede comprobar para reconocer la diversidad: costa y sierra conectadas, sectores h\u00famedos y relativamente secos, agua cotidiana y episodios extremos que necesitan explicaciones distintas.<\/p><\/section><details class=\"research-evidence\" id=\"r08-es-sources\"><summary><span class=\"evidence-kicker\">Investigaci\u00f3n abierta<\/span><strong>Fuentes y contraste<\/strong><span class=\"evidence-subtitle\">Abrir el m\u00e9todo, las diferencias entre fuentes y las referencias verificables.<\/span><\/summary><div class=\"evidence-content\"><figure class=\"research-matrix\"><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Qu\u00e9 afirmamos, con qu\u00e9 evidencia y hasta d\u00f3nde llega.\" style=\"--journal-table-min:32rem\"><table><caption>Qu\u00e9 afirmamos, con qu\u00e9 evidencia y hasta d\u00f3nde llega.<\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Pregunta<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Fuentes y observaciones<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Contraste e interpretaci\u00f3n<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfUna estaci\u00f3n representa toda la regi\u00f3n?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes y observaciones\">SMN [1\u20132] mide puntos: Tecolutla, 7 m, y Oyameles, 2.854 m. INEGI [3\u20134] ofrece rangos de superficies municipales.<\/td><td data-label=\"Contraste e interpretaci\u00f3n\">Son unidades espaciales complementarias. No interpolamos un mapa clim\u00e1tico regional a partir de dos puntos ni identificamos cuenca con territorio cultural.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfSon treinta observaciones para cada mes?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes y observaciones\">Periodo de referencia com\u00fan: 1991\u20132020. Cobertura mensual: Tecolutla 24\u201329 a\u00f1os; Oyameles 26\u201328 [1\u20132].<\/td><td data-label=\"Contraste e interpretaci\u00f3n\">El periodo nominal y el n\u00famero efectivo de a\u00f1os son distintos. No reconstruimos los a\u00f1os faltantes ni aplicamos una comparaci\u00f3n estad\u00edstica de tendencias con estas medias.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfPor qu\u00e9 no copiar sin m\u00e1s el visor?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes y observaciones\">En Tecolutla el JSON suma 1.396,5 mm frente a 1.396,1 mm en la ficha; en Oyameles, 734,0 frente a 733,8 mm [1\u20132,8]. Hay diferencias de 0,1 mm en algunos meses.<\/td><td data-label=\"Contraste e interpretaci\u00f3n\">Se conserva la ficha TXT como versi\u00f3n cuantitativa de referencia. No se promedian versiones. La diferencia se declara para que sea reproducible y no se confunda con variaci\u00f3n entre a\u00f1os.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfM\u00e1s alto significa m\u00e1s lluvioso?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes y observaciones\">Oyameles tiene menor precipitaci\u00f3n que Tecolutla [1\u20132]. El rango municipal de Cuetzalan es 1.900\u20134.100 mm [3]; el diagn\u00f3stico describe sectores medios h\u00famedos y divisorias altas m\u00e1s secas [5].<\/td><td data-label=\"Contraste e interpretaci\u00f3n\">Las fuentes se complementan: la lluvia no se ordena solo por altitud. El rango cartogr\u00e1fico no se a\u00f1ade como una tercera estaci\u00f3n equivalente ni comparte necesariamente el mismo periodo.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfLa niebla se cuenta como lluvia medida?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes y observaciones\">Las fichas consultadas permiten comparar precipitaci\u00f3n y temperatura [1\u20132]. El diagn\u00f3stico reconoce ambientes de bosque mes\u00f3filo [5], pero no aporta aqu\u00ed una serie comparable de captaci\u00f3n de niebla.<\/td><td data-label=\"Contraste e interpretaci\u00f3n\">No se estiman mil\u00edmetros de agua de niebla. Para cuantificarlos har\u00edan falta mediciones espec\u00edficas y comparables, m\u00e1s all\u00e1 de una imagen o de la presencia de un tipo de bosque.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfTecolutla es un solo per\u00edmetro?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes y observaciones\">El diagn\u00f3stico delimita una cuenca de 7.709 km\u00b2 [5]. INEGI asigna solo 32,55 % del municipio hom\u00f3nimo a esa cuenca [4].<\/td><td data-label=\"Contraste e interpretaci\u00f3n\">No hay contradicci\u00f3n: son per\u00edmetros distintos. El esquema del art\u00edculo explica relaciones; no sustituye una cartograf\u00eda hidrol\u00f3gica oficial ni delimita derechos o pertenencias.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfLos porcentajes de cobertura son actuales?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes y observaciones\">Agricultura, bosque, pastizal y manglar proceden de los compendios municipales de 2010 [3\u20134].<\/td><td data-label=\"Contraste e interpretaci\u00f3n\">Su valor es documental y espacial. Sin cartograf\u00eda posterior compatible no inferimos p\u00e9rdida, recuperaci\u00f3n o estado de conservaci\u00f3n en 2026. Tampoco atribuimos causalidad a una categor\u00eda de uso.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">\u00bfQu\u00e9 demuestra un promedio sobre un desastre o el clima futuro?<\/th><td data-label=\"Fuentes y observaciones\">SMN aporta normales [1\u20132]; CENAPRED explica nortes [6] y documenta un deslizamiento fechado en 1999 [7].<\/td><td data-label=\"Contraste e interpretaci\u00f3n\">Media multianual, episodio meteorol\u00f3gico y desastre son escalas distintas. Una normal aislada no prueba tendencias de cambio clim\u00e1tico; un desastre requiere adem\u00e1s analizar exposici\u00f3n y vulnerabilidad.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure><h3>Referencias y alcance de lectura<\/h3><ol class=\"research-sources\"><li id=\"r08-es-s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/smn.conagua.gob.mx\/tools\/RESOURCES\/Normales_Climatologicas\/Normales9120\/ver\/nor9120_30171.txt\">SMN\/CONAGUA \u00b7 Tecolutla 30171 \u00b7 Normales 1991\u20132020<\/a><br>Ficha TXT \u00edntegra, emitida el 30.10.2026: ubicaci\u00f3n, altitud, medias mensuales y anuales, precipitaci\u00f3n y a\u00f1os con datos por mes.<\/li><li id=\"r08-es-s2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/smn.conagua.gob.mx\/tools\/RESOURCES\/Normales_Climatologicas\/Normales9120\/pue\/nor9120_21059.txt\">SMN\/CONAGUA \u00b7 Oyameles 21059 \u00b7 Normales 1991\u20132020<\/a><br>Ficha TXT \u00edntegra, emitida el 30.10.2026. Municipio Tlatlauquitepec; no se confunde la clave de estaci\u00f3n con una clave municipal.<\/li><li id=\"r08-es-s3\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/contenidos\/app\/mexicocifras\/datos_geograficos\/21\/21043.pdf\">INEGI \u00b7 Cuetzalan del Progreso \u00b7 Compendio geogr\u00e1fico municipal 2010<\/a><br>PDF, p\u00e1ginas 2\u20133: rangos altitudinales, clima, cuencas y usos del suelo. La fecha del compendio no convierte su cartograf\u00eda en observaciones actuales.<\/li><li id=\"r08-es-s4\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/contenidos\/app\/mexicocifras\/datos_geograficos\/30\/30158.pdf\">INEGI \u00b7 Tecolutla \u00b7 Compendio geogr\u00e1fico municipal 2010<\/a><br>PDF, p\u00e1ginas 2\u20133: clima, distribuci\u00f3n entre tres cuencas y coberturas del suelo. \u00c1mbito municipal, diferente al de una estaci\u00f3n y al de la cuenca hom\u00f3nima.<\/li><li id=\"r08-es-s5\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.veracruz.gob.mx\/proteccioncivil\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2021\/12\/Diagn%C3%B3stico-Cuenca-del-rio-Tecolutla.pdf\">Protecci\u00f3n Civil de Veracruz \u00b7 Diagn\u00f3stico de las inundaciones en la cuenca del r\u00edo Tecolutla \u00b7 2021<\/a><br>Lectura de p\u00e1ginas 1\u20137 del PDF: delimitaci\u00f3n, subcuencas, relieve, clima y vegetaci\u00f3n. No se presentan sus p\u00e1ginas posteriores como revisadas ni se utiliza su tabla de poblaci\u00f3n.<\/li><li id=\"r08-es-s6\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gob.mx\/cenapred\/articulos\/que-son-los-frentes-frios\">CENAPRED \u00b7 \u00bfQu\u00e9 son los frentes fr\u00edos? \u00b7 27.01.2020<\/a><br>Texto de divulgaci\u00f3n consultado: relaci\u00f3n entre frente fr\u00edo, aire fr\u00edo y norte. No se emplea como pron\u00f3stico de la temporada actual.<\/li><li id=\"r08-es-s7\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gob.mx\/cenapred\/es\/articulos\/videoconferencia-a-21-anos-del-deslizamiento-en-teziutlan?idiom=es\">CENAPRED \u00b7 A 21 a\u00f1os del deslizamiento en Teziutl\u00e1n \u00b7 2020<\/a><br>Texto consultado: La Aurora, 5 de octubre de 1999; lluvia extraordinaria y factores naturales y humanos. Se distingue un evento hist\u00f3rico de una media clim\u00e1tica.<\/li><li id=\"r08-es-s8\"><a href=\"https:\/\/smn.conagua.gob.mx\/tools\/PHP\/Climogramas\/\">SMN\/CONAGUA \u00b7 Visor de climogramas y datos JSON de las estaciones<\/a><br>Se contrastaron los datos clim_30171.json y clim_21059.json con las fichas TXT. El visor y la ficha difieren en d\u00e9cimas de mil\u00edmetro; las cifras de este art\u00edculo siguen las fichas TXT, sin mezclar versiones.<\/li><\/ol><\/div><section class=\"iict-reading-source\" id=\"iict-reading-r08-es-source\" lang=\"es\"><h4>El bosque guarda agua entre las hojas y el suelo<\/h4><p>La explicaci\u00f3n de procesos complementa las normales SMN. No se a\u00f1aden mil\u00edmetros de captaci\u00f3n de niebla a Tecolutla u Oyameles sin medici\u00f3n.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/jardin.inecol.mx\/index.php\/santuario-bosque-de-niebla\/guardian-del-agua\">INECOL \u00b7 Guardi\u00e1n del agua<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.atmosfera.unam.mx\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/2012-06.pdf\">UNAM \u00b7 La niebla y la ecohidrolog\u00eda del bosque mes\u00f3filo, 2012<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"#iict-reading-r08-es\">Volver al pasaje<\/a><\/p><\/section>\n<\/details><nav class=\"research-related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1225#research-hub-es\">Volver a Investigaciones del Totonacapan \u2192<\/a><\/nav><p class=\"research-version\">Edici\u00f3n documental \u00b7 ES \/ EN \/ FR \u00b7 05.11.2026 \u00b7 v1.0<\/p><!-- IICT-CITE R08 es --><aside class=\"iict-citation\" id=\"citar-r08-es\" aria-labelledby=\"citar-r08-es-title\"><h2 id=\"citar-r08-es-title\">C\u00f3mo citar este art\u00edculo<\/h2><p class=\"iict-citation-label\">Referencia bibliogr\u00e1fica sugerida<\/p><blockquote class=\"iict-citation-reference\">Instituto Internacional de Cultura del Totonacapan. \u00abDe la costa a la niebla: climas, agua y paisaje\u00bb. <cite>Cuadernos de investigaci\u00f3n<\/cite>, <strong>R08<\/strong>. The Integral Management Society (IMSV). <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1302#r08-es\">https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1302#r08-es<\/a>.<\/blockquote><p><strong>Referencia interna:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1302#r08-es\">R08<\/a>. Para citar un pasaje concreto, a\u00f1ade el t\u00edtulo de su secci\u00f3n.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1225#normas-citacion-es\">Criterios de citaci\u00f3n del Instituto \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/aside><!-- \/IICT-CITE R08 es --><\/article><details class=\"research-lang-version\" id=\"r08-en-version\"><summary>Read the full English article<\/summary><article id=\"r08-en\" lang=\"en\"><p class=\"eyebrow\">Totonacapan Research \u00b7 Landscape and knowledge<\/p><h1>From the coast to the mist: climate, water and landscape<\/h1><p class=\"research-deck\">Two weather stations, one watershed and several landscapes reveal Totonacapan\u2019s diversity without making an average stand for an entire territory.<\/p><div class=\"research-abstract\"><h2>At a glance<\/h2><p>Totonacapan brings together coastal plains, wet slopes and high country. Elevation helps explain their differences, but rainfall also depends on exposure and air circulation. Going higher does not always mean finding more water.<\/p><p>We compare two official sheets of 1991\u20132020 climate normals, the climate averages used as a reference with municipal mapping and a watershed assessment. Temperature, usual rainfall, a flood and mist describe different phenomena: each requires evidence of its own.<\/p><\/div><figure class=\"research-visual\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r08-desembocadura-tecolutla-fonseca-2024.jpg\" alt=\"Tecolutla river mouth between vegetated banks, with small boats.\" loading=\"eager\"><figcaption><strong>Where the watershed meets the sea<\/strong>Mouth of the Tecolutla river, Veracruz \u00b7 5 May 2024. A dated river landscape, not a flood or the river\u2019s current condition.<br>Juan Carlos Fonseca Mata \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:R%C3%ADo_Tecolutla,_Veracruz_MX3.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><section id=\"r08-en-b0\"><h2>A connected territory, not a uniform staircase<\/h2><p>The coast and the mountains are not independent settings. Rivers connect headwaters, slopes, settlements and estuaries; land uses are connected through water too. Three references help make sense of a landscape: the elevation of a place, its position in relation to moist air flows and the watershed into which it drains \u2014 the land whose water flows into a shared network of channels. None of them, taken alone, defines the cultural extent of Totonacapan. <a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-en-s5\">[5]<\/a><\/p><p>Tecolutla municipality spans elevations from 0 to 300 metres, while Cuetzalan del Progreso ranges from 180 to 1,600 metres, according to INEGI\u2019s 2010 compendia. These ranges describe municipal areas; they are neither a station\u2019s elevation nor the limits of the whole region. A settlement can occupy a wet slope within a municipality containing several different environments. <a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-en-s3\">[3]<\/a><a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-en-s4\">[4]<\/a><\/p><\/section><section id=\"r08-en-b1\"><figure class=\"iict-viz viz-coordinates\" id=\"iict-viz-r08-en\" lang=\"en\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-viz-r08-en-title\"><header><div class=\"viz-kicker\"><span>Visual notebooks<\/span><span>R08 \u00b7 01<\/span><\/div><h3 id=\"iict-viz-r08-en-title\">The coordinates of a climate observation<\/h3><p>Before comparing an average, locate the observation.<\/p><\/header><div class=\"viz-art\" style=\"--viz-cols:3\"><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><path d=\"M140 100S99 61 99 39a41 27 0 0 1 82 0c0 22-41 61-41 61z\"\/><circle cx=\"140\" cy=\"40\" r=\"12\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><h4>Station<\/h4><p>Name and location of the observation point.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><circle cx=\"140\" cy=\"56\" r=\"40\"\/><path d=\"M140 27v30l22 12M140 16v7M140 89v7M100 56h7M173 56h7\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><h4>Period<\/h4><p>The comparison here uses 1991\u20132020 normals.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><path d=\"M50 42q30-25 60 0t60 0 60 0M50 62q30-25 60 0t60 0 60 0M50 82q30-25 60 0t60 0 60 0\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><h4>Variable<\/h4><p>Temperature, precipitation and fog require different evidence.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><path d=\"M40 93l61-63 40 36 35-48 64 75H40zM85 48l16-18 18 17M159 42l17-24 20 26M40 101h200\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><h4>Unit and scale<\/h4><p>The unit and territorial scope always accompany the figure.<\/p><\/div><\/div><figcaption>A climate normal does not describe every rainfall event or the whole territory.<span class=\"viz-source\">Original visual synthesis by the Institute \u00b7 <a href=\"#r08-en-sources\">Sources and comparison<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Two stations: a comparison readers can check<\/h2><p>Tecolutla station 30171 in Veracruz stands at an elevation of 7 metres. Oyameles station 21059 lies in Tlatlauquitepec municipality, Puebla, at 2,854 metres. Their National Meteorological Service sheets use the 1991\u20132020 reference period. The former reports an annual mean temperature of 24.2 \u00b0C; the latter, 11.0 \u00b0C. The comparison identifies two clearly different thermal environments. <a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-en-s1\">[1]<\/a><a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-en-s2\">[2]<\/a><\/p><p>This is not an experiment isolating elevation: location, relief and exposure also change. Nor does every month contain thirty years of observations. The sheets report between 24 and 29 years of data per month at Tecolutla and between 26 and 28 at Oyameles. We publish this coverage so readers can understand what a climate normal means here and consult the original values.<\/p><\/section><figure class=\"research-matrix\"><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Two observation points \u00b7 sheets issued 30 October 2026\" style=\"--journal-table-min:40rem\"><table><caption>Two observation points \u00b7 sheets issued 30 October 2026<\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Station<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Location and elevation<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Annual normals<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Monthly coverage<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Tecolutla \u00b7 30171<\/th><td data-label=\"Location and elevation\">Tecolutla, Veracruz \u00b7 7 m<\/td><td data-label=\"Annual normals\">24.2 \u00b0C \u00b7 1,396.1 mm<\/td><td data-label=\"Monthly coverage\">24\u201329 years with data<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Oyameles \u00b7 21059<\/th><td data-label=\"Location and elevation\">Tlatlauquitepec, Puebla \u00b7 2,854 m<\/td><td data-label=\"Annual normals\">11.0 \u00b0C \u00b7 733.8 mm<\/td><td data-label=\"Monthly coverage\">26\u201328 years with data<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure><section id=\"r08-en-b2\"><h2>Rainfall does not always increase with elevation<\/h2><p>Tecolutla records normal annual precipitation of 1,396.1 mm; Oyameles, 733.8 mm. September has the highest normal monthly rainfall in both published series. This does not establish that the whole coast is wetter than the whole mountain region: it compares two points, with their respective conditions and data coverage. <a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-en-s1\">[1]<\/a><a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-en-s2\">[2]<\/a><\/p><p>Cuetzalan prevents us from turning those two points into a regional rule. Its mapping compendium places municipal precipitation between 1,900 and 4,100 mm and classifies almost the entire municipality as semi-warm and humid, with rain throughout the year. This is a spatial range, not a third station reading from the same period. The Tecolutla watershed assessment also describes very wet middle sectors and relatively drier high divides, the areas separating watersheds. Position within the mountains matters as well as elevation. <a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-en-s3\">[3]<\/a><a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-en-s5\">[5]<\/a><\/p><\/section><section class=\"c-chart\" id=\"r08-en-rain\"><h3>Rainfall, month by month<\/h3><p>Monthly normals 1991\u20132020 \u00b7 the same scale for both stations.<\/p><div class=\"c-legend\"><span><i class=\"c-key\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>T \u00b7 Tecolutla 30171<\/span><span><i class=\"c-key c-key-gold\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>O \u00b7 Oyameles 21059<\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-scale\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>0 mm<\/span><span>160<\/span><span>320<\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Jan<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:18.469%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">59.1<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:4.875%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">15.6<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Feb<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:13.188%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">42.2<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:4.531%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">14.5<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Mar<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:14.313%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">45.8<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:5.188%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">16.6<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Apr<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:20.375%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">65.2<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:11.813%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">37.8<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>May<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:25.531%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">81.7<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:12.906%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">41.3<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Jun<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:43.594%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">139.5<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:33.156%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">106.1<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Jul<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:44.844%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">143.5<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:25.563%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">81.8<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Aug<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:41.125%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">131.6<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:28.938%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">92.6<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Sep<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:91.313%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">292.2<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:44.313%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">141.8<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Oct<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:71.250%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">228.0<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:41.813%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">133.8<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Nov<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:34.313%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">109.8<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:12.875%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">41.2<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Dec<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:17.969%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">57.5<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:3.344%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">10.7<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><p class=\"c-datanote\">Bar length represents mm, starting at zero. Temperature and precipitation are shown separately; their scales are not interchangeable. Source: SMN sheets [1\u20132].<\/p><\/section><section class=\"c-chart\" id=\"r08-en-temperature\"><h3>Temperature, month by month<\/h3><p>Monthly normals 1991\u20132020 \u00b7 the same scale for both stations.<\/p><div class=\"c-legend\"><span><i class=\"c-key\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>T \u00b7 Tecolutla 30171<\/span><span><i class=\"c-key c-key-gold\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>O \u00b7 Oyameles 21059<\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-scale\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>0 \u00b0C<\/span><span>16<\/span><span>32<\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Jan<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:59.375%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">19.0<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:26.563%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">8.5<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Feb<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:63.438%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">20.3<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:30.938%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">9.9<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Mar<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:69.688%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">22.3<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:35.625%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">11.4<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Apr<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:77.188%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">24.7<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:40.000%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">12.8<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>May<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:83.750%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">26.8<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:41.250%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">13.2<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Jun<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:85.938%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">27.5<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:38.750%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">12.4<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Jul<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:85.938%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">27.5<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:37.500%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">12.0<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Aug<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:86.563%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">27.7<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:37.500%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">12.0<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Sep<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:84.375%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">27.0<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:35.313%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">11.3<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Oct<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:79.063%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">25.3<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:32.500%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">10.4<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Nov<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:70.000%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">22.4<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:29.688%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">9.5<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Dec<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:61.875%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">19.8<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:27.500%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">8.8<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><p class=\"c-datanote\">Bar length represents \u00b0C, starting at zero. Temperature and precipitation are shown separately; their scales are not interchangeable. Source: SMN sheets [1\u20132].<\/p><\/section><details class=\"c-data\"><summary>View all 12 months and years with data<\/summary><figure class=\"research-matrix\"><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Original values from the SMN TXT sheets [1\u20132]\" style=\"--journal-table-min:32rem\"><table><caption>Original values from the SMN TXT sheets [1\u20132]<\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Month<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ years<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ years<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Jan<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ years\">19.0 \/ 59.1 \/ 29<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ years\">8.5 \/ 15.6 \/ 28<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Feb<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ years\">20.3 \/ 42.2 \/ 29<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ years\">9.9 \/ 14.5 \/ 28<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Mar<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ years\">22.3 \/ 45.8 \/ 28<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ years\">11.4 \/ 16.6 \/ 28<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Apr<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ years\">24.7 \/ 65.2 \/ 28<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ years\">12.8 \/ 37.8 \/ 28<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">May<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ years\">26.8 \/ 81.7 \/ 28<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ years\">13.2 \/ 41.3 \/ 28<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Jun<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ years\">27.5 \/ 139.5 \/ 28<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ years\">12.4 \/ 106.1 \/ 27<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Jul<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ years\">27.5 \/ 143.5 \/ 26<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ years\">12.0 \/ 81.8 \/ 28<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Aug<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ years\">27.7 \/ 131.6 \/ 26<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ years\">12.0 \/ 92.6 \/ 27<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Sep<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ years\">27.0 \/ 292.2 \/ 26<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ years\">11.3 \/ 141.8 \/ 26<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Oct<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ years\">25.3 \/ 228.0 \/ 26<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ years\">10.4 \/ 133.8 \/ 28<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Nov<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ years\">22.4 \/ 109.8 \/ 26<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ years\">9.5 \/ 41.2 \/ 27<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Dec<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ years\">19.8 \/ 57.5 \/ 24<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ years\">8.8 \/ 10.7 \/ 27<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure><\/details><section id=\"r08-en-b3\"><h2>Mist, forest and measurement: related but distinct<\/h2><p>A slope covered in cloud offers an experience different from the coastal plain: visibility, perceived humidity and vegetation change. The watershed assessment recognises cloud forest and other forest environments within this mosaic. Yet a photograph of mist does not measure how much water an ecosystem receives, and a precipitation table does not describe every interaction between clouds, plants and soil. <a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-en-s5\">[5]<\/a><\/p><p>The two sheets used here do not provide a comparable series of fog-water capture. We therefore add no assumed millimetres and do not describe a condition seen in a photograph as permanent. The relationship between elevation and vegetation must be read alongside exposure, soil, agricultural transformation and each place\u2019s history. This avoids portraying the mountains as identical layers repeated on every slope.<\/p><\/section><section id=\"r08-en-b4\"><section class=\"iict-reading-addition\" data-kind=\"inline\" id=\"iict-reading-r08-en\" lang=\"en\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-reading-r08-en-title\"><h3 id=\"iict-reading-r08-en-title\">The forest holds water between leaves and soil<\/h3><p>A drop does not always travel in a straight line from sky to ground. INECOL invites readers to follow it through leaves, trunks, mosses and other cloud-forest plants to soil that absorbs and stores moisture. Ecohydrological research, which studies water and ecosystems together, also describes vegetation catching fog droplets, a contribution distinct from rainfall recorded by a rain gauge. <a class=\"reading-ref\" href=\"#iict-reading-r08-en-source\" aria-label=\"See sources and comparison\">\u2197<\/a><\/p><p>Following this route reveals the slope as part of water\u2019s movement. Vegetation and soil influence its timing and paths; quantifying the contribution in Cuetzalan would require local measurements. Connections to springs and rivers begin long before a channel comes into view.<\/p><p class=\"reading-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jardin.inecol.mx\/index.php\/santuario-bosque-de-niebla\/guardian-del-agua\">INECOL \u00b7 Guardi\u00e1n del agua<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.atmosfera.unam.mx\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/2012-06.pdf\">UNAM \u00b7 La niebla y la ecohidrolog\u00eda del bosque mes\u00f3filo, 2012<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"#r08-en-sources\">Sources and comparison<\/a><\/p><\/section>\n<figure class=\"iict-plate\" id=\"iict-plate-r08-a-en\" lang=\"en\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r08-a-en-title\" style=\"--plate-cols:3\"><div class=\"plate-top\"><p class=\"plate-kicker\">Illustrated notebook \u00b7 I<\/p><h3 id=\"iict-plate-r08-a-en-title\">Water connects slope and river<\/h3><\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"plate-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 750 420\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r08-a-en-art-title iict-plate-r08-a-en-art-desc\"><title id=\"iict-plate-r08-a-en-art-title\">Water connects slope and river<\/title><desc id=\"iict-plate-r08-a-en-art-desc\">1. Rainfall and interception are observed through different measurements. 2. Vegetation and soil shape the water\u2019s journey. 3. Runoff joins a catchment network. Conceptual section without distance, volume or altitude scales; accompanies the discussion of forest and catchment.<\/desc><defs><pattern id=\"iict-plate-r08-a-en-grain\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" width=\"17\" height=\"19\"><circle cx=\"2\" cy=\"3\" r=\".6\" fill=\"#a9a384\" opacity=\".15\"\/><circle cx=\"11\" cy=\"14\" r=\".5\" fill=\"#b3a98a\" opacity=\".16\"\/><\/pattern><\/defs><rect width=\"750\" height=\"420\" fill=\"url(#iict-plate-r08-a-en-grain)\"\/><path d=\"M0 228 L98 120 L164 173 L240 86 L327 190 L423 237 L530 267 L750 279 L750 420 H0Z\" fill=\"#d4ddcb\" stroke=\"#8b9d86\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M0 299 Q228 248 409 294 L750 344 V420 H0Z\" fill=\"#d6c5a2\" stroke=\"#b09b72\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M249 192 Q209 239 310 271 Q450 290 391 335 Q345 369 643 408\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#7ca7ab\" stroke-width=\"14\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" 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stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"281\" y1=\"302\" x2=\"299\" y2=\"358\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 7\"\/><circle cx=\"299\" cy=\"358\" r=\"4\" fill=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><circle cx=\"92\" cy=\"96\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"92\" y=\"104\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1<\/text><circle cx=\"112\" cy=\"334\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"112\" y=\"342\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">2<\/text><circle cx=\"536\" cy=\"338\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"536\" y=\"346\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">3<\/text><\/svg><ol class=\"plate-legend\"><li>Rainfall and interception are observed through different measurements.<\/li><li>Vegetation and soil shape the water\u2019s journey.<\/li><li>Runoff joins a catchment network.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"plate-caption\">Conceptual section without distance, volume or altitude scales; accompanies the discussion of forest and catchment. \u00b7 Original illustration by the Institute \u00b7 <a href=\"#r08-en-sources\">Sources and comparison<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>A watershed crosses administrative boundaries<\/h2><p>The Veracruz Civil Protection assessment of 2021 delineates the Tecolutla river basin at 7,709 km\u00b2, extending across Puebla, Veracruz, Tlaxcala and Hidalgo. It identifies Necaxa, Ajajalpan, Tecuantepec and Apulco among its principal sub-basins. Water reaching the estuary therefore has a history beginning far from the coast. The area figure belongs to the delineation used in that document. <a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-en-s5\">[5]<\/a><\/p><p>The shared name can be misleading: Tecolutla municipality is not equivalent to the Tecolutla river basin. INEGI allocates the municipality among the Nautla and other rivers basin\u201446.94%\u2014Tecolutla\u201432.55%\u2014and Cazones\u201420.51%. By contrast, its Cuetzalan compendium places that municipality entirely within the Tecolutla basin. This difference explains why municipal and hydrological maps answer different questions. <a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-en-s3\">[3]<\/a><a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-en-s4\">[4]<\/a><\/p><\/section><section id=\"r08-en-basin\"><h3>From headwaters to the estuary<\/h3><ol class=\"r-flow\"><li><strong>Headwaters and tributaries<\/strong>Necaxa \u00b7 Ajajalpan \u00b7 Tecuantepec \u00b7 Apulco. The 2021 assessment identifies these principal sub-basins.<\/li><li><strong>Confluences and channel<\/strong>The system connects relief and land uses across states; water does not stop at municipal boundaries.<\/li><li><strong>Estuary<\/strong>The Tecolutla reaches the Gulf of Mexico. The photograph shows its coastal outlet in 2024.<\/li><\/ol><p class=\"c-datanote\">Relationship diagram, not an official map or a boundary of Totonacapan. Tributaries are neither ordered as a route nor drawn to scale. Source [5].<\/p><\/section><section id=\"r08-en-b5\"><h2>Land use also makes the landscape<\/h2><p>The mapping assembled in the 2010 compendia records a combination of agriculture, pasture and vegetation. In Cuetzalan, the main categories include agriculture\u201464.21%\u2014forest\u201418.29%\u2014and pasture\u201412.37%. In Tecolutla they include agriculture\u201443.25%\u2014pasture\u201440.17%\u2014and mangrove\u20145.31%\u2014among other cover types. These are the categories and dates of a particular source, not an inventory updated to 2026. <a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-en-s3\">[3]<\/a><a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-en-s4\">[4]<\/a><\/p><p>These figures help identify landscapes that people work and inhabit. They cannot establish how much forest has disappeared since then or attribute a flood to a particular field. Studying change would require compatible maps, examination of their dates and scales, and field checks. Historical mapping is a starting point for framing that investigation, not its final result.<\/p><\/section><section id=\"r08-en-b6\"><figure class=\"iict-plate\" id=\"iict-plate-r08-b-en\" lang=\"en\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r08-b-en-title\" style=\"--plate-cols:3\"><div class=\"plate-top\"><p class=\"plate-kicker\">Illustrated notebook \u00b7 II<\/p><h3 id=\"iict-plate-r08-b-en-title\">Three clocks for reading a landscape<\/h3><\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"plate-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 750 420\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r08-b-en-art-title iict-plate-r08-b-en-art-desc\"><title id=\"iict-plate-r08-b-en-art-title\">Three clocks for reading a landscape<\/title><desc id=\"iict-plate-r08-b-en-art-desc\">1. Weather: what happens during a particular event. 2. Season: the distribution of months within a year. 3. Climate normal: a reference built from many years. 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text-anchor=\"middle\">3<\/text><\/svg><ol class=\"plate-legend\"><li>Weather: what happens during a particular event.<\/li><li>Season: the distribution of months within a year.<\/li><li>Climate normal: a reference built from many years.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"plate-caption\">The illustration distinguishes time scales; it does not turn a 1991\u20132020 normal into a storm forecast. \u00b7 Original illustration by the Institute \u00b7 <a href=\"#r08-en-sources\">Sources and comparison<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Nortes and exceptional rainfall: changing the timescale<\/h2><p>A climate normal summarises many years. A norte is a weather episode associated with advancing cold air that can bring wind, falling temperatures, waves and rain to the Gulf of Mexico. CENAPRED explains this relationship between cold fronts and northerly winds. Tropical disturbances are another mechanism producing heavy rainfall: exceptional rain does not always arise from the same atmospheric situation. <a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-en-s6\">[6]<\/a><\/p><p>Understanding disasters also requires attention to relief, settlement and vulnerability. CENAPRED documents the La Aurora landslide in Teziutl\u00e1n on 5 October 1999 during exceptional rainfall, pointing to both natural and human factors. That event is not a climate normal and does not describe every settlement\u2019s risk in the same way. This article is not a forecast either: emergency decisions depend on current official warnings. <a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-en-s7\">[7]<\/a><\/p><\/section><section id=\"r08-en-b7\"><h2>Reading water through better questions<\/h2><p>The observed differences allow us to ask what is grown, when people work a slope and how settlements connect to a river. They do not establish one agricultural calendar for Totonacapan. A station measures a point; families and communities make decisions on particular plots, with their own soils, gradients, resources and knowledge. Connecting these scales requires local research rather than a general image of the region.<\/p><p>Investigating warming or rainfall trends would require checked annual series, information about changes to weather stations and a method that assesses uncertainty. Comparing Tecolutla with Oyameles does not by itself demonstrate climate change. It does provide a verifiable foundation for recognising diversity: connected coast and mountains, wet and relatively dry sectors, everyday water and extreme events that deserve different explanations.<\/p><\/section><details class=\"research-evidence\" id=\"r08-en-sources\"><summary><span class=\"evidence-kicker\">Open research<\/span><strong>Sources and comparison<\/strong><span class=\"evidence-subtitle\">Open the methods, differences between sources and verifiable references.<\/span><\/summary><div class=\"evidence-content\"><figure class=\"research-matrix\"><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Claims, evidence and the reach of each finding.\" style=\"--journal-table-min:32rem\"><table><caption>Claims, evidence and the reach of each finding.<\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Sources and observations<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Comparison and interpretation<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Can one station represent the whole region?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources and observations\">SMN [1\u20132] measures points: Tecolutla, 7 m, and Oyameles, 2,854 m. INEGI [3\u20134] gives ranges for municipal areas.<\/td><td data-label=\"Comparison and interpretation\">These are complementary spatial units. We do not interpolate a regional climate map from two points or identify a watershed with a cultural territory.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Does each month contain thirty observations?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources and observations\">Common reference period: 1991\u20132020. Monthly coverage: Tecolutla 24\u201329 years; Oyameles 26\u201328 [1\u20132].<\/td><td data-label=\"Comparison and interpretation\">The nominal period and the actual number of years differ. We do not reconstruct missing years or use these means for a statistical trend comparison.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Why not simply copy the viewer?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources and observations\">Tecolutla\u2019s JSON sums to 1,396.5 mm against 1,396.1 mm in the sheet; Oyameles, 734.0 against 733.8 mm [1\u20132,8]. Some months differ by 0.1 mm.<\/td><td data-label=\"Comparison and interpretation\">The TXT sheet is retained as the quantitative reference version. Versions are not averaged. We disclose the discrepancy to make the comparison reproducible, not mistake it for variation between years.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Does higher mean wetter?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources and observations\">Oyameles receives less precipitation than Tecolutla [1\u20132]. Cuetzalan\u2019s municipal range is 1,900\u20134,100 mm [3]; the assessment describes wet middle sectors and drier high divides [5].<\/td><td data-label=\"Comparison and interpretation\">The sources complement each other: elevation alone does not order rainfall. The mapped range is not added as an equivalent third station and does not necessarily share the same reference period.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Does mist count as measured rainfall?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources and observations\">The sheets permit comparison of rainfall and temperature [1\u20132]. The assessment recognises cloud-forest environments [5] but supplies no comparable fog-capture series here.<\/td><td data-label=\"Comparison and interpretation\">No millimetres of fog water are estimated. Quantification would require specific, comparable measurements beyond a photograph or the presence of a forest type.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Does Tecolutla mean one perimeter?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources and observations\">The assessment delineates a basin of 7,709 km\u00b2 [5]. INEGI assigns only 32.55% of the namesake municipality to that basin [4].<\/td><td data-label=\"Comparison and interpretation\">There is no contradiction: these are different perimeters. The article\u2019s diagram explains relationships; it neither replaces official hydrological mapping nor defines rights or belonging.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Are the land-cover percentages current?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources and observations\">Agriculture, forest, pasture and mangrove figures come from the 2010 municipal compendia [3\u20134].<\/td><td data-label=\"Comparison and interpretation\">Their value is documentary and spatial. Without compatible later mapping we infer no loss, recovery or conservation status in 2026. Nor do we attribute causality to a land-use category.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">What can an average establish about disaster or future climate?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources and observations\">SMN provides normals [1\u20132]; CENAPRED explains nortes [6] and documents a landslide dated 1999 [7].<\/td><td data-label=\"Comparison and interpretation\">A multiyear mean, a weather episode and a disaster operate on different scales. One normal period does not establish climate-change trends; disaster analysis also requires exposure and vulnerability.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure><h3>References and reading scope<\/h3><ol class=\"research-sources\"><li id=\"r08-en-s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/smn.conagua.gob.mx\/tools\/RESOURCES\/Normales_Climatologicas\/Normales9120\/ver\/nor9120_30171.txt\">SMN\/CONAGUA \u00b7 Tecolutla 30171 \u00b7 Normales 1991\u20132020<\/a><br>Complete TXT sheet, issued 30 October 2026: location, elevation, monthly and annual means, precipitation and years with data per month.<\/li><li id=\"r08-en-s2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/smn.conagua.gob.mx\/tools\/RESOURCES\/Normales_Climatologicas\/Normales9120\/pue\/nor9120_21059.txt\">SMN\/CONAGUA \u00b7 Oyameles 21059 \u00b7 Normales 1991\u20132020<\/a><br>Complete TXT sheet, issued 30 October 2026. Tlatlauquitepec municipality; the station code is not a municipality code.<\/li><li id=\"r08-en-s3\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/contenidos\/app\/mexicocifras\/datos_geograficos\/21\/21043.pdf\">INEGI \u00b7 Cuetzalan del Progreso \u00b7 Compendio geogr\u00e1fico municipal 2010<\/a><br>PDF, pages 2\u20133: elevation ranges, climate, basins and land use. The compendium date does not make its mapping current observations.<\/li><li id=\"r08-en-s4\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/contenidos\/app\/mexicocifras\/datos_geograficos\/30\/30158.pdf\">INEGI \u00b7 Tecolutla \u00b7 Compendio geogr\u00e1fico municipal 2010<\/a><br>PDF, pages 2\u20133: climate, distribution among three basins and land cover. Municipal scope, different from a station or the namesake river basin.<\/li><li id=\"r08-en-s5\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.veracruz.gob.mx\/proteccioncivil\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2021\/12\/Diagn%C3%B3stico-Cuenca-del-rio-Tecolutla.pdf\">Protecci\u00f3n Civil de Veracruz \u00b7 Diagn\u00f3stico de las inundaciones en la cuenca del r\u00edo Tecolutla \u00b7 2021<\/a><br>PDF pages 1\u20137 read: delineation, sub-basins, relief, climate and vegetation. Later pages are not presented as reviewed; the population table is not used.<\/li><li id=\"r08-en-s6\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gob.mx\/cenapred\/articulos\/que-son-los-frentes-frios\">CENAPRED \u00b7 \u00bfQu\u00e9 son los frentes fr\u00edos? \u00b7 27.01.2020<\/a><br>Public information text consulted: relationship between cold fronts, cold air and nortes. Not used as a forecast for the current season.<\/li><li id=\"r08-en-s7\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gob.mx\/cenapred\/es\/articulos\/videoconferencia-a-21-anos-del-deslizamiento-en-teziutlan?idiom=es\">CENAPRED \u00b7 A 21 a\u00f1os del deslizamiento en Teziutl\u00e1n \u00b7 2020<\/a><br>Text consulted: La Aurora, 5 October 1999; exceptional rainfall and natural and human factors. A historical event is distinguished from a climatic average.<\/li><li id=\"r08-en-s8\"><a href=\"https:\/\/smn.conagua.gob.mx\/tools\/PHP\/Climogramas\/\">SMN\/CONAGUA \u00b7 Visor de climogramas y datos JSON de las estaciones<\/a><br>The clim_30171.json and clim_21059.json datasets were checked against the TXT sheets. Viewer and sheet differ by tenths of a millimetre; this article follows the TXT sheets without mixing versions.<\/li><\/ol><\/div><section class=\"iict-reading-source\" id=\"iict-reading-r08-en-source\" lang=\"en\"><h4>The forest holds water between leaves and soil<\/h4><p>Process explanations complement SMN normals. No unmeasured fog-water totals are added to Tecolutla or Oyameles.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/jardin.inecol.mx\/index.php\/santuario-bosque-de-niebla\/guardian-del-agua\">INECOL \u00b7 Guardi\u00e1n del agua<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.atmosfera.unam.mx\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/2012-06.pdf\">UNAM \u00b7 La niebla y la ecohidrolog\u00eda del bosque mes\u00f3filo, 2012<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"#iict-reading-r08-en\">Return to the passage<\/a><\/p><\/section>\n<\/details><nav class=\"research-related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1225#research-hub-en\">Return to Totonacapan Research \u2192<\/a><\/nav><p class=\"research-version\">Documentary edition \u00b7 ES \/ EN \/ FR \u00b7 05.11.2026 \u00b7 v1.0<\/p><!-- IICT-CITE R08 en --><aside class=\"iict-citation\" id=\"citar-r08-en\" aria-labelledby=\"citar-r08-en-title\"><h2 id=\"citar-r08-en-title\">How to cite this article<\/h2><p class=\"iict-citation-label\">Suggested bibliographic reference<\/p><blockquote class=\"iict-citation-reference\">Instituto Internacional de Cultura del Totonacapan. \u00abFrom the coast to the mist: climate, water and landscape\u00bb. <cite>Research notebooks<\/cite>, <strong>R08<\/strong>. The Integral Management Society (IMSV). <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1302#r08-en\">https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1302#r08-en<\/a>.<\/blockquote><p><strong>Internal reference:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1302#r08-en\">R08<\/a>. For a specific passage, add its section title.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1225#normas-citacion-en\">The Institute\u2019s citation guidance \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/aside><!-- \/IICT-CITE R08 en --><\/article><\/details><details class=\"research-lang-version\" id=\"r08-fr-version\"><summary>Lire l\u2019article int\u00e9gral en fran\u00e7ais<\/summary><article id=\"r08-fr\" lang=\"fr\"><p class=\"eyebrow\">Recherches sur le Totonacapan \u00b7 Paysages et savoirs<\/p><h1>De la c\u00f4te \u00e0 la brume : climats, eau et paysages<\/h1><p class=\"research-deck\">Deux stations, un bassin versant et plusieurs paysages pour comprendre la diversit\u00e9 du Totonacapan sans confondre une moyenne avec tout un territoire.<\/p><div class=\"research-abstract\"><h2>L\u2019essentiel<\/h2><p>Le Totonacapan r\u00e9unit des plaines c\u00f4ti\u00e8res, des versants humides et des hautes terres. L\u2019altitude aide \u00e0 comprendre leurs diff\u00e9rences, mais les pr\u00e9cipitations d\u00e9pendent aussi de l\u2019exposition et de la circulation de l\u2019air. Monter ne signifie pas toujours trouver davantage d\u2019eau.<\/p><p>Nous confrontons deux fiches officielles de normales climatiques de 1991\u20132020, les moyennes du climat utilis\u00e9es comme r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 la cartographie municipale et \u00e0 un diagnostic de bassin versant. Temp\u00e9rature, pluies habituelles, inondation et brume d\u00e9crivent des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes diff\u00e9rents : chacun demande ses propres preuves.<\/p><\/div><figure class=\"research-visual\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" src=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/iict-r08-desembocadura-tecolutla-fonseca-2024.jpg\" alt=\"Embouchure du Tecolutla entre des rives v\u00e9g\u00e9talis\u00e9es, avec de petites embarcations.\" loading=\"eager\"><figcaption><strong>L\u00e0 o\u00f9 le bassin rejoint la mer<\/strong>Embouchure du Tecolutla, Veracruz \u00b7 5 mai 2024. Paysage fluvial dat\u00e9 ; ni inondation ni \u00e9tat actuel du fleuve.<br>Juan Carlos Fonseca Mata \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:R%C3%ADo_Tecolutla,_Veracruz_MX3.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><section id=\"r08-fr-b0\"><h2>Un territoire reli\u00e9, pas un escalier uniforme<\/h2><p>La c\u00f4te et la montagne ne sont pas des d\u00e9cors ind\u00e9pendants. Les rivi\u00e8res relient les t\u00eates de bassin, les versants, les localit\u00e9s et les embouchures ; les usages du sol se r\u00e9pondent \u00e9galement \u00e0 travers l\u2019eau. Trois rep\u00e8res permettent de comprendre le paysage : l\u2019altitude d\u2019un lieu, sa position face aux flux d\u2019air humide et le bassin vers lequel ses eaux s\u2019\u00e9coulent, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire les terres dont l\u2019eau rejoint un m\u00eame r\u00e9seau de cours d\u2019eau. Aucun ne d\u00e9finit \u00e0 lui seul l\u2019\u00e9tendue culturelle du Totonacapan. <a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-fr-s5\">[5]<\/a><\/p><p>La municipalit\u00e9 de Tecolutla s\u2019\u00e9tend de 0 \u00e0 300 m\u00e8tres d\u2019altitude, tandis que Cuetzalan del Progreso va de 180 \u00e0 1 600 m\u00e8tres, selon les compendiums de l\u2019INEGI de 2010. Ces intervalles d\u00e9crivent des superficies municipales ; ils ne sont ni l\u2019altitude d\u2019une station ni les limites de toute la r\u00e9gion. Une localit\u00e9 peut occuper un versant humide au sein d\u2019une municipalit\u00e9 r\u00e9unissant plusieurs milieux. <a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-fr-s3\">[3]<\/a><a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-fr-s4\">[4]<\/a><\/p><\/section><section id=\"r08-fr-b1\"><figure class=\"iict-viz viz-coordinates\" id=\"iict-viz-r08-fr\" lang=\"fr\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-viz-r08-fr-title\"><header><div class=\"viz-kicker\"><span>Carnets visuels<\/span><span>R08 \u00b7 01<\/span><\/div><h3 id=\"iict-viz-r08-fr-title\">Les coordonn\u00e9es d\u2019une donn\u00e9e climatique<\/h3><p>Avant de comparer une moyenne, situer l\u2019observation.<\/p><\/header><div class=\"viz-art\" style=\"--viz-cols:3\"><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><path d=\"M140 100S99 61 99 39a41 27 0 0 1 82 0c0 22-41 61-41 61z\"\/><circle cx=\"140\" cy=\"40\" r=\"12\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01<\/span><h4>Station<\/h4><p>Nom et emplacement du point d\u2019observation.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><circle cx=\"140\" cy=\"56\" r=\"40\"\/><path d=\"M140 27v30l22 12M140 16v7M140 89v7M100 56h7M173 56h7\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">02<\/span><h4>P\u00e9riode<\/h4><p>La comparaison utilise ici les normales de 1991\u20132020.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><path d=\"M50 42q30-25 60 0t60 0 60 0M50 62q30-25 60 0t60 0 60 0M50 82q30-25 60 0t60 0 60 0\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">03<\/span><h4>Variable<\/h4><p>Temp\u00e9rature, pr\u00e9cipitations et brouillard exigent des preuves diff\u00e9rentes.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"viz-cell\"><svg class=\"viz-line-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 280 110\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M30 105h220\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#c9b77f\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><g fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.55\"><path d=\"M40 93l61-63 40 36 35-48 64 75H40zM85 48l16-18 18 17M159 42l17-24 20 26M40 101h200\"\/><\/g><\/svg><span class=\"viz-number\" aria-hidden=\"true\">04<\/span><h4>Unit\u00e9 et \u00e9chelle<\/h4><p>L\u2019unit\u00e9 et le p\u00e9rim\u00e8tre territorial accompagnent toujours le chiffre.<\/p><\/div><\/div><figcaption>Une normale climatique ne d\u00e9crit ni chaque \u00e9pisode de pluie ni tout le territoire.<span class=\"viz-source\">Synth\u00e8se visuelle originale de l\u2019Institut \u00b7 <a href=\"#r08-fr-sources\">Sources et confrontation<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Deux stations : une comparaison v\u00e9rifiable<\/h2><p>La station Tecolutla 30171, dans le Veracruz, se situe \u00e0 7 m\u00e8tres d\u2019altitude. Oyameles 21059 se trouve dans la municipalit\u00e9 de Tlatlauquitepec, dans le Puebla, \u00e0 2 854 m\u00e8tres. Leurs fiches du Service m\u00e9t\u00e9orologique national utilisent la p\u00e9riode de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence 1991\u20132020. La premi\u00e8re indique une temp\u00e9rature moyenne annuelle de 24,2 \u00b0C ; la seconde, de 11,0 \u00b0C. Le contraste permet de reconna\u00eetre deux milieux thermiques nettement diff\u00e9rents. <a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-fr-s1\">[1]<\/a><a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-fr-s2\">[2]<\/a><\/p><p>Ce n\u2019est pas une exp\u00e9rience isolant l\u2019effet de l\u2019altitude : la localisation, le relief et l\u2019exposition changent aussi. Tous les mois ne comportent pas non plus trente ann\u00e9es d\u2019observations. Les fiches indiquent de 24 \u00e0 29 ann\u00e9es de donn\u00e9es par mois \u00e0 Tecolutla et de 26 \u00e0 28 \u00e0 Oyameles. Nous rendons cette couverture explicite pour expliquer ce que signifie ici une normale climatique et permettre la consultation des valeurs originales.<\/p><\/section><figure class=\"research-matrix\"><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Deux points d'observation \u00b7 fiches \u00e9mises le 30.10.2026\" style=\"--journal-table-min:40rem\"><table><caption>Deux points d\u2019observation \u00b7 fiches \u00e9mises le 30.10.2026<\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Station<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Lieu et altitude<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Normales annuelles<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Couverture mensuelle<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Tecolutla \u00b7 30171<\/th><td data-label=\"Lieu et altitude\">Tecolutla, Veracruz \u00b7 7 m<\/td><td data-label=\"Normales annuelles\">24,2 \u00b0C \u00b7 1\u202f396,1 mm<\/td><td data-label=\"Couverture mensuelle\">24\u201329 ann\u00e9es renseign\u00e9es<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Oyameles \u00b7 21059<\/th><td data-label=\"Lieu et altitude\">Tlatlauquitepec, Puebla \u00b7 2 854 m<\/td><td data-label=\"Normales annuelles\">11,0 \u00b0C \u00b7 733,8 mm<\/td><td data-label=\"Couverture mensuelle\">26\u201328 ann\u00e9es renseign\u00e9es<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure><section id=\"r08-fr-b2\"><h2>La pluie n\u2019augmente pas toujours avec l\u2019altitude<\/h2><p>Tecolutla enregistre une pr\u00e9cipitation normale annuelle de 1 396,1 mm ; Oyameles, de 733,8 mm. Septembre est le mois le plus arros\u00e9 des deux s\u00e9ries normales publi\u00e9es. Cela ne permet pas d\u2019affirmer que toute la c\u00f4te re\u00e7oit davantage de pluie que toute la montagne : on compare seulement deux points, avec leurs conditions et leurs couvertures respectives. <a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-fr-s1\">[1]<\/a><a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-fr-s2\">[2]<\/a><\/p><p>Cuetzalan emp\u00eache de transformer ces deux points en r\u00e8gle r\u00e9gionale. Son compendium cartographique situe les pr\u00e9cipitations municipales entre 1 900 et 4 100 mm et classe presque tout le territoire en climat semi-chaud humide avec des pluies toute l\u2019ann\u00e9e. C\u2019est un intervalle spatial, pas la mesure d\u2019une troisi\u00e8me station sur la m\u00eame p\u00e9riode. Le diagnostic du bassin du Tecolutla d\u00e9crit \u00e9galement des secteurs interm\u00e9diaires tr\u00e8s humides et des lignes de partage des eaux \u00e9lev\u00e9es et relativement plus s\u00e8ches. La position dans la montagne compte autant que l\u2019altitude. <a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-fr-s3\">[3]<\/a><a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-fr-s5\">[5]<\/a><\/p><\/section><section class=\"c-chart\" id=\"r08-fr-rain\"><h3>La pluie, mois par mois<\/h3><p>Normales mensuelles 1991\u20132020 \u00b7 m\u00eame \u00e9chelle pour les deux stations.<\/p><div class=\"c-legend\"><span><i class=\"c-key\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>T \u00b7 Tecolutla 30171<\/span><span><i class=\"c-key c-key-gold\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>O \u00b7 Oyameles 21059<\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-scale\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>0 mm<\/span><span>160<\/span><span>320<\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Jan<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:18.469%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">59,1<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:4.875%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">15,6<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>F\u00e9v<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:13.188%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">42,2<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:4.531%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">14,5<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Mar<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:14.313%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">45,8<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:5.188%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">16,6<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Avr<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:20.375%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">65,2<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:11.813%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">37,8<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Mai<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:25.531%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">81,7<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:12.906%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">41,3<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Juin<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:43.594%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">139,5<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:33.156%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">106,1<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Juil<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:44.844%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">143,5<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:25.563%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">81,8<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Ao\u00fb<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:41.125%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">131,6<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:28.938%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">92,6<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Sep<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:91.313%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">292,2<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:44.313%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">141,8<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Oct<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:71.250%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">228,0<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:41.813%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">133,8<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Nov<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:34.313%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">109,8<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:12.875%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">41,2<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>D\u00e9c<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:17.969%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">57,5<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:3.344%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">10,7<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> mm<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><p class=\"c-datanote\">La longueur repr\u00e9sente des mm, \u00e0 partir de z\u00e9ro. Temp\u00e9rature et pr\u00e9cipitations sont s\u00e9par\u00e9es ; leurs \u00e9chelles ne sont pas interchangeables. Source : fiches SMN [1\u20132].<\/p><\/section><section class=\"c-chart\" id=\"r08-fr-temperature\"><h3>La temp\u00e9rature, mois par mois<\/h3><p>Normales mensuelles 1991\u20132020 \u00b7 m\u00eame \u00e9chelle pour les deux stations.<\/p><div class=\"c-legend\"><span><i class=\"c-key\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>T \u00b7 Tecolutla 30171<\/span><span><i class=\"c-key c-key-gold\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>O \u00b7 Oyameles 21059<\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-scale\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>0 \u00b0C<\/span><span>16<\/span><span>32<\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Jan<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:59.375%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">19,0<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:26.563%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">8,5<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>F\u00e9v<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:63.438%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">20,3<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:30.938%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">9,9<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Mar<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:69.688%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">22,3<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:35.625%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">11,4<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Avr<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:77.188%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">24,7<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:40.000%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">12,8<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Mai<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:83.750%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">26,8<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:41.250%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">13,2<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Juin<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:85.938%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">27,5<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:38.750%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">12,4<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Juil<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:85.938%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">27,5<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:37.500%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">12,0<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Ao\u00fb<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:86.563%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">27,7<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:37.500%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">12,0<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Sep<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:84.375%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">27,0<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:35.313%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">11,3<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Oct<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:79.063%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">25,3<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:32.500%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">10,4<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>Nov<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:70.000%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">22,4<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:29.688%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">9,5<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"c-month\"><strong>D\u00e9c<\/strong><div class=\"c-pair\"><div class=\"c-line \"><span aria-label=\"Tecolutla\">T<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:61.875%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">19,8<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"c-line c-line-gold\"><span aria-label=\"Oyameles\">O<\/span><span class=\"c-track\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"c-fill\" style=\"width:27.500%\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"c-num\">8,8<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00b0C<\/span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><p class=\"c-datanote\">La longueur repr\u00e9sente des \u00b0C, \u00e0 partir de z\u00e9ro. Temp\u00e9rature et pr\u00e9cipitations sont s\u00e9par\u00e9es ; leurs \u00e9chelles ne sont pas interchangeables. Source : fiches SMN [1\u20132].<\/p><\/section><details class=\"c-data\"><summary>Consulter les 12 mois et les ann\u00e9es renseign\u00e9es<\/summary><figure class=\"research-matrix\"><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Valeurs originales des fiches TXT du SMN [1\u20132]\" style=\"--journal-table-min:32rem\"><table><caption>Valeurs originales des fiches TXT du SMN [1\u20132]<\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Mois<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ ann\u00e9es<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ ann\u00e9es<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Jan<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ ann\u00e9es\">19,0 \/ 59,1 \/ 29<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ ann\u00e9es\">8,5 \/ 15,6 \/ 28<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">F\u00e9v<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ ann\u00e9es\">20,3 \/ 42,2 \/ 29<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ ann\u00e9es\">9,9 \/ 14,5 \/ 28<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Mar<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ ann\u00e9es\">22,3 \/ 45,8 \/ 28<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ ann\u00e9es\">11,4 \/ 16,6 \/ 28<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Avr<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ ann\u00e9es\">24,7 \/ 65,2 \/ 28<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ ann\u00e9es\">12,8 \/ 37,8 \/ 28<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Mai<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ ann\u00e9es\">26,8 \/ 81,7 \/ 28<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ ann\u00e9es\">13,2 \/ 41,3 \/ 28<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Juin<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ ann\u00e9es\">27,5 \/ 139,5 \/ 28<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ ann\u00e9es\">12,4 \/ 106,1 \/ 27<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Juil<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ ann\u00e9es\">27,5 \/ 143,5 \/ 26<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ ann\u00e9es\">12,0 \/ 81,8 \/ 28<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Ao\u00fb<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ ann\u00e9es\">27,7 \/ 131,6 \/ 26<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ ann\u00e9es\">12,0 \/ 92,6 \/ 27<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Sep<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ ann\u00e9es\">27,0 \/ 292,2 \/ 26<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ ann\u00e9es\">11,3 \/ 141,8 \/ 26<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Oct<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ ann\u00e9es\">25,3 \/ 228,0 \/ 26<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ ann\u00e9es\">10,4 \/ 133,8 \/ 28<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Nov<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ ann\u00e9es\">22,4 \/ 109,8 \/ 26<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ ann\u00e9es\">9,5 \/ 41,2 \/ 27<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">D\u00e9c<\/th><td data-label=\"Tecolutla \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ ann\u00e9es\">19,8 \/ 57,5 \/ 24<\/td><td data-label=\"Oyameles \u00b7 \u00b0C \/ mm \/ ann\u00e9es\">8,8 \/ 10,7 \/ 27<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure><\/details><section id=\"r08-fr-b3\"><h2>Brume, for\u00eat et mesure : des r\u00e9alit\u00e9s li\u00e9es<\/h2><p>Un versant envelopp\u00e9 de nuages offre une exp\u00e9rience diff\u00e9rente de celle de la plaine c\u00f4ti\u00e8re : visibilit\u00e9, humidit\u00e9 ressentie et v\u00e9g\u00e9tation changent. Le diagnostic de bassin identifie des for\u00eats de nuages et d\u2019autres milieux forestiers dans cette mosa\u00efque. Mais une photographie de brume ne mesure pas la quantit\u00e9 d\u2019eau re\u00e7ue par un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me, et un tableau de pr\u00e9cipitations ne d\u00e9crit pas toutes les interactions entre nuages, plantes et sols. <a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-fr-s5\">[5]<\/a><\/p><p>Les deux fiches utilis\u00e9es ne fournissent pas ici de s\u00e9rie comparable sur la captation de l\u2019eau de brouillard. Nous n\u2019ajoutons donc aucun millim\u00e8tre suppos\u00e9 et ne qualifions pas de permanent un \u00e9tat observ\u00e9 sur une photographie. La relation entre altitude et v\u00e9g\u00e9tation doit se lire avec l\u2019exposition, le sol, les transformations agricoles et l\u2019histoire de chaque lieu. On \u00e9vite ainsi de repr\u00e9senter la montagne comme des \u00e9tages identiques r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9s sur tous ses versants.<\/p><\/section><section id=\"r08-fr-b4\"><section class=\"iict-reading-addition\" data-kind=\"inline\" id=\"iict-reading-r08-fr\" lang=\"fr\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-reading-r08-fr-title\"><h3 id=\"iict-reading-r08-fr-title\">La for\u00eat retient l\u2019eau entre les feuilles et le sol<\/h3><p>Une goutte ne rejoint pas toujours le sol en ligne droite. L\u2019INECOL propose de la suivre \u00e0 travers feuilles, troncs, mousses et autres plantes de la for\u00eat de nuages, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 un sol qui absorbe et retient l\u2019humidit\u00e9. L\u2019\u00e9cohydrologie, qui \u00e9tudie ensemble l\u2019eau et les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes, d\u00e9crit aussi comment la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation retient des gouttelettes de brouillard, un apport distinct de la pluie mesur\u00e9e au pluviom\u00e8tre. <a class=\"reading-ref\" href=\"#iict-reading-r08-fr-source\" aria-label=\"Voir sources et comparaison\">\u2197<\/a><\/p><p>Ce parcours r\u00e9v\u00e8le le versant comme partie du mouvement de l\u2019eau. V\u00e9g\u00e9tation et sol influencent ses rythmes et ses chemins ; quantifier cet apport \u00e0 Cuetzalan demanderait des mesures locales. Le lien avec sources et rivi\u00e8res commence bien avant l\u2019apparition d\u2019un cours d\u2019eau.<\/p><p class=\"reading-links\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jardin.inecol.mx\/index.php\/santuario-bosque-de-niebla\/guardian-del-agua\">INECOL \u00b7 Guardi\u00e1n del agua<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.atmosfera.unam.mx\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/2012-06.pdf\">UNAM \u00b7 La niebla y la ecohidrolog\u00eda del bosque mes\u00f3filo, 2012<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"#r08-fr-sources\">Sources et confrontation<\/a><\/p><\/section>\n<figure class=\"iict-plate\" id=\"iict-plate-r08-a-fr\" lang=\"fr\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r08-a-fr-title\" style=\"--plate-cols:3\"><div class=\"plate-top\"><p class=\"plate-kicker\">Carnet illustr\u00e9 \u00b7 I<\/p><h3 id=\"iict-plate-r08-a-fr-title\">L\u2019eau relie le versant \u00e0 la rivi\u00e8re<\/h3><\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"plate-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 750 420\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r08-a-fr-art-title iict-plate-r08-a-fr-art-desc\"><title id=\"iict-plate-r08-a-fr-art-title\">L\u2019eau relie le versant \u00e0 la rivi\u00e8re<\/title><desc id=\"iict-plate-r08-a-fr-art-desc\">1. Pluie et interception se suivent par des mesures diff\u00e9rentes. 2. V\u00e9g\u00e9tation et sol interviennent dans le parcours de l\u2019eau. 3. Les \u00e9coulements se r\u00e9unissent dans un r\u00e9seau de bassin. Coupe conceptuelle sans \u00e9chelle de distance, de volume ou d\u2019altitude ; elle accompagne la lecture de la for\u00eat et du bassin.<\/desc><defs><pattern id=\"iict-plate-r08-a-fr-grain\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" width=\"17\" height=\"19\"><circle cx=\"2\" cy=\"3\" r=\".6\" fill=\"#a9a384\" opacity=\".15\"\/><circle cx=\"11\" cy=\"14\" r=\".5\" fill=\"#b3a98a\" opacity=\".16\"\/><\/pattern><\/defs><rect width=\"750\" height=\"420\" fill=\"url(#iict-plate-r08-a-fr-grain)\"\/><path d=\"M0 228 L98 120 L164 173 L240 86 L327 190 L423 237 L530 267 L750 279 L750 420 H0Z\" fill=\"#d4ddcb\" stroke=\"#8b9d86\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M0 299 Q228 248 409 294 L750 344 V420 H0Z\" fill=\"#d6c5a2\" stroke=\"#b09b72\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M249 192 Q209 239 310 271 Q450 290 391 335 Q345 369 643 408\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#7ca7ab\" stroke-width=\"14\" 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stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><\/g><g transform=\"translate(326 255) scale(0.45)\"><path d=\"M-12 0 Q-6 -85 -2 -162 L10 -162 Q7 -75 19 0Z\" fill=\"#c9b394\" stroke=\"#6e6a4a\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M1 -105 L-42 -150 M5 -132 L39 -175\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#6e6a4a\" stroke-width=\"5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-65 -133 C-115 -143 -98 -206 -47 -208 C-34 -261 37 -267 61 -222 C118 -229 133 -155 82 -135 C45 -104 -27 -109 -65 -133Z\" fill=\"#b4bca0\" stroke=\"#7c8b66\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M-78 -170 Q-30 -216 8 -188 M8 -217 Q48 -233 77 -195 M-30 -144 Q20 -174 63 -153\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#7c8b66\" stroke-width=\"1.3\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><\/g><g transform=\"translate(210 72) scale(0.58)\"><path d=\"M-91 22 C-125 -5 -96 -49 -60 -38 C-51 -96 26 -98 45 -50 C91 -77 128 -27 96 13 C70 40 -64 38 -91 22Z\" fill=\"#e1e6df\" stroke=\"#91a7a1\" stroke-width=\"1.4\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><\/g><path d=\"M130 96 l-8 25\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#7da3a5\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M170 104 l-8 25\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#7da3a5\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M210 96 l-8 25\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#7da3a5\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M250 104 l-8 25\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#7da3a5\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><path d=\"M290 96 l-8 25\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#7da3a5\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" \/><line x1=\"201\" y1=\"285\" x2=\"220\" y2=\"340\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 7\"\/><circle cx=\"220\" cy=\"340\" r=\"4\" fill=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><line x1=\"281\" y1=\"302\" x2=\"299\" y2=\"358\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5 7\"\/><circle cx=\"299\" cy=\"358\" r=\"4\" fill=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke=\"#ae8e4b\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><circle cx=\"92\" cy=\"96\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"92\" y=\"104\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">1<\/text><circle cx=\"112\" cy=\"334\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"112\" y=\"342\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">2<\/text><circle cx=\"536\" cy=\"338\" r=\"20\" fill=\"#264e60\" stroke=\"#f8f4e9\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/><text x=\"536\" y=\"346\" fill=\"#fff\" font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">3<\/text><\/svg><ol class=\"plate-legend\"><li>Pluie et interception se suivent par des mesures diff\u00e9rentes.<\/li><li>V\u00e9g\u00e9tation et sol interviennent dans le parcours de l\u2019eau.<\/li><li>Les \u00e9coulements se r\u00e9unissent dans un r\u00e9seau de bassin.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"plate-caption\">Coupe conceptuelle sans \u00e9chelle de distance, de volume ou d\u2019altitude ; elle accompagne la lecture de la for\u00eat et du bassin. \u00b7 Illustration originale de l\u2019Institut \u00b7 <a href=\"#r08-fr-sources\">Sources et confrontation<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Un bassin versant traverse les limites administratives<\/h2><p>Le diagnostic de la Protection civile du Veracruz de 2021 d\u00e9limite le bassin du Tecolutla \u00e0 7 709 km\u00b2, r\u00e9partis entre Puebla, Veracruz, Tlaxcala et Hidalgo. Il identifie notamment les sous-bassins du Necaxa, de l\u2019Ajajalpan, du Tecuantepec et de l\u2019Apulco. L\u2019eau qui atteint l\u2019embouchure poss\u00e8de donc une histoire commen\u00e7ant loin du littoral. Cette superficie correspond \u00e0 la d\u00e9limitation employ\u00e9e dans ce document. <a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-fr-s5\">[5]<\/a><\/p><p>Le nom commun peut tromper : la municipalit\u00e9 de Tecolutla ne correspond pas au bassin du fleuve Tecolutla. L\u2019INEGI r\u00e9partit la municipalit\u00e9 entre les bassins Nautla et autres \u201446,94 %\u2014, Tecolutla \u201432,55 %\u2014 et Cazones \u201420,51 %\u2014. En revanche, son compendium de Cuetzalan place toute cette municipalit\u00e9 dans le bassin du Tecolutla. Cette diff\u00e9rence explique pourquoi une carte municipale et une carte hydrologique ne r\u00e9pondent pas aux m\u00eames questions. <a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-fr-s3\">[3]<\/a><a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-fr-s4\">[4]<\/a><\/p><\/section><section id=\"r08-fr-basin\"><h3>Des t\u00eates de bassin \u00e0 l\u2019embouchure<\/h3><ol class=\"r-flow\"><li><strong>T\u00eates de bassin et affluents<\/strong>Necaxa \u00b7 Ajajalpan \u00b7 Tecuantepec \u00b7 Apulco. Le diagnostic de 2021 identifie ces sous-bassins principaux.<\/li><li><strong>Confluences et cours d\u2019eau<\/strong>Le syst\u00e8me relie reliefs et usages du sol de plusieurs \u00c9tats ; les limites municipales n\u2019arr\u00eatent pas l\u2019eau.<\/li><li><strong>Embouchure<\/strong>Le Tecolutla rejoint le golfe du Mexique. La photographie montre sa sortie sur le littoral en 2024.<\/li><\/ol><p class=\"c-datanote\">Sch\u00e9ma de relations, non une carte officielle ou une limite du Totonacapan. Les affluents ne sont ni ordonn\u00e9s en itin\u00e9raire ni dessin\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle. Source [5].<\/p><\/section><section id=\"r08-fr-b5\"><h2>Les usages du sol composent aussi le paysage<\/h2><p>La cartographie r\u00e9unie dans les compendiums de 2010 d\u00e9crit une combinaison d\u2019agriculture, de p\u00e2turages et de v\u00e9g\u00e9tation. \u00c0 Cuetzalan, les principales cat\u00e9gories comprennent l\u2019agriculture \u201464,21 %\u2014, la for\u00eat \u201418,29 %\u2014 et les p\u00e2turages \u201412,37 %\u2014. \u00c0 Tecolutla figurent notamment l\u2019agriculture \u201443,25 %\u2014, les p\u00e2turages \u201440,17 %\u2014 et la mangrove \u20145,31 %\u2014. Il s\u2019agit des cat\u00e9gories et des dates d\u2019une source pr\u00e9cise, non d\u2019un inventaire actualis\u00e9 pour 2026. <a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-fr-s3\">[3]<\/a><a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-fr-s4\">[4]<\/a><\/p><p>Ces chiffres aident \u00e0 reconna\u00eetre des paysages travaill\u00e9s et habit\u00e9s. Ils ne suffisent pas \u00e0 calculer la for\u00eat disparue depuis lors ni \u00e0 attribuer une inondation \u00e0 une parcelle. \u00c9tudier les changements demanderait des cartes compatibles, un examen de leurs dates et \u00e9chelles et des v\u00e9rifications sur le terrain. La cartographie historique permet de formuler cette recherche ; elle n\u2019en constitue pas le r\u00e9sultat d\u00e9finitif.<\/p><\/section><section id=\"r08-fr-b6\"><figure class=\"iict-plate\" id=\"iict-plate-r08-b-fr\" lang=\"fr\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r08-b-fr-title\" style=\"--plate-cols:3\"><div class=\"plate-top\"><p class=\"plate-kicker\">Carnet illustr\u00e9 \u00b7 II<\/p><h3 id=\"iict-plate-r08-b-fr-title\">Trois horloges pour lire un paysage<\/h3><\/div><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"plate-art\" viewBox=\"0 0 750 420\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"iict-plate-r08-b-fr-art-title iict-plate-r08-b-fr-art-desc\"><title id=\"iict-plate-r08-b-fr-art-title\">Trois horloges pour lire un paysage<\/title><desc id=\"iict-plate-r08-b-fr-art-desc\">1. Temps : ce qui se produit lors d\u2019un \u00e9pisode pr\u00e9cis. 2. Saison : la r\u00e9partition des mois au cours de l\u2019ann\u00e9e. 3. Normale climatique : une r\u00e9f\u00e9rence construite sur de nombreuses ann\u00e9es. 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font-family=\"Georgia,serif\" font-size=\"24\" text-anchor=\"middle\">3<\/text><\/svg><ol class=\"plate-legend\"><li>Temps : ce qui se produit lors d\u2019un \u00e9pisode pr\u00e9cis.<\/li><li>Saison : la r\u00e9partition des mois au cours de l\u2019ann\u00e9e.<\/li><li>Normale climatique : une r\u00e9f\u00e9rence construite sur de nombreuses ann\u00e9es.<\/li><\/ol><figcaption class=\"plate-caption\">L\u2019illustration distingue les \u00e9chelles temporelles ; une normale 1991\u20132020 ne devient pas une pr\u00e9vision de temp\u00eate. \u00b7 Illustration originale de l\u2019Institut \u00b7 <a href=\"#r08-fr-sources\">Sources et confrontation<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Nortes et pluies exceptionnelles : changer d\u2019\u00e9chelle temporelle<\/h2><p>Une normale climatique r\u00e9sume de nombreuses ann\u00e9es. Un norte est un \u00e9pisode m\u00e9t\u00e9orologique associ\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019avanc\u00e9e d\u2019air froid, susceptible de produire vent, baisse des temp\u00e9ratures, vagues et pluies dans le golfe du Mexique. Le CENAPRED explique cette relation entre fronts froids et vents du nord. Les perturbations tropicales repr\u00e9sentent un autre m\u00e9canisme de fortes pr\u00e9cipitations : les pluies exceptionnelles n\u2019ont pas toutes la m\u00eame situation atmosph\u00e9rique pour origine. <a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-fr-s6\">[6]<\/a><\/p><p>Comprendre les catastrophes demande \u00e9galement d\u2019\u00e9tudier le relief, l\u2019occupation et la vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9. Le CENAPRED documente le glissement de terrain de La Aurora, \u00e0 Teziutl\u00e1n, survenu le 5 octobre 1999 pendant des pluies exceptionnelles, en soulignant des facteurs naturels et humains. Cet \u00e9v\u00e9nement n\u2019est pas une normale climatique et ne d\u00e9crit pas uniform\u00e9ment le risque de toutes les localit\u00e9s. Cet article n\u2019est pas non plus une pr\u00e9vision : les d\u00e9cisions en urgence rel\u00e8vent des alertes officielles en vigueur. <a class=\"research-cite\" href=\"#r08-fr-s7\">[7]<\/a><\/p><\/section><section id=\"r08-fr-b7\"><h2>Lire l\u2019eau \u00e0 travers de meilleures questions<\/h2><p>Les diff\u00e9rences observ\u00e9es permettent de demander ce que l\u2019on cultive, quand on travaille un versant et comment les localit\u00e9s se relient au fleuve. Elles n\u2019\u00e9tablissent pas un calendrier agricole unique pour le Totonacapan. Une station mesure un point ; les familles et les communaut\u00e9s d\u00e9cident sur des parcelles pr\u00e9cises, avec leurs sols, pentes, ressources et savoirs. Relier ces \u00e9chelles demande une recherche locale plut\u00f4t qu\u2019une image g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de la r\u00e9gion.<\/p><p>\u00c9tudier les tendances du r\u00e9chauffement ou des pluies n\u00e9cessiterait des s\u00e9ries annuelles contr\u00f4l\u00e9es, des informations sur les changements de station et une m\u00e9thode \u00e9valuant l\u2019incertitude. Comparer Tecolutla \u00e0 Oyameles ne d\u00e9montre pas \u00e0 lui seul le changement climatique. La comparaison offre toutefois une base v\u00e9rifiable pour reconna\u00eetre la diversit\u00e9 : c\u00f4te et montagne reli\u00e9es, secteurs humides et relativement secs, eau quotidienne et \u00e9v\u00e9nements extr\u00eames appelant des explications distinctes.<\/p><\/section><details class=\"research-evidence\" id=\"r08-fr-sources\"><summary><span class=\"evidence-kicker\">Recherche ouverte<\/span><strong>Sources et confrontation<\/strong><span class=\"evidence-subtitle\">D\u00e9ployer la m\u00e9thode, les diff\u00e9rences entre sources et les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences v\u00e9rifiables.<\/span><\/summary><div class=\"evidence-content\"><figure class=\"research-matrix\"><div class=\"iict-journal-table\" role=\"region\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Affirmations, \u00e9l\u00e9ments probants et port\u00e9e de chaque r\u00e9sultat.\" style=\"--journal-table-min:32rem\"><table><caption>Affirmations, \u00e9l\u00e9ments probants et port\u00e9e de chaque r\u00e9sultat.<\/caption><thead><tr><th scope=\"col\">Question<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Sources et observations<\/th><th scope=\"col\">Confrontation et interpr\u00e9tation<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\">Une station repr\u00e9sente-t-elle toute la r\u00e9gion ?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources et observations\">Le SMN [1\u20132] mesure des points : Tecolutla, 7 m, et Oyameles, 2 854 m. L\u2019INEGI [3\u20134] donne des intervalles pour des superficies municipales.<\/td><td data-label=\"Confrontation et interpr\u00e9tation\">Ces unit\u00e9s spatiales se compl\u00e8tent. Nous n\u2019interpolons pas une carte climatique r\u00e9gionale \u00e0 partir de deux points et n\u2019assimilons pas bassin versant et territoire culturel.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Chaque mois contient-il trente observations ?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources et observations\">P\u00e9riode commune : 1991\u20132020. Couverture mensuelle : Tecolutla, 24\u201329 ann\u00e9es ; Oyameles, 26\u201328 [1\u20132].<\/td><td data-label=\"Confrontation et interpr\u00e9tation\">La p\u00e9riode nominale diff\u00e8re du nombre effectif d\u2019ann\u00e9es. Nous ne reconstituons pas les ann\u00e9es manquantes et n\u2019employons pas ces moyennes pour une comparaison statistique des tendances.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Pourquoi ne pas recopier le visualiseur ?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources et observations\">Le JSON de Tecolutla totalise 1 396,5 mm contre 1 396,1 mm dans la fiche ; celui d\u2019Oyameles, 734,0 contre 733,8 mm [1\u20132,8]. Certains mois diff\u00e8rent de 0,1 mm.<\/td><td data-label=\"Confrontation et interpr\u00e9tation\">La fiche TXT reste la version quantitative de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence. Les versions ne sont pas moyenn\u00e9es. L\u2019\u00e9cart est explicit\u00e9 pour rendre la comparaison reproductible et ne pas le confondre avec une variation interannuelle.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Plus haut signifie-t-il plus pluvieux ?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources et observations\">Oyameles re\u00e7oit moins de pr\u00e9cipitations que Tecolutla [1\u20132]. L\u2019intervalle municipal de Cuetzalan est de 1 900\u20134 100 mm [3] ; le diagnostic d\u00e9crit des secteurs interm\u00e9diaires humides et des lignes de partage \u00e9lev\u00e9es plus s\u00e8ches [5].<\/td><td data-label=\"Confrontation et interpr\u00e9tation\">Les sources se compl\u00e8tent : l\u2019altitude seule n\u2019ordonne pas la pluie. L\u2019intervalle cartographique n\u2019est pas une troisi\u00e8me station \u00e9quivalente et ne rel\u00e8ve pas n\u00e9cessairement de la m\u00eame p\u00e9riode.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">La brume est-elle une pluie mesur\u00e9e ?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources et observations\">Les fiches permettent de comparer pluie et temp\u00e9rature [1\u20132]. Le diagnostic identifie des for\u00eats de nuages [5], mais ne fournit pas ici de s\u00e9rie comparable de captation du brouillard.<\/td><td data-label=\"Confrontation et interpr\u00e9tation\">Aucun millim\u00e8tre d\u2019eau de brouillard n\u2019est estim\u00e9. Cette quantification demanderait des mesures sp\u00e9cifiques et comparables, au-del\u00e0 d\u2019une image ou d\u2019un type forestier.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Tecolutla d\u00e9signe-t-il un p\u00e9rim\u00e8tre unique ?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources et observations\">Le diagnostic d\u00e9limite un bassin de 7 709 km\u00b2 [5]. L\u2019INEGI attribue seulement 32,55 % de la municipalit\u00e9 homonyme \u00e0 ce bassin [4].<\/td><td data-label=\"Confrontation et interpr\u00e9tation\">Il n\u2019y a pas contradiction : les p\u00e9rim\u00e8tres diff\u00e8rent. Le sch\u00e9ma explique des relations ; il ne remplace pas la cartographie hydrologique officielle et ne d\u00e9limite ni droits ni appartenances.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Les pourcentages d\u2019occupation du sol sont-ils actuels ?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources et observations\">Les chiffres d\u2019agriculture, for\u00eat, p\u00e2turage et mangrove viennent des compendiums municipaux de 2010 [3\u20134].<\/td><td data-label=\"Confrontation et interpr\u00e9tation\">Leur valeur est documentaire et spatiale. Sans cartographie ult\u00e9rieure compatible, nous n\u2019inf\u00e9rons ni perte, ni r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration, ni \u00e9tat de conservation en 2026, ni causalit\u00e9 \u00e0 partir d\u2019une cat\u00e9gorie d\u2019usage.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th scope=\"row\">Que d\u00e9montre une moyenne sur une catastrophe ou le climat futur ?<\/th><td data-label=\"Sources et observations\">Le SMN fournit des normales [1\u20132] ; le CENAPRED explique les nortes [6] et documente un glissement dat\u00e9 de 1999 [7].<\/td><td data-label=\"Confrontation et interpr\u00e9tation\">Moyenne pluriannuelle, \u00e9pisode m\u00e9t\u00e9orologique et catastrophe rel\u00e8vent d\u2019\u00e9chelles diff\u00e9rentes. Une seule p\u00e9riode normale ne prouve pas une tendance climatique ; l\u2019\u00e9tude d\u2019une catastrophe exige aussi exposition et vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/figure><h3>R\u00e9f\u00e9rences et p\u00e9rim\u00e8tre de lecture<\/h3><ol class=\"research-sources\"><li id=\"r08-fr-s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/smn.conagua.gob.mx\/tools\/RESOURCES\/Normales_Climatologicas\/Normales9120\/ver\/nor9120_30171.txt\">SMN\/CONAGUA \u00b7 Tecolutla 30171 \u00b7 Normales 1991\u20132020<\/a><br>Fiche TXT int\u00e9grale, \u00e9mise le 30.10.2026 : localisation, altitude, moyennes mensuelles et annuelles, pr\u00e9cipitations et ann\u00e9es renseign\u00e9es par mois.<\/li><li id=\"r08-fr-s2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/smn.conagua.gob.mx\/tools\/RESOURCES\/Normales_Climatologicas\/Normales9120\/pue\/nor9120_21059.txt\">SMN\/CONAGUA \u00b7 Oyameles 21059 \u00b7 Normales 1991\u20132020<\/a><br>Fiche TXT int\u00e9grale, \u00e9mise le 30.10.2026. Municipalit\u00e9 de Tlatlauquitepec ; le code de station n\u2019est pas un code municipal.<\/li><li id=\"r08-fr-s3\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/contenidos\/app\/mexicocifras\/datos_geograficos\/21\/21043.pdf\">INEGI \u00b7 Cuetzalan del Progreso \u00b7 Compendio geogr\u00e1fico municipal 2010<\/a><br>PDF, pages 2\u20133 : altitudes, climat, bassins et usages du sol. La date du compendium ne transforme pas sa cartographie en observations actuelles.<\/li><li id=\"r08-fr-s4\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inegi.org.mx\/contenidos\/app\/mexicocifras\/datos_geograficos\/30\/30158.pdf\">INEGI \u00b7 Tecolutla \u00b7 Compendio geogr\u00e1fico municipal 2010<\/a><br>PDF, pages 2\u20133 : climat, r\u00e9partition entre trois bassins et occupation du sol. P\u00e9rim\u00e8tre municipal distinct d\u2019une station ou du bassin homonyme.<\/li><li id=\"r08-fr-s5\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.veracruz.gob.mx\/proteccioncivil\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2021\/12\/Diagn%C3%B3stico-Cuenca-del-rio-Tecolutla.pdf\">Protecci\u00f3n Civil de Veracruz \u00b7 Diagn\u00f3stico de las inundaciones en la cuenca del r\u00edo Tecolutla \u00b7 2021<\/a><br>Lecture des pages 1\u20137 du PDF : d\u00e9limitation, sous-bassins, relief, climat et v\u00e9g\u00e9tation. Les pages suivantes ne sont pas pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es comme examin\u00e9es ; le tableau d\u00e9mographique n\u2019est pas utilis\u00e9.<\/li><li id=\"r08-fr-s6\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gob.mx\/cenapred\/articulos\/que-son-los-frentes-frios\">CENAPRED \u00b7 \u00bfQu\u00e9 son los frentes fr\u00edos? \u00b7 27.01.2020<\/a><br>Texte de vulgarisation consult\u00e9 : relation entre front froid, air froid et norte. Il ne sert pas de pr\u00e9vision pour la saison actuelle.<\/li><li id=\"r08-fr-s7\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gob.mx\/cenapred\/es\/articulos\/videoconferencia-a-21-anos-del-deslizamiento-en-teziutlan?idiom=es\">CENAPRED \u00b7 A 21 a\u00f1os del deslizamiento en Teziutl\u00e1n \u00b7 2020<\/a><br>Texte consult\u00e9 : La Aurora, 5 octobre 1999 ; pluies exceptionnelles et facteurs naturels et humains. Un \u00e9v\u00e9nement historique est distingu\u00e9 d\u2019une moyenne climatique.<\/li><li id=\"r08-fr-s8\"><a href=\"https:\/\/smn.conagua.gob.mx\/tools\/PHP\/Climogramas\/\">SMN\/CONAGUA \u00b7 Visor de climogramas y datos JSON de las estaciones<\/a><br>Les donn\u00e9es clim_30171.json et clim_21059.json ont \u00e9t\u00e9 confront\u00e9es aux fiches TXT. Des \u00e9carts de dixi\u00e8mes de millim\u00e8tre existent ; l\u2019article suit les fiches TXT sans m\u00e9langer les versions.<\/li><\/ol><\/div><section class=\"iict-reading-source\" id=\"iict-reading-r08-fr-source\" lang=\"fr\"><h4>La for\u00eat retient l\u2019eau entre les feuilles et le sol<\/h4><p>L\u2019explication des processus compl\u00e8te les normales du SMN. Aucun apport de brouillard non mesur\u00e9 n\u2019est ajout\u00e9 \u00e0 Tecolutla ou Oyameles.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/jardin.inecol.mx\/index.php\/santuario-bosque-de-niebla\/guardian-del-agua\">INECOL \u00b7 Guardi\u00e1n del agua<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.atmosfera.unam.mx\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/2012-06.pdf\">UNAM \u00b7 La niebla y la ecohidrolog\u00eda del bosque mes\u00f3filo, 2012<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"#iict-reading-r08-fr\">Revenir au passage<\/a><\/p><\/section>\n<\/details><nav class=\"research-related\"><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1225#research-hub-fr\">Retour aux Recherches sur le Totonacapan \u2192<\/a><\/nav><p class=\"research-version\">\u00c9dition documentaire \u00b7 ES \/ EN \/ FR \u00b7 05.11.2026 \u00b7 v1.0<\/p><!-- IICT-CITE R08 fr --><aside class=\"iict-citation\" id=\"citar-r08-fr\" aria-labelledby=\"citar-r08-fr-title\"><h2 id=\"citar-r08-fr-title\">Comment citer cet article<\/h2><p class=\"iict-citation-label\">R\u00e9f\u00e9rence bibliographique propos\u00e9e<\/p><blockquote class=\"iict-citation-reference\">Instituto Internacional de Cultura del Totonacapan. \u00abDe la c\u00f4te \u00e0 la brume : climats, eau et paysages\u00bb. <cite>Cahiers de recherche<\/cite>, <strong>R08<\/strong>. The Integral Management Society (IMSV). <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1302#r08-fr\">https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1302#r08-fr<\/a>.<\/blockquote><p><strong>R\u00e9f\u00e9rence interne:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1302#r08-fr\">R08<\/a>. Pour un passage pr\u00e9cis, ajoutez le titre de sa section.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/?page_id=1225#normas-citacion-fr\">R\u00e8gles de citation de l\u2019Institut \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/aside><!-- \/IICT-CITE R08 fr --><\/article><\/details><\/div><script>(function(){function o(){var t=document.getElementById(decodeURIComponent(location.hash.slice(1)));if(!t)return;var p=t;while(p){if(p.tagName===\"DETAILS\")p.open=true;p=p.parentElement;}requestAnimationFrame(function(){t.scrollIntoView({block:\"start\"});});}addEventListener(\"hashchange\",o);o();})();<\/script>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Espa\u00f1olEnglish \u00b7 full articleFran\u00e7ais \u00b7 article int\u00e9gral Investigaciones del Totonacapan \u00b7 Paisaje y saberes De la costa a la niebla: climas, agua y paisaje \u00bfQu\u00e9 cambia al subir de la costa a la sierra? Dos estaciones, una cuenca y varios paisajes ayudan a leer la diversidad del Totonacapan, sin confundir un promedio con todo el [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":1225,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1302","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1302","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1302"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1302\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1840,"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1302\/revisions\/1840"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1225"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/totonacapan.com\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1302"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}